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translated: issue docschina#12
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liujiandong committed Feb 2, 2018
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<emu-clause id="sec-touint32" aoid="ToUint32">
<h1>ToUint32 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToUint32 converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>32</sup> integer values in the range 0 through <emu-eqn>2<sup>32</sup>-1</emu-eqn>, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToUint32 将 _argument_ 转换为 0 到 <emu-eqn>2<sup>32</sup>-1</emu-eqn> 的 2<sup>32</sup> 个整数之一。该抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, *+0*, *-0*, *+&infin;*, or *-&infin;*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ <h1>ToUint32 ( _argument_ )</h1>
1. Return _int32bit_.
</emu-alg>
<emu-note>
<p>Given the above definition of ToUint32:</p>
<p>鉴于以上 ToUint32 的定义：</p>
<ul>
<li>
Step 5 is the only difference between ToUint32 and ToInt32.
ToUint32 与ToInt32 只有第五步不同。
</li>
<li>
The ToUint32 abstract operation is idempotent: if applied to a result that it produced, the second application leaves that value unchanged.
ToUint32 是等幂的: 其作用在同一个元素上产生的结果相同。
</li>
<li>
ToUint32(ToInt32(_x_)) is equal to ToUint32(_x_) for all values of _x_. (It is to preserve this latter property that *+&infin;* and *-&infin;* are mapped to *+0*.)
对于任意 _x_，ToUint32(ToInt32(_x_)) 等于 ToUint32(_x_)。 (这是为了保证 *+&infin;* 和 *-&infin;* 会被映射为 *+0*。)
</li>
<li>
ToUint32 maps *-0* to *+0*.
ToUint32 把 *-0* 映射为 *+0*。
</li>
</ul>
</emu-note>
Expand All @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ <h1>ToUint32 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.7" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-toint16" aoid="ToInt16">
<h1>ToInt16 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToInt16 converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>16</sup> integer values in the range -32768 through 32767, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToInt16 将 _argument_ 转换为 -32768 到 32767 的 2<sup>16</sup> 个整数之一。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, *+0*, *-0*, *+&infin;*, or *-&infin;*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ <h1>ToInt16 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.8" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-touint16" aoid="ToUint16">
<h1>ToUint16 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToUint16 converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>16</sup> integer values in the range 0 through <emu-eqn>2<sup>16</sup>-1</emu-eqn>, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToUint16 将 _argument_ 转换为 0 到 <emu-eqn>2<sup>16</sup>-1</emu-eqn> 的 2<sup>16</sup> 个整数之一。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, *+0*, *-0*, *+&infin;*, or *-&infin;*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ <h1>ToUint16 ( _argument_ )</h1>
1. Return _int16bit_.
</emu-alg>
<emu-note>
<p>Given the above definition of ToUint16:</p>
<p>鉴于以上 ToUint16 的定义：</p>
<ul>
<li>
The substitution of 2<sup>16</sup> for 2<sup>32</sup> in step 4 is the only difference between ToUint32 and ToUint16.
ToUint32 与 ToUint16 不同之处在于第四步时用 2<sup>16</sup> 替换了 2<sup>32</sup>。
</li>
<li>
ToUint16 maps *-0* to *+0*.
ToUint16 把 *-0* 映射为 *+0*.
</li>
</ul>
</emu-note>
Expand All @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ <h1>ToUint16 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.9" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-toint8" aoid="ToInt8">
<h1>ToInt8 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToInt8 converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>8</sup> integer values in the range -128 through 127, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToInt8 负责将 _argument_ 转换为 -128 到 127 的 2<sup>8</sup> 个整数之一。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, *+0*, *-0*, *+&infin;*, or *-&infin;*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ <h1>ToInt8 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.10" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-touint8" aoid="ToUint8">
<h1>ToUint8 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToUint8 converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>8</sup> integer values in the range 0 through 255, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToUint8 负责将 _argument_ 转换为 0 到 255 的 2<sup>8</sup> 个整数之一。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, *+0*, *-0*, *+&infin;*, or *-&infin;*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ <h1>ToUint8 ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.11" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-touint8clamp" aoid="ToUint8Clamp">
<h1>ToUint8Clamp ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToUint8Clamp converts _argument_ to one of 2<sup>8</sup> integer values in the range 0 through 255, inclusive. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToUint8Clamp 负责将 _argument_ 转换为 0 到 255 的 2<sup>8</sup> 个整数之一。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _number_ be ? ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If _number_ is *NaN*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -106,80 +106,80 @@ <h1>ToUint8Clamp ( _argument_ )</h1>
1. Return _f_.
</emu-alg>
<emu-note>
<p>Unlike the other ECMAScript integer conversion abstract operation, ToUint8Clamp rounds rather than truncates non-integer values and does not convert *+&infin;* to 0. ToUint8Clamp does &ldquo;round half to even&rdquo; tie-breaking. This differs from `Math.round` which does &ldquo;round half up&rdquo; tie-breaking.</p>
<p>与其他 ECMAScript 整数转换抽象操作不同。 ToUint8Clamp 对非整数值使用取整而不是截断，并且不会把 *+&infin;* 转换为 0。</p>
</emu-note>
</emu-clause>

<!-- es6num="7.1.12" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-tostring" aoid="ToString">
<h1>ToString ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToString converts _argument_ to a value of type String according to <emu-xref href="#table-12"></emu-xref>:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToString 负责将 _argument_ 转换为一个 String 类型值，如下<emu-xref href="#table-12"></emu-xref>:</p>
<emu-table id="table-12" caption="ToString Conversions">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>
Argument Type
参数类型
</th>
<th>
Result
结果
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Undefined
</td>
<td>
Return `"undefined"`.
返回 `"undefined"`.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Null
</td>
<td>
Return `"null"`.
返回 `"null"`.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Boolean
</td>
<td>
<p>If _argument_ is *true*, return `"true"`.</p>
<p>If _argument_ is *false*, return `"false"`.</p>
<p>如果 _argument_ 是 *true*, 返回 `"true"`.</p>
<p>如果 _argument_ 是 *false*, 返回 `"false"`.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Number
</td>
<td>
Return NumberToString(_argument_).
返回 NumberToString(_argument_).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
String
</td>
<td>
Return _argument_.
返回 _argument_.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Symbol
</td>
<td>
Throw a *TypeError* exception.
抛出一个 *TypeError* 异常.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Object
</td>
<td>
<p>Apply the following steps:</p>
<p>应用如下步骤：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _primValue_ be ? ToPrimitive(_argument_, hint String).
1. Return ? ToString(_primValue_).
Expand All @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ <h1>ToString ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.12.1" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-tostring-applied-to-the-number-type" aoid="NumberToString">
<h1>NumberToString ( _m_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation NumberToString converts a Number _m_ to String format as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 NumberToString 负责将一个 Number 类型值 _m_ 转换为 String 类型，步骤如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. If _m_ is *NaN*, return the String `"NaN"`.
1. If _m_ is *+0* or *-0*, return the String `"0"`.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -226,104 +226,104 @@ <h1>NumberToString ( _m_ )</h1>
* the code units of the decimal representation of the integer abs(_n_-1) (with no leading zeroes)
</emu-alg>
<emu-note>
<p>The following observations may be useful as guidelines for implementations, but are not part of the normative requirements of this Standard:</p>
<p>以下结论作为实现的参考可能是有用的，不过他们并不作为规范的要求。</p>
<ul>
<li>
If x is any Number value other than *-0*, then ToNumber(ToString(x)) is exactly the same Number value as x.
对于任何非 *-0* 的 Number 类型值 x，他的 ToNumber(ToString(x)) 结果恰好为 Number 值 x。
</li>
<li>
The least significant digit of s is not always uniquely determined by the requirements listed in step 5.
s 的最少有效数位并不总是由第五步中的要求列表唯一确定。
</li>
</ul>
</emu-note>
<emu-note>
<p>For implementations that provide more accurate conversions than required by the rules above, it is recommended that the following alternative version of step 5 be used as a guideline:</p>
<p>对于提供了比上述转换规则更准确的实现，建议其中第五步参考下面的另一个版本：</p>
<emu-alg>
5. Otherwise, let _n_, _k_, and _s_ be integers such that _k_ &ge; 1, 10<sup>_k_-1</sup> &le; _s_ &lt; 10<sup>_k_</sup>, the Number value for _s_ &times; 10<sup>_n_-_k_</sup> is _m_, and _k_ is as small as possible. If there are multiple possibilities for _s_, choose the value of _s_ for which _s_ &times; 10<sup>_n_-_k_</sup> is closest in value to _m_. If there are two such possible values of _s_, choose the one that is even. Note that _k_ is the number of digits in the decimal representation of _s_ and that _s_ is not divisible by 10.
</emu-alg>
</emu-note>
<emu-note>
<p>Implementers of ECMAScript may find useful the paper and code written by David M. Gay for binary-to-decimal conversion of floating-point numbers:</p>
<p>Gay, David M. Correctly Rounded Binary-Decimal and Decimal-Binary Conversions. Numerical Analysis, Manuscript 90-10. AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories (Murray Hill, New Jersey). November 30, 1990. Available as
<p>David M. Gay 编写的二进制转换为十进制中关于浮点数的文章和代码对于 ECMAScript 实现者可能会有帮助：</p>
<p>Gay, David M. Correctly Rounded Binary-Decimal and Decimal-Binary Conversions. Numerical Analysis, Manuscript 90-10. AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories (Murray Hill, New Jersey). November 30, 1990. 相关文章可以在
<br>
<a href="http://ampl.com/REFS/abstracts.html#rounding">http://ampl.com/REFS/abstracts.html#rounding</a>. Associated code available as
<a href="http://ampl.com/REFS/abstracts.html#rounding">http://ampl.com/REFS/abstracts.html#rounding</a> 找到. 相关代码在
<br>
<a href="http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/dtoa.c">http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/dtoa.c</a> and as
<a href="http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/dtoa.c">http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/dtoa.c</a> 和
<br>
<a href="http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/g_fmt.c">http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/g_fmt.c</a> and may also be found at the various `netlib` mirror sites.</p>
<a href="http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/g_fmt.c">http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/g_fmt.c</a> ，这些代码也可以在其他 `netlib` 镜像网站找到。</p>
</emu-note>
</emu-clause>
</emu-clause>

<!-- es6num="7.1.13" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-toobject" aoid="ToObject">
<h1>ToObject ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToObject converts _argument_ to a value of type Object according to <emu-xref href="#table-13"></emu-xref>:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToObject 负责将 _argument_ 转换为 Object 类型的值，见表<emu-xref href="#table-13"></emu-xref>：</p>
<emu-table id="table-13" caption="ToObject Conversions">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>
Argument Type
参数类型
</th>
<th>
Result
结果
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Undefined
</td>
<td>
Throw a *TypeError* exception.
抛出一个 *TypeError* 异常。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Null
</td>
<td>
Throw a *TypeError* exception.
抛出一个 *TypeError* 异常。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Boolean
</td>
<td>
Return a new Boolean object whose [[BooleanData]] internal slot is set to _argument_. See <emu-xref href="#sec-boolean-objects"></emu-xref> for a description of Boolean objects.
返回一个内部槽 [[BooleanData]] 为 _argument_ 的新 Boolean 对象。见 <emu-xref href="#sec-boolean-objects"></emu-xref> 关于 Boolean 对象的描述。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Number
</td>
<td>
Return a new Number object whose [[NumberData]] internal slot is set to _argument_. See <emu-xref href="#sec-number-objects"></emu-xref> for a description of Number objects.
返回一个内部槽 [[NumberData]] 为 _argument_ 的新 Number 对象。见 <emu-xref href="#sec-number-objects"></emu-xref> 关于 Number 对象的描述。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
String
</td>
<td>
Return a new String object whose [[StringData]] internal slot is set to _argument_. See <emu-xref href="#sec-string-objects"></emu-xref> for a description of String objects.
返回一个内部槽 [[StringData]] 为 _argument_ 的新 String 对象。见 <emu-xref href="#sec-string-objects"></emu-xref> 关于 String 对象的描述。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Symbol
</td>
<td>
Return a new Symbol object whose [[SymbolData]] internal slot is set to _argument_. See <emu-xref href="#sec-symbol-objects"></emu-xref> for a description of Symbol objects.
返回一个内部槽 [[SymbolData]] 为 _argument_ 的新 Symbol 对象。见 <emu-xref href="#sec-symbol-objects"></emu-xref> 关于 Symbol 对象的描述。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Object
</td>
<td>
Return _argument_.
返回 _argument_。
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
Expand All @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ <h1>ToObject ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.14" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-topropertykey" aoid="ToPropertyKey">
<h1>ToPropertyKey ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToPropertyKey converts _argument_ to a value that can be used as a property key by performing the following steps:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToPropertyKey 负责将 _argument_ 转换为一个可用作属性 key 的值，其步骤如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _key_ be ? ToPrimitive(_argument_, hint String).
1. If Type(_key_) is Symbol, then
Expand All @@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ <h1>ToPropertyKey ( _argument_ )</h1>
<!-- es6num="7.1.15" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-tolength" aoid="ToLength">
<h1>ToLength ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToLength converts _argument_ to an integer suitable for use as the length of an array-like object. It performs the following steps:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToLength 负责将 _argument_ 转换为一个可用作类数组的长度的整数，其步骤如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Let _len_ be ? ToInteger(_argument_).
1. If _len_ &le; *+0*, return *+0*.
Expand All @@ -356,23 +356,23 @@ <h1>ToLength ( _argument_ )</h1>

<!-- es6num="7.1.16" -->
<emu-clause id="sec-canonicalnumericindexstring" aoid="CanonicalNumericIndexString">
<h1>CanonicalNumericIndexString ( _argument_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation CanonicalNumericIndexString returns _argument_ converted to a numeric value if it is a String representation of a Number that would be produced by ToString, or the string `"-0"`. Otherwise, it returns *undefined*. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<h1>CanonicalNumericIndexString ( _argument_ )</h1><p>
如果 _argument_ 为是一可以通过 ToString 产生的数字字符串，或者是一个为 `"-0"` 的字符串，则抽象操作 CanonicalNumericIndexString 返回转换 _argument_ 得到的一个数字。否则，返回 `undefined`。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. Assert: Type(_argument_) is String.
1. If _argument_ is `"-0"`, return *-0*.
1. Let _n_ be ! ToNumber(_argument_).
1. If SameValue(! ToString(_n_), _argument_) is *false*, return *undefined*.
1. If SameValue(! ToString(_n_), _argument_) is `false`, return `undefined`.
1. Return _n_.
</emu-alg>
<p>A <em>canonical numeric string</em> is any String value for which the CanonicalNumericIndexString abstract operation does not return *undefined*.</p>
<p>一个<em>规范的数字字符串</em>是指 CanonicalNumericIndexString 抽象操作返回值不为 *undefined* 的字符串。</p>
</emu-clause>

<emu-clause id="sec-toindex" aoid="ToIndex">
<h1>ToIndex ( _value_ )</h1>
<p>The abstract operation ToIndex returns _value_ argument converted to a numeric value if it is a valid integer index value. This abstract operation functions as follows:</p>
<p>抽象操作 ToIndex 负责将 _value_ 参数转换为一个有效的整数索引值。这个抽象操作算法如下：</p>
<emu-alg>
1. If _value_ is *undefined*, then
1. If _value_ is `undefined`, then
1. Let _index_ be 0.
1. Else,
1. Let _integerIndex_ be ? ToInteger(_value_).
Expand Down

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