Merge branch 'all-the-maths-we-know'

reference/all-the-maths-we-know.tex

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ \subsection*{Sets}
 
 \end{tabularx}
 
-%% ------------------------------------------------------------
+%% ============================================================
 
 \subsection*{Pairs and tuples}
 \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{@{}l>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X@{}}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ \subsection*{Pairs and tuples}
 
 \end{tabularx}
 
-%% ------------------------------------------------------------
+%% ============================================================
 
 \subsection*{Maps}
 \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{@{}l>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X@{}}
@@ -158,7 +158,13 @@ \section*{Vector spaces}
   Replacing $\set{R}$ with $\set{C}$ in the above we obtain a
   \emph{complex vector space}. \\
 
-  \defn{Vector} & A vector is an element of a vector space.
+  \defn{Vector} & An element of a vector space. \\
+
+  \defn{Subspace} & A subset of a vector space that is itself a vector
+  space with respect to the addition and scalar multiplication inherited
+  from the larger space.
+
+  Equivalently: A subset, $U \subset V$ of a vector space, $V$, is a \emph{subspace} if, for all $u, v\in U$ and number $\alpha$, the combination $u+\alpha \cdot v$ is also in~$U$.
 \end{tabularx}
 
 \section*{Examples of vector spaces}
@@ -182,8 +188,34 @@ \section*{Examples of vector spaces}
     (\alpha f)(x) \isdef \alpha f(x).
   \end{equation*}
   (The notation “$(f+g)(x)$” means “the function $f+g$, where $+$ is addition of functions, evaluated at the point $x$.”)
-
+    \end{tabularx}
+
+%% ============================================================
+
+\section*{Combining vector spaces}
+\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{@{}l>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X@{}}
+  \toprule
+
+  \defn{Sum} & (This definition is not commonplace.) For $U_1, U_2,
+  \dotsc, U_n$ subspaces of $V$, their sum is the set of all sums of vectors from the $U_i$:
+  \begin{equation*}
+    U_1+\dots +U_n \isdef \bigl\{ v_1 + \dots + v_n \bigm\vert v_i \in U_i \bigr\}.
+  \end{equation*}
+  Equivalently, it is the set of all sums from $\cup_i U_i$ (since sums
+  from within the same $U_i$ are already elements of that
+  $U_i$). Equivalently, it is the span of $\cup_i U_i$. \\
+
+  \defn{Direct sum} & (Version 1: This definition is from Axler.) The
+  sum of subspaces, $U_1+\dots + U_n$, is called a \emph{direct sum} if
+  the $U_i$ satisfy the following property: if $v_1+\dots +v_n =
+  \mathbold{0}$, where $v_i\in U_i$, then each of the $v_i$
+  is~$\mathbold{0}$.
+
+  If the sum of the $U_i$ is a direct sum, it is written $U_1\oplus \dots\oplus U_n$. \\
+
+
 \end{tabularx}
 
+
 \end{multicols*}
 \end{document}