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Split telemetry into parse, validate and execution #1172

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This get a bit closer to what we see in other implementations, like the javascript one, where we have explicit phases for parse and validation.

This way, we can instrument Absinthe in a similar fashion, and break down how much work is done inside the framework (by parse/validation) and by the execution engine itself (and resolvers). Example of those phases in Apollo Federation + JS impl.

This get a bit closer to what we see in other implementations, like the
javascript one, where we have explicit phases for parse and validation.

This way, we can instrument Absinthe in a similar fashion, and break
down how much work is done inside the framework (by parse/validation)
and by the execution engine itself (and resolvers). Example of those
phases in [Apollo Federation + JS impl][1].

[1]: https://www.apollographql.com/docs/federation/opentelemetry/#graphql-specific-spans
andrewhr added a commit to andrewhr/opentelemetry-erlang-contrib that referenced this pull request May 27, 2022
Add instrumentation for `Absinthe`, the GraphQL Elixir-framwork. Relies on
some new telemetry work on Absinthe:
* [Added telemetry for async helper][1], used to propagate traces
* [Improved telemetry for batch helper][2], used to propagate traces
* [Tweaked pipeline instrumentation][3], that splits parse/validate/execute
  phases, following the approach of [JavaScript libraries][4]

Span names and attributes also follow the [JavaScript impl][4], the
closes to a future [Semantic Attribute][5] spec.

The "span tracker" used here is to connect traces in a shape that
resembles the query shape instead of execution shape. One example is:

```
query {
  users {
    name
  }
}
```

In case `name` is an async resolver (for example), the execution will
resembles a recursive function, and such our trace will be:

```
RootQueryType.users
  User.name
    User.name
      User.name
```

With the span tracker, the above trace will become:

```
RootQueryType.users
  User.name
  User.name
  User.name
```

That helps visually scan the traces, and it's friendly to folks who
doesn't know much about Absinthe internals.

[1]: absinthe-graphql/absinthe#1169
[2]: absinthe-graphql/absinthe#1170
[3]: absinthe-graphql/absinthe#1172
[4]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@opentelemetry/instrumentation-graphql
[5]: open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification#2456
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