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diff --git a/_posts/2024-10~12/2024-10-16-iso.md b/_posts/2024-10~12/2024-10-16-iso.md
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+---
+layout: post
+title:  "ISO Image"
+date:  2024-10-16
+tags: [system]
+---
+
+  genisoimage 镜像生成测试。
+
+# 简介
+
+  ISO Image 是一种文件系统，可写入所有内容，包括文本、二进制等。参考 [Optical disc image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_image)
+
+# docker 测试
+
+```sh
+$ docker run -it mirror.gcr.io/ubuntu:22.04
+
+# 切换到 ali 镜像源
+# https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/ubuntu-ports/
+$ cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << "EOF"
+deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
+deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
+
+deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
+deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
+
+deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
+deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
+
+deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
+deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
+
+deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
+deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
+
+EOF
+```
+
+# 创建 iso 文件
+
+  使用 genisoimage 创建
+
+```sh
+$ apt-get update
+$ apt-get install genisoimage
+
+# 指定目录生成 iso 文件
+$ genisoimage -o file.iso dir_name
+```
+
+
+# File Format
+
+  * 前 [32768](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660), 即 `0x8000` 之前为系统区域。
+  * [The Primary Volume Descriptor](https://wiki.osdev.org/ISO_9660)，主要的描述符如下：
+
+```sh
+# Type Code
+$ xxd -s 0x8000 -l 1 ./test.iso
+00008000: 01                                       .
+
+# Standard Identifier
+$ xxd -s 0x8001 -l 5 ./test.iso
+00008001: 4344 3030 31                             CD001
+
+# Version
+$ xxd -s 0x8006 -l 1 ./test.iso
+00008006: 01                                       .
+
+$ xxd -s 0x8007 -l 1 ./test.iso
+00008007: 00                                       .
+
+# System Identifier
+$ xxd -s 0x8008 -l 32 ./test.iso
+00008008: 4c49 4e55 5820 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020  LINUX
+00008018: 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020
+
+# Volume Identifier
+$ xxd -s 0x8028 -l 32 ./test.iso
+00008028: 4344 524f 4d20 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020  CDROM
+00008038: 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020
+
+# Volume Space Size
+$ xxd -s 0x8050 -l 8 ./test.iso
+00008050: af00 0000 0000 00af
+
+# Volume Set Size
+$ xxd -s 0x8078 -l 4 ./test.iso
+00008078: 0100 0001
+
+# Application Identifier
+$ xxd -s 0x823e -l 128 ./test.iso
+0000823e: 4745 4e49 534f 494d 4147 4520 4953 4f20  GENISOIMAGE ISO
+0000824e: 3936 3630 2f48 4653 2046 494c 4553 5953  9660/HFS FILESYS
+0000825e: 5445 4d20 4352 4541 544f 5220 2843 2920  TEM CREATOR (C)
+0000826e: 3139 3933 2045 2e59 4f55 4e47 4441 4c45  1993 E.YOUNGDALE
+0000827e: 2028 4329 2031 3939 372d 3230 3036 204a   (C) 1997-2006 J
+0000828e: 2e50 4541 5253 4f4e 2f4a 2e53 4348 494c  .PEARSON/J.SCHIL
+0000829e: 4c49 4e47 2028 4329 2032 3030 362d 3230  LING (C) 2006-20
+000082ae: 3037 2043 4452 4b49 5420 5445 414d 2020  07 CDRKIT TEAM
+
+# Volume Creation Date and Time
+$ xxd -s 0x832d -l 17 ~/Downloads/test.iso
+0000832d: 3230 3234 3130 3136 3032 3135 3536 3030  2024101602155600
+0000833d: 00
+```
+
+# Bootable
+
+  可启动的 iso 文件格式，参考：[El-Torito](https://wiki.osdev.org/El-Torito)
+
+  Demo: https://intermezzos.github.io/book/first-edition/hello-world.html
+
+
+# 参考
+
+* [How-To: Create ISO Images from Command-Line](https://www.tuxarena.com/static/tut_iso_cli.php)
+* [Optical disc image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_image)
+* [ISO_9660](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660)
diff --git a/_posts/2024-10~12/2024-10-17-lfs.md b/_posts/2024-10~12/2024-10-17-lfs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+layout: post
+title:  "Linux from Scratch"
+date:  2024-10-15
+tags: [system]
+---
+
+  编译 Linux
+
+# Quick Start
+
+  从 [release](https://github.com/reinterpretcat/lfs/releases/tag/v8.1.0) 下载 lfs.iso.tar.gz
+
+```sh
+$ brew install qemu
+$ qemu-system-x86_64 -boot d -cdrom ./lfs.iso -m 2G
+
+# 在 qemu 中
+# 用户名 root，无秘密
+$ root
+```
+
+# Cross-Linux from scratch
+
+* https://github.com/reinterpretcat/lfs
+* https://github.com/bajorekp/lfs-docker/blob/main/README.md
+  * https://github.com/cross-lfs/cross-lfs
+* https://github.com/xiez/lfs
+
+* docker 配置
+  * https://github.com/bajorekp/lfs-docker/blob/main/README.md