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#5 formatado anos 70
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1961
: Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "[Information Flow in Large Communication Nets](http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/bibliography-public_reports.html)" (May 31)

* First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory
* First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory
1962
: J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: "[On-Line Man Computer Communication](http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460847)" (August)

* _Galactic Network_ concept encompassing distributed social interactions
* _Galactic Network_ concept encompassing distributed social interactions

1964
: Paul Baran, RAND: "[On Distributed Communications Networks](http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420.html)

* Packet-switching networks; no single outage point
* Packet-switching networks; no single outage point

1965
: ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing computers"

* TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) via a dedicated 1200bps phone line;
* TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) via a dedicated 1200bps phone line;
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computer at ARPA later added to form "The Experimental Network"

1966
: Lawrence G. Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers" (October)

* First ARPANET plan
* First ARPANET plan

1967
: ARPANET design discussions held by Larry Roberts at ARPA IPTO PI meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan (April)
: [ACM](http://www.acm.org/) Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in Gatlinburg, Tennessee (October)

* First design paper on ARPANET published by Larry Roberts: "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication
* First meeting of the three independent packet network teams (RAND, NPL, ARPA)
* First design paper on ARPANET published by Larry Roberts: "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication
* First meeting of the three independent packet network teams (RAND, NPL, ARPA)
: National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under Donald Watts Davies who coins the term packet. The NPL network, an experiment in packet-switching, used 768kbps lines

1968
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* Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics
* IBM 360/75, OS/MVT
: Node 4: University of Utah (December)

* Graphics
* DEC PDP-10, Tenex
: [Diagram of the 4-node ARPAnet](http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/full_size_images/1969_4-node_map.gif)
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### 1970s

1970
: First publication of the original ARPANET Host-Host protocol: C.S. Carr,
S. Crocker, V.G. Cerf, "HOST-HOST Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network,"
in AFIPS Proceedings of SJCC (:vgc:)
: First report on ARPANET at AFIPS: "Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March)
: ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman Abramson,
Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational (July) (:sk2:)

* connected to the ARPANET in 1972
: ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), first host-to-host protocol
: First cross-country link installed by AT&T between UCLA and BBN at 56kbps.
This line is later replaced by another between BBN and RAND.
A second line is added between MIT and Utah

1971
: 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames
: BBN starts building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316.
IMPs however are limited to 4 host connections, and so BBN develops a terminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to 64 terminals (September)
: Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network.
The original program was derived from two others:
an intra-machine email program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)
: Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart with the purpose of making copyright-free works,
including books, electronically available.
The first text is the US Declaration of Independence (:dhr,msh:)

1972
: Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit.
The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning (March)
: Larry Roberts writes first email management program (RD) to list,
selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages (July)
: International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) at the Washington D.C.
Hilton with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn. (October)
: First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated during ICCC,
as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems with the Doctor (at BBN).
: International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in October as a result of a meeting at ICCC identifying the need for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies.
Vint Cerf appointed first Chair. By 1974, INWG became [IFIP](http://www.ifip.or.at/) WG 6.1 (:vgc:)
: Louis Pouzin leads the French effort to build its own ARPANET - CYCLADES
: RFC 318: [Telnet specification](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc318.html)

1973
: First international connections to the ARPANET:
University College of London (England) via [NORSAR](http://www.norsar.no/) (Norway)
: Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet.
The concept was tested on Xerox PARC's Alto computers,
and the first Ethernet network called the Alto Aloha System (May) (:amk:)
: Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts Internetting research program at ARPA.
Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby (:vgc:)
: Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)
: RFC 454: File Transfer specification
: Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling conference calls over ARPAnet. (:bb1:)
: SRI (NIC) begins publishing ARPANET News in March; number of ARPANET users estimated at 2,000
: ARPA study shows email composing 75% of all ARPANET traffic
: Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination,
causing all other IMPs to send their traffic to Harvard (25 December)
: RFC 527: [ARPAWOCKY](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc527.html)
: RFC 602: [The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc602.html)

1974
: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "[A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf)"
which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP).
[IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)
: BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)

1975
: Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now [DISA](http://www.disa.mil/))
: First ARPANET mailing list, [MsgGroup](http://web.archive.org/web/20020209153802/www.tcm.org/msggroup/),
is created by Steve Walker. Einar Stefferud soon took over as moderator as the list was not automated at first.
A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to become the most popular unofficial list in the early days
: John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive email program providing replying,
forwarding, and filing capabilities.
: Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL
: "[Jargon File](http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/)", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)
: Shockwave Rider by John Brunner (:pds:)

1976
: Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern
: UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with [UNIX](http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/ch001j.c11) one year later.
: Multiprocessing Pluribus IMPs are deployed

1977
: THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system over TELENET)
: RFC 733: [Mail specification](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc733.html)
: Tymshare spins out Tymnet under pressure from TELENET.
Both go on to develop X.25 protocol standard for virtual circuit style packet switching (:vgc:)
: First demonstration of ARPANET/SF Bay Packet Radio Net/Atlantic SATNET operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)

1978
: TCP split into TCP and IP (March)
: Possibly the first commercial [spam message](http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html#msg)
is sent on 1 May by a DEC marketer advertising an upcoming presentation of its new DECSYSTEM-20 computers
: RFC 748: [TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc748.html)

1979
: Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, [National Science Foundation](http://www.nsf.gov/) (NSF),
and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber).
: USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin.
All original groups were under NET.* hierarchy.
: First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex
: ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)
: Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding.
Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI.
: On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek.
Though flamed by many at the time, emoticons became widely used after Scott Fahlman suggested the use of :-) and :-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982
{: .dl-traducao}


<dl>

<dt>**1970**</dt>

<dd>First publication of the original ARPANET Host-Host protocol: C.S. Carr, S. Crocker, V.G. Cerf, "HOST-HOST Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network," in AFIPS Proceedings of SJCC (:vgc:)</dd>

<dd>First report on ARPANET at AFIPS: "Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March)</dd>

<dd>ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman Abramson, Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational (July) (:sk2:)

* connected to the ARPANET in 1972

</dd>

<dd>ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), first host-to-host protocol</dd>

<dd>First cross-country link installed by AT&T between UCLA and BBN at 56kbps. This line is later replaced by another between BBN and RAND. A second line is added between MIT and Utah</dd>

<dt>**1971**</dt>

<dd>15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames</dd>

<dd>BBN starts building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316\. IMPs however are limited to 4 host connections, and so BBN develops a terminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to 64 terminals (September)</dd>

<dd>Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: an intra-machine email program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)</dd>

<dd>Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart with the purpose of making copyright-free works, including books, electronically available. The first text is the US Declaration of Independence (:dhr,msh:)</dd>

<dt>**1972**</dt>

<dd>Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning (March)</dd>

<dd>Larry Roberts writes first email management program (RD) to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages (July)</dd>

<dd>International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) at the Washington D.C. Hilton with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn. (October)</dd>

<dd>First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated during ICCC, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems with the Doctor (at BBN).</dd>

<dd>International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in October as a result of a meeting at ICCC identifying the need for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies. Vint Cerf appointed first Chair. By 1974, INWG became [IFIP](http://www.ifip.or.at/) WG 6.1 (:vgc:)</dd>

<dd>Louis Pouzin leads the French effort to build its own ARPANET - CYCLADES</dd>

<dd>RFC 318: [Telnet specification](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc318.html)</dd>

<dt>**1973**</dt>

<dd>First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) via [NORSAR](http://www.norsar.no/) (Norway)</dd>

<dd>Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet. The concept was tested on Xerox PARC's Alto computers, and the first Ethernet network called the Alto Aloha System (May) (:amk:)</dd>

<dd>Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts Internetting research program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby (:vgc:)</dd>

<dd>Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)</dd>

<dd>RFC 454: File Transfer specification</dd>

<dd>Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling conference calls over ARPAnet. (:bb1:)</dd>

<dd>SRI (NIC) begins publishing ARPANET News in March; number of ARPANET users estimated at 2,000</dd>

<dd>ARPA study shows email composing 75% of all ARPANET traffic</dd>

<dd>Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination, causing all other IMPs to send their traffic to Harvard (25 December)</dd>

<dd>RFC 527: [ARPAWOCKY](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc527.html)</dd>

<dd>RFC 602: [The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc602.html)</dd>

<dt>**1974**</dt>

<dd>Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "[A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf)" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)</dd>

<dd>BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)</dd>

<dt>**1975**</dt>

<dd>Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now [DISA](http://www.disa.mil/))</dd>

<dd>First ARPANET mailing list, [MsgGroup](http://web.archive.org/web/20020209153802/www.tcm.org/msggroup/), is created by Steve Walker. Einar Stefferud soon took over as moderator as the list was not automated at first. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to become the most popular unofficial list in the early days</dd>

<dd>John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive email program providing replying, forwarding, and filing capabilities.</dd>

<dd>Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL</dd>

<dd>"[Jargon File](http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/)", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)</dd>

<dd>Shockwave Rider by John Brunner (:pds:)</dd>

<dt>**1976**</dt>

<dd>Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern</dd>

<dd>UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with [UNIX](http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/ch001j.c11) one year later.</dd>

<dd>Multiprocessing Pluribus IMPs are deployed</dd>

<dt>**1977**</dt>

<dd>THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system over TELENET)</dd>

<dd>RFC 733: [Mail specification](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc733.html)</dd>

<dd>Tymshare spins out Tymnet under pressure from TELENET. Both go on to develop X.25 protocol standard for virtual circuit style packet switching (:vgc:)</dd>

<dd>First demonstration of ARPANET/SF Bay Packet Radio Net/Atlantic SATNET operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)</dd>

<dt>**1978**</dt>

<dd>TCP split into TCP and IP (March)</dd>

<dd>Possibly the first commercial [spam message](http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html#msg) is sent on 1 May by a DEC marketer advertising an upcoming presentation of its new DECSYSTEM-20 computers</dd>

<dd>RFC 748: [TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc748.html)</dd>

<dt>**1979**</dt>

<dd>Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, [National Science Foundation](http://www.nsf.gov/) (NSF), and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber).</dd>

<dd>USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under NET.* hierarchy.</dd>

<dd>First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex</dd>

<dd>ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)</dd>

<dd>Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI.</dd>

<dd>On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at the time, emoticons became widely used after Scott Fahlman suggested the use of :-) and :-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982</dd>

</dl>

* * *


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