Create Templates.md

docs/day-19/Templates.md

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+# Templates in C++
+
+Templates in C++ provide a way to write generic programs that can work with any data type. They allow you to create functions and classes that can handle different data types without having to rewrite the code for each type separately.
+
+## Function Template
+
+Function templates allow you to define a single function that can work with different data types. 
+
+Syntax:
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+T functionName(T param1, T param2) {
+ // Function body
+}
+```
+
+- `template <typename T>`: This line declares a template with a template parameter T, which represents a placeholder for the type.
+- `T functionName(T param1, T param2) { ... }`: This defines a function functionName that takes two parameters of type T and returns a value of type T.
+
+Example: 
+```cpp
+// Function template example
+template <typename T>
+T add(T a, T b) {
+ return a + b;
+}
+
+int main() {
+ int sumInt = add(3, 5); // T is deduced as int
+ double sumDouble = add(2.5, 3.5); // T is deduced as double
+
+ return 0;
+}
+```
+
+Above code can be viewed as,
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD;
+ A[main] --> B["int sumInt = add(3, 5)"];
+ A --> C["double sumDouble = add(2.5, 3.5)"];
+ B --> D["add<int>(int a, int b)"];
+ C --> E["add<double>(double a, double b)"];
+ D --> F["Return 8"];
+ E --> G["Return 6.0"];
+ F --> H["Assign 8 to sumInt"];
+ G --> I["Assign 6.0 to sumDouble"];
+```
+
+## Class Templates
+
+Class templates allow you to define a generic class where one or more data members or member functions can be of generic types.
+
+Syntax: 
+```cpp
+template <typename T>
+class ClassName {
+public:
+ T memberFunction(T param);
+ // Other member declarations
+};
+```
+
+Example :
+
+```cpp
+// Class template example
+template <typename T>
+class Pair {
+private:
+ T first;
+ T second;
+public:
+ Pair(T a, T b) : first(a), second(b) {}
+ T getMax();
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+T Pair<T>::getMax() {
+ return (first > second) ? first : second;
+}
+
+int main() {
+ Pair<int> intPair(3, 5);
+ cout << "Max: " << intPair.getMax() << endl; // Output: Max: 5
+
+ Pair<double> doublePair(2.5, 3.5);
+ cout << "Max: " << doublePair.getMax() << endl; // Output: Max: 3.5
+
+ return 0;
+}
+```
+
+Above code can be viewed as,
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD;
+ A[main] --> B["Pair<int> intPair(3, 5)"];
+ A --> C["Pair<double> doublePair(2.5, 3.5)"];
+ B --> D["Constructor: Pair<int>(int a, int b)"];
+ C --> E["Constructor: Pair<double>(double a, double b)"];
+ D --> F["intPair.getMax()"];
+ E --> G["doublePair.getMax()"];
+ F --> H["Return 5"];
+ G --> I["Return 3.5"];
+ H --> J["Print: "Max: 5""];
+ I --> K["Print: "Max: 3.5""];
+```