sqlite: refactor open options

[tniessen]

Move options that are only relevant for opening the database into a self-contained class.

Refs: #54777 (comment)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 92.59259% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 88.40%. Comparing base (ddfef05) to head (dc87f5c).
Report is 12 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_sqlite.cc	87.50%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #55442      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.42%   88.40%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         652      653       +1     
  Lines      186918   187605     +687     
  Branches    36079    36120      +41     
==========================================
+ Hits       165279   165851     +572     
- Misses      14892    14979      +87     
- Partials     6747     6775      +28     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.h	73.33% <100.00%> (+73.33%)	⬆️
src/node_sqlite.cc	83.36% <87.50%> (-0.37%)	⬇️

... and 104 files with indirect coverage changes