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Add interactive simulations to HTML
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Signed-off-by: Marcello Seri <[email protected]>
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mseri committed Jul 22, 2024
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\addbibresource{hm.bib}

% workaround needed for autonum
\let\etoolboxforlistloop\forlistloop
\let\etoolboxforlistloop\forlistloop
\usepackage{autonum}
\let\forlistloop\etoolboxforlistloop

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In most cases, this will be implicitly assumed and we will omit the explicit dependence on $t$.

The \emph{velocity} of the point particle is given by the rate of change of the position vector,
i.e., its derivative with respect to time\footnote{Notation: the symbol $a := b$ means that $a$ is defined by the expression $b$, similarly $b =: a$ is the same statement but read from right to left.}
i.e., its derivative with respect to time\footnote{Notation: the symbol $a := b$ means that $a$ is defined by the expression $b$, similarly $b =: a$ is the same statement but read from right to left.}
\begin{equation}
\vb*{v} = \dv{\vb*{x}}{t} =: \dot{\vb*{x}} = (\dot{x}, \dot{y}, \dot{z}).
\end{equation}
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Clearly, once we know the initial conditions, the full evolution of the solution $x(t)$ is known, in agreement with Newton's principle of determinacy. \medskip

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{images/HM-1-2.pdf}
\caption{Left: horizontal spring. Right: planar pendulum.}%
\label{fig:spring-pendulum}
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The fact that $H(x,y)$ remains constant on the trajectories is crucial: when this happens we say that the total energy of the system is a \emph{conserved quantity}.
A curve $(x(t), y(t))$ spanned by a solution of \eqref{eq:oscillatorfirstorder} is called a \emph{phase curve}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{images/potential-curves-pendulum.pdf}
\caption{Integral curves for the pendulum}
\label{fig:pendulum}
\end{figure}

\begin{example}
Note that Theorem~\ref{thm:ham1} applies to Example~\ref{ex:sprPen}.
\begin{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
\end{example}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{images/potential-curves-pendulum.pdf}
\caption{Integral curves for the pendulum}
\label{fig:pendulum}
\end{figure}
\warpHTMLonly{<div align=center><iframe height=530 width=800 src=https://editor.p5js.org/mseri/full/iar8GHKTU></iframe></div>}
\warpHTMLonly{<div align=center><iframe height=530 width=800 src=https://editor.p5js.org/mseri/full/kU1aO7EoZ></iframe></div>}

From these examples we already see that phase curves can consist of only one point. In such cases, the points are called \emph{equilibrium} points.

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and to reason about further properties of the solutions.
To grasp where this comes from, it is enough to spell out
\begin{equation}
\frac m2 \left(\frac{\dd x}{\dd t}\right)^2 = E - U(x)
\frac m2 \left(\frac{\dd x}{\dd t}\right)^2 = E - U(x)
\end{equation}
and perform some formal computations with the differentials.

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\begin{quote}
$f$ is the Legendre transform of $g$ if
\(
f' = (g')^{-1},
f' = (g')^{-1},
\)
\end{quote}
which nicely emphasizes involutivity and duality between the two functions.
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One of the many advantages of the hamiltonian approach comes from an elegant algebraic description.
This will play a central role in the study of conserved quantities, and provides a remarkable duality with the mathematical description of quantum mechanics.

From now on, we will denote by $q = (q^1, \ldots, q^n)$ the local coordinates on $M$, and
From now on, we will denote by $q = (q^1, \ldots, q^n)$ the local coordinates on $M$, and
\begin{equation}
(q^1, \ldots, q^n, p_1, \ldots, p_n)\in T^*M
\end{equation}
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\begin{theorem}[Liouville-Arnold]\label{thm:liouvillearnold}
Consider a completely integrable hamiltonian system on the phase space $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$.
Assume that there exists $E^0 = (E^0_1, \ldots, E^0_n)$ such that the functions
Assume that there exists $E^0 = (E^0_1, \ldots, E^0_n)$ such that the functions
\begin{equation}
H_1(q,p), \ldots, H_n(q,p)
\end{equation}
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% But the dimension of $P/\sim$ is odd, therefore the Poisson bracket on the quotient is necessarily degenerate.
% This means that there is a $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$ function that commutes with all the $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$ functions on the quotient, but this is easily identified as it is $F$ itself!
% This function generates the group action $\Phi_s$ which becomes trivial on the quotient $P/\sim$.
% It then follows from Frobenius' theorem \todo{add statement and proof?} that we can define a symplectic structure on the level surface of $F(\vb*{x}) = f$ of $F$ for values of the parameter $f$ close enough to $f_0 = F(\vb*{x}_0)$:
% It then follows from Frobenius' theorem \todo{add statement and proof?} that we can define a symplectic structure on the level surface of $F(\vb*{x}) = f$ of $F$ for values of the parameter $f$ close enough to $f_0 = F(\vb*{x}_0)$:
% \begin{equation}\label{def:symleaf}
% P^f_{\mathrm{r}} := (F(\vb*{x}) = f)/\sim.
% \end{equation}
% The dimension of the \emph{symplectic leaf} \eqref{def:symleaf} in the $(2n-1)$-dimensional manifold $P/\sim$ is then equal to $2n-2$.

% Finally, the original hamiltonian $H$, being invariant with respect to the action of $\Phi_s$, defines a function on the quotient e, therefore, on its restriction to the symplectic leaf $P^f_{\mathrm{r}}$. We denote this restriction with
% Finally, the original hamiltonian $H$, being invariant with respect to the action of $\Phi_s$, defines a function on the quotient e, therefore, on its restriction to the symplectic leaf $P^f_{\mathrm{r}}$. We denote this restriction with
% \begin{equation}
% H^f_{\mathrm{r}} \in \mathcal{C}^\infty(P^f_{\mathrm{r}}).
% \end{equation}
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% % \chapter{Contact geometry and contact mechanics}
% % % \subfile{chapters/contact}
% \end{appendices}

%\bibliography{hm}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\printbibliography
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