chore: defork cloud-provider-azure for 1.29

[comtalyst]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

Backport of #6947

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

Should be identical to the original PR.

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

- Azure: from now on, users should refer to https://cloud-provider-azure.sigs.k8s.io/install/configs/ for configuration interface
- Azure: fixed an issue where environment variables were not being passed in when config file exists
- Azure: fixed an issue where some cloud provider configurations were not being validated when UseManagedIdentityExtension is set to true
- Azure: renamed several fields from config file, with old names are still acceptable and taking precedence: `useWorkloadIdentityExtension` to `useFederatedWorkloadIdentityExtension`, `vmssCacheTTL` to `vmssCacheTTLInSeconds`, `vmssVmsCacheTTL` to `vmssVirtualMachinesCacheTTLInSeconds`, `enableVmssFlex` to `enableVmssFlexNodes`
- Azure: renamed several environment variables, with old names are still acceptable and taking precedence: `ARM_USE_MANAGED_IDENTITY_EXTENSION` to `ARM_USE_FEDERATED_WORKLOAD_IDENTITY_EXTENSION`, `AZURE_VMSS_CACHE_TTL` to `AZURE_VMSS_CACHE_TTL_IN_SECONDS`, `AZURE_VMSS_VMS_CACHE_TTL` to `AZURE_VMSS_VMS_CACHE_TTL_IN_SECONDS`, `AZURE_ENABLE_VMSS_FLEX` to `AZURE_ENABLE_VMSS_FLEX_NODES`

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

[comtalyst]

/label tide/merge-method-squash

[k8s-ci-robot]

@comtalyst: The following test failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
pull-cluster-autoscaler-e2e-azure	ef640d6	link	false	/test pull-cluster-autoscaler-e2e-azure

Full PR test history. Your PR dashboard. Please help us cut down on flakes by linking to an open issue when you hit one in your PR.

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[tallaxes]

LGTM (subject to passing tests); also wondering about cloud-provider-azure version

[tallaxes]

The latest is 1.29.9, do we plan to bump it separately from this PR?

[comtalyst]

(discussed offline) separately

[tallaxes]

/approve
/lgtm

[comtalyst]

/assign @feiskyer

[feiskyer]

lgtm

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: comtalyst, feiskyer, tallaxes

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