Fix UB in gdtoa hexadecimal float scanf and strtod

[GabrielRavier]

When reading hexadecimal floats, cosmopolitan would previously sometimes
print a number of warnings relating to undefined behavior on left shift:

third_party/gdtoa/gethex.c:172: ubsan warning: signed left shift changed
sign bit or overflowed 12 'int' 28 'int' is undefined behavior

This is because gdtoa assumes left shifts are safe when overflow happens
even on signed integers - this is false: the C standard considers it UB.
This is easy to fix, by simply casting the shifted value to unsigned, as
doing so does not change the value or the semantics of the left shifting
(except for avoiding the undefined behavior, as the C standard specifies
that unsigned overflow yields wraparound, avoiding undefined behaviour).

This commit does this, and adds a testcase that previously triggered UB.
(this also adds test macros to test for exact float equality, instead of
the existing {EXPECT,ASSERT}_FLOAT_EQ macros which only tests inputs for
being "almost equal" (with a significant epsilon) whereas exact equality
makes more sense for certain things such as reading floats from strings,
and modifies other testcases for sscanf/fscanf of floats to utilize it).

[jart]

Nice! You might want to report this to David M. Gay after confirming the issue exists in upstream sources.