dlang-requests

HTTP client library, inspired by python-requests with goals:

• small memory footprint
• performance
• simple, high level API
• native D implementation

API docs: Wiki

Table of contents

• Library configurations (std.socket and vibe sockets)
• Levels of API
• Quick start
• Requests with parameters
• Posting data
  • Posting url-encoded
  • Posting multipart
  • Posting raw data
• Properties of Request structure
• Streaming response
• Modifying request(headers, etc.)
• Interceptors
• SocketFactory
• SSL
• FTP
• Request pool
• Static build

Library configurations

This library doesn't use vibe-d but it can work with vibe-d sockets for network IO, so you can use requests in your vibe-d applications. To build vibe-d variant, with requests ver 2.x use

    "dependencies": {
        "requests:vibed": "~>2"
    }

For requests 1.x use subConfiguration:

"dependencies": {
    "requests": "~>1"
},
"subConfigurations": {
    "requests": "vibed"
}

Two levels of API

• At the highest API level you interested only in retrieving or posting document content. Use it when you don't need to add headers, set timeouts, or change any other defaults, if you don't interested in result codes or any details of request and/or response. This level propose next calls: getContent, postContent, putContent and patchContent. What you receive is a Buffer, which you can use as range, but you can easily convert it to ubyte[] using .data property. These calls also have ByLine counterparts which will lazily receive response from server, split it on \n and convert it into InputRange of ubyte[] (so that something like getContentByLine("https://httpbin.org/stream/50").map!"cast(string)a".filter!(a => a.canFind("\"id\": 28")) should work.

• At the next level we have Request structure, which encapsulate all details and settings required for http(s)/ftp transfer. Operating on Request instance you can change many aspects of interaction with http/ftp server. Most important API calls are Request.get(), Reuest.post or Request.exec!"method" and so on (you will find examples below). You will receive Response with all available details -document body, status code, headers, timings, etc.

Windows ssl notes

In case requests can't find opsn ssl library on Windows, here is several steps that can help:

1. From the slproweb download latest Win32OpenSSL_Light installer binaries for Windows.
2. Install it. Important: allow installer to install libraries in system folders.

See step-by-step instructions here.

Make a simple request

Making HTTP/HTTPS/FTP requests with dlang-requests is simple. First of all, install and import requests module:

import requests;

If you only need content of some webpage, you can use getContent():

auto content = getContent("http://httpbin.org/");

getContent() will fetch complete document to buffer and return this buffer to the caller(see Straming for lazy content loading). content can be converted to string, or can be used as range. For example, if you need to count lines in content, you can directly apply splitter() and count:

writeln(content.splitter('\n').count);

Count non-empty lines:

writeln(content.splitter('\n').filter!"a!=``".count);

Actually, the buffer is a ForwardRange with length and random access, so you can apply many algorithms directly to it. Or you can extract data in form of ubyte[], using data property:

ubyte[] data = content.data;

Request with parameters

dlang-requests proposes simple way to make a request with parameters. For example, you have to simulate a search query for person: name - person name, age - person age, and so on... You can pass all parameters to get using queryParams() helper:

auto content = getContent("http://httpbin.org/get", queryParams("name", "any name", "age", 42));

If you check httpbin response, you will see that server recognized all parameters:

{
  "args": {
    "age": "42",
    "name": "any name"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=any name&age=42"
}

Or, you can pass dictionary:

auto content = getContent("http://httpbin.org/get", ["name": "any name", "age": "42"]);

Which gives you the same response.

If getContent() fails

getContent() (and any other API call) can throw the following exceptions:

• ConnectError when it can't connect to document origin for some reason (can't resolve name, connection refused, ...)
• TimeoutException when any single operation (connect, receive, send) timed out.
• ErrnoException when received ErrnoException from any underlying call.
• RequestException in some other cases.

Posting data to server

The easy way to post with dlang-requests is postContent(). There are several ways to post data to server:

1. Post to web-form using application/x-www-form-urlencoded - for posting short data.
2. Post to web-form using multipart/form-data - for large data and file uploads.
3. Post data to server without forms.

Form-urlencode

Call postContent() in the same way as getContent() with parameters:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main() {
    auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", queryParams("name", "any name", "age", 42));
    writeln(content);
}

Output:

{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {
    "age": "42",
    "name": "any name"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "22",
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Multipart form

Posting multipart forms requires MultipartForm structure to be prepared:

import std.stdio;
import std.conv;
import std.string;
import requests;

void main() {
    MultipartForm form;
    form.add(formData("name", "any name"));
    form.add(formData("age", to!string(42)));
    form.add(formData("raw data", "some bytes".dup.representation));
    auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", form);
    writeln("Output:");
    writeln(content);
}

Output:

{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {
    "age": "42",
    "name": "any name",
    "raw data": "some bytes"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "332",
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=e3beab0d-d240-4ec1-91bb-d47b08af5999",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Here is an example of posting a file:

import std.stdio;
import std.conv;
import std.string;
import requests;

void main() {
    MultipartForm form;
    form.add(formData("file", File("test.txt", "rb"), ["filename":"test.txt", "Content-Type": "text/plain"]));
    form.add(formData("age", "42"));
    auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", form);

    writeln("Output:");
    writeln(content);
}

Output:

{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {
    "file": "this is test file\n"
  },
  "form": {
    "age": "42"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "282",
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=3fd7317f-7082-4d63-82e2-16cfeaa416b4",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Posting raw data without forms

postContent() can post from InputRanges. For example, to post file content:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main() {
    auto f = File("test.txt", "rb");
    auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", f.byChunk(5), "application/binary");
    writeln("Output:");
    writeln(content);
}

Output:

{
  "args": {},
  "data": "this is test file\n",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "18",
    "Content-Type": "application/binary",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Or, if you keep your data in memory, you can use something like this:

auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", "ABCDEFGH", "application/binary");

Those are all details about simple API with default request parameters. The next section will describe a lower-level interface through Request structure.

Request structure

When you need to configure request details (like timeouts and other limits, keep-alive, ssl properties), or response details (code, headers), you have to use Request and Response structures:

Request rq = Request();
Response rs = rq.get("https://httpbin.org/");
assert(rs.code==200);

By default Keep-Alive requests are used, so you can reuse the connection:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main()
{
    auto rq = Request();
    rq.verbosity = 2;
    auto rs = rq.get("http://httpbin.org/image/jpeg");
    writeln(rs.responseBody.length);
    rs = rq.get("http://httpbin.org/image/png");
    writeln(rs.responseBody.length);
}

In the latter case rq.get() will reuse previous connection to server. Request will automatically reopen connection when host, protocol or port change (so it is safe to send different requests through single instance of Request). It also recovers when server prematurely closes keep-alive connection. You can turn keepAlive off when needed:

rq.keepAlive = false;

For anything other than default, you can configure Request structure for keep-alive, redirects handling, to add/remove headers, set IO buffer size and maximum size of response headers and body.

For example, to authorize with basic authentication, use the following code (works both for HTTP and FTP URLs):

rq = Request();
rq.authenticator = new BasicAuthentication("user", "passwd");
rs = rq.get("http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd");

Here is a short description of some Request options you can set:

name	type	meaning	default
keepAlive	bool	request keepalive connection	true
maxRedirects *)	uint	maximum redirect depth (0 to disable)	10
maxHeadersLength *)	size_t	max. acceptable response headers length	32KB
maxContentLength *)	size_t	max. acceptable content length	5MB
timeout *)	Duration	timeout on connect or data transfer	30.seconds
bufferSize	size_t	socket io buffer size	16KB
verbosity	uint	verbosity level (0, 1, 2 or 3)	0
proxy	string	url of the HTTP proxy	null
addHeaders	string[string]	additional headers	null
useStreaming	bool	receive data as lazy InputRange	false
cookie	Cookie[]	cookies you will send to server	null
authenticator	Auth	authenticatior	null
bind	string	use local address whan connect	null
socketFactory	NetworkStream	user-provided connection factory	null

*) Throws exception when limit is reached.

Request properties that are read-only:

name	type	meaning
cookie	Cookie[]	cookie the server sent to us
contentLength	long	current document's content length or -1 if unknown
contentReceived	long	content received

Redirect and connection optimisations

Request keep results of Permanent redirections in small cache. It also keep map (schema,host,port) -> connection of opened connections, for subsequent usage.

Streaming server response

When you plan to receive something really large in response (file download) you don't want to receive gigabytes of content into the response buffer. With useStreaming, you can receive response from server as input range. Elements of the range are chunks of data (of type ubyte[]). contentLength and contentReceived can be used to monitor progress:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main()
{
    auto rq = Request();
    rq.useStreaming = true;
    rq.verbosity = 2;
    auto rs = rq.get("http://httpbin.org/image/jpeg");
    auto stream = rs.receiveAsRange();
    while(!stream.empty) {
        writefln("Received %d bytes, total received %d from document length %d", stream.front.length, rs.contentReceived, rs.contentLength);
        stream.popFront;
    }
}

Output:

> GET /image/jpeg HTTP/1.1
> Connection: Keep-Alive
> User-Agent: dlang-requests
> Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
> Host: httpbin.org
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: nginx
< date: Thu, 09 Jun 2016 16:25:57 GMT
< content-type: image/jpeg
< content-length: 35588
< connection: keep-alive
< access-control-allow-origin: *
< access-control-allow-credentials: true
< 1232 bytes of body received
< 1448 bytes of body received
Received 2680 bytes, total received 2680 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 5576 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 8472 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 11368 from document length 35588
Received 1448 bytes, total received 12816 from document length 35588
Received 1448 bytes, total received 14264 from document length 35588
Received 1448 bytes, total received 15712 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 18608 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 21504 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 24400 from document length 35588
Received 1448 bytes, total received 25848 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 28744 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 31640 from document length 35588
Received 2896 bytes, total received 34536 from document length 35588
Received 1052 bytes, total received 35588 from document length 35588

With verbosity >= 3, you will also receive a dump of each data portion received from server:

00000  48 54 54 50 2F 31 2E 31  20 32 30 30 20 4F 4B 0D  |HTTP/1.1 200 OK.|
00010  0A 53 65 72 76 65 72 3A  20 6E 67 69 6E 78 0D 0A  |.Server: nginx..|
00020  44 61 74 65 3A 20 53 75  6E 2C 20 32 36 20 4A 75  |Date: Sun, 26 Ju|
00030  6E 20 32 30 31 36 20 31  36 3A 31 36 3A 30 30 20  |n 2016 16:16:00 |
00040  47 4D 54 0D 0A 43 6F 6E  74 65 6E 74 2D 54 79 70  |GMT..Content-Typ|
00050  65 3A 20 61 70 70 6C 69  63 61 74 69 6F 6E 2F 6A  |e: application/j|
00060  73 6F 6E 0D 0A 54 72 61  6E 73 66 65 72 2D 45 6E  |son..Transfer-En|
00070  63 6F 64 69 6E 67 3A 20  63 68 75 6E 6B 65 64 0D  |coding: chunked.|
00080  0A 43 6F 6E 6E 65 63 74  69 6F 6E 3A 20 6B 65 65  |.Connection: kee|
...

Just for fun: with streaming you can forward content between servers in just two code lines. postContent will automatically receive next data portion from source and send it to destination:

import requests;                                                                                                            
import std.stdio;                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                            
void main()                                                                                                                 
{                                                                                                                           
    auto rq = Request();                                                                                                    
    rq.useStreaming = true;                                                                                                 
    auto stream = rq.get("http://httpbin.org/get").receiveAsRange();                                                        
    auto content = postContent("http://httpbin.org/post", stream);                                                          
    writeln(content);                                                                                                       
}                                                                                                                           

You can use dlang-requests in parallel tasks (but you can't share the same Request structure between threads):

import std.stdio;
import std.parallelism;
import std.algorithm;
import std.string;
import core.atomic;
import requests;

immutable auto urls = [
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/10",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/20",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/30",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/40",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/50",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/60",
    "http://httpbin.org/stream/70",
];

void main() {
    defaultPoolThreads(5);

    shared short lines;

    foreach(url; parallel(urls)) {
        atomicOp!"+="(lines, getContent(url).splitter("\n").count);
    }
    assert(lines == 287);
}

File download example

Note: use "wb" and rawWrite with file.

import requests;
import std.stdio;

void main() {
    Request rq = Request();
    Response rs = rq.get("http://geoserver.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/imagemosaiccreate1.png");
    File f = File("123.png", "wb"); // do not forget to use both "w" and "b" modes when open file.
    f.rawWrite(rs.responseBody.data);
    f.close();
}

Loading whole document to memory and then save it might be impractical or impossible. Use streams in this case:

import requests;
import std.stdio;

void main() {
    Request rq = Request();

    rq.useStreaming = true;
    auto rs = rq.get("http://geoserver.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/imagemosaiccreate1.png");
    auto stream = rs.receiveAsRange();
    File file = File("123.png", "wb");

    while(!stream.empty)  {
        file.rawWrite(stream.front);
        stream.popFront;
    }
    file.close();
}

vibe.d

You can safely use dlang-requests with vibe.d. When dlang-requests is compiled with support for vibe.d sockets (--config=vibed), each call to dlang-requests API can block only the current fiber, not the thread:

import requests, vibe.d;

shared static this()
{
    void taskMain()
    {
        logInfo("Task created");
        auto r1 = getContent("http://httpbin.org/delay/3");
        logInfo("Delay request finished");
        auto r2 = getContent("http://google.com");
        logInfo("Google request finished");
    }

    setLogFormat(FileLogger.Format.threadTime, FileLogger.Format.threadTime);
    for(size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        runTask(&taskMain);
}

Output:

[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD7AB 2016.07.05 16:55:54.115 INF] Task created
[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD3AB 2016.07.05 16:55:54.116 INF] Task created
[F7EC2FAB:F7ED6FAB 2016.07.05 16:55:54.116 INF] Task created
[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD7AB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.451 INF] Delay request finished
[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD3AB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.464 INF] Delay request finished
[F7EC2FAB:F7ED6FAB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.474 INF] Delay request finished
[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD7AB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.827 INF] Google request finished
[F7EC2FAB:F7ECD3AB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.836 INF] Google request finished
[F7EC2FAB:F7ED6FAB 2016.07.05 16:55:57.856 INF] Google request finished

Adding/replacing request headers

Use string[string] and addHeaders() method to add or replace some request headers.

User-supplied headers override headers, created by library code, so you have to be careful adding common headers, like Content-Type, Content-Length, etc..

import requests;

void main() {
    auto rq = Request();
    rq.verbosity = 2;
    rq.addHeaders(["User-Agent": "test-123", "X-Header": "x-value"]);
    auto rs = rq.post("http://httpbin.org/post", `{"a":"b"}`, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
}

Output:

> POST /post HTTP/1.1
> Content-Length: 9
> Connection: Keep-Alive
> User-Agent: test-123
> Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
> Host: httpbin.org
> X-Header: x-value
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: nginx
...

SSL settings

HTTP requests can be configured for SSL options: you can enable or disable remote server certificate verification, set key and certificate to use for authorizing to remote server:

• sslSetVerifyPeer(bool) - turn ssl peer verification on or off (on by default since v0.8.0)
• sslSetKeyFile(string) - load client key from file
• sslSetCertFile(string) - load client cert from file
• sslSetCaCert(string) - load server CA cert for private or self-signed server certificates

import std.stdio;
import requests;
import std.experimental.logger;

void main() {
    globalLogLevel(LogLevel.trace);
    auto rq = Request();
    rq.sslSetKeyFile("client01.key"); // set key file
    rq.sslSetCertFile("client01.crt"); // set cert file
    auto rs = rq.get("https://dlang.org/");
    writeln(rs.code);
    writeln(rs.responseBody);
}

Please note that with vibe.d you have to add the following call

rq.sslSetCaCert("/opt/local/etc/openssl/cert.pem");

with path to CA cert file (location may differ for different OS or openssl packaging).

By default ssl peer verification turned ON. This can lead to problems in case you use server-side self-signed certificates. To fix, you have either add server ca.crt to trusted store on local side(see https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/90450/adding-a-self-signed-certificate-to-the-trusted-list for example), or use sslSetCaCert to add it for single requests call(rq.sslSetCaCert("ca.crt");), or just disable peer verification with rq.sslSetVerifyPeer(false);

FTP requests

You can use the same structure to make ftp requests, both get and post.

HTTP-specific methods do not work if request uses ftp scheme.

Here is an example:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main() {
    auto rq = Request();
    rq.verbosity = 3;
    rq.authenticator = new BasicAuthentication("login", "password");
    auto f = File("test.txt", "rb");
    auto rs = rq.post("ftp://example.com/test.txt", f.byChunk(1024));
    writeln(rs.code);
    rs = rq.get("ftp://@example.com/test.txt");
    writeln(rs.code);
}

Second argument for FTP posts can be anything that can be casted to ubyte[] or any InputRange with element type like ubyte[]. If the path in the post request doesn't exist, it will try to create all the required directories. As with HTTP, you can call several FTP requests using the same Request structure - it will reuse established connection (and authorization as well).

FTP LIST command

To retrieve single file properties or directory listing use rq.execute method:

import std.stdio;
import requests;

void main()
{
    auto rq = Request();
    auto rs = rq.execute("LIST", "ftp://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/FreeBSD/");
    writeln(rs.responseBody);

}

output:

-rw-rw-r--    1 ftp      ftp            35 May 12 09:00 TIMESTAMP
drwxrwxr-x    9 ftp      ftp           169 Oct 05  2015 development
-rw-r--r--    1 ftp      ftp          2871 May 11 10:00 dir.sizes
drwxrwxr-x   22 ftp      ftp          8192 May 09 23:00 doc
drwxrwxr-x    6 ftp      ftp            92 Jan 10 21:38 ports
drwxrwxr-x   12 ftp      ftp           237 Feb 06  2021 releases
drwxrwxr-x   12 ftp      ftp           237 May 05 18:00 snapshots

Interceptors

Interceptors provide a way to modify, or log, or cache request. They can form a chain attached to Request structure so that each request will pass through whole chain.

Each interceptor receive request as input, do whatever it need and pass request to the handler, which finally serve request and return Response back.

Here is small example how interceptors can be used. Consider situation where you have main app and some module. Main code:

import std.stdio;
import mymodule;

void main()
{
    auto r = mymodule.doSomething();
    writeln(r.length);
}

module:

module mymodule;

import requests;

auto doSomething()
{
    return getContent("http://google.com");                                                                              
}

One day you decide that you need to log every http request to external services.

One solution is to add logging code to each function of mymodule where external http calls executed. This can require lot of work and code changes, and sometimes even not really possible.

Another, and more effective solution is to use interceptors. First we have to create logger class:

class LoggerInterceptor : Interceptor {
    Response opCall(Request r, RequestHandler next)
    {
        writefln("Request  %s", r);
        auto rs = next.handle(r);
        writefln("Response %s", rs);
        return rs;
    }
}

Then we can instrument every call to request with this call:

import std.stdio;
import requests;
import mymodule;

class LoggerInterceptor : Interceptor {
    Response opCall(Request r, RequestHandler next)
    {
        writefln("Request  %s", r);
        auto rs = next.handle(r);
        writefln("Response %s", rs);
        return rs;
    }
}

void main()
{
    requests.addInterceptor(new LoggerInterceptor());
    auto r = mymodule.doSomething();
    writeln(r.length);
}

The only change required is call addInterceptor().

You may intercept single Request structure (instead of whole requests module) attaching interceptors directly to this structure:

Request rq;
rq.addInterceptor(new LoggerInterceptor());

Interceptor can change Request r, using Request() getters/setters before pass it to next handler. For example, authentication methods can be added using interceptors and headers injection. You can implement some kind of cache and return cached response immediately.

To change POST data in the interceptors you can use makeAdapter (since v1.1.2). Example:

import std.stdio;
import std.string;
import std.algorithm;
import requests;

class I : Interceptor
{
    Response opCall(Request rq, RequestHandler next)
    {
        rq.postData = makeAdapter(rq.postData.map!"toUpper(cast(string)a)");
        auto rs = next.handle(rq);
        return rs;
    }
}

void main()
{
    auto f = File("text.txt", "rb");
    Request rq;
    rq.verbosity = 1;
    rq.addInterceptor(new I);
    auto rs = rq.post("https://httpbin.org/post", f.byChunk(5));
    writeln(rs.responseBody);
}

SocketFactory

If configured - each time when Request need new connection it will call factory to create instance of NetworkStream. This way you can implement (outside of this library) lot of useful things: various proxies, unix-socket connections, etc.

Response structure

This structure provides details about received response.

Most frequently needed parts of Response are:

• code - HTTP or FTP response code as received from server.
• responseBody - contain complete document body when no streaming is in use. You can't use it when in streaming mode.
• responseHeaders - response headers in form of string[string] (not available for FTP requests)
• receiveAsRange - if you set useStreaming in the Request, then receiveAsRange will provide elements (type ubyte[]) of InputRange while receiving data from the server.

Requests Pool

When you have a large number of requests to execute, you can use a request pool to speed things up.

A pool is a fixed set of worker threads, which receives requests in form of Jobs and returns Results.

Each Job can be configured for an URL, method, data (for POST requests) and some other parameters.

pool acts as a parallel map from Job to Result - it consumes InputRange of Jobs, and produces InputRange of Results as fast as it can.

It is important to note that pool does not preserve result order. If you need to tie jobs and results somehow, you can use the opaque field of Job.

Here is an example usage:

import std.algorithm;
import std.datetime;
import std.string;
import std.range;
import requests;

void main() {
    Job[] jobs = [
        Job("http://httpbin.org/get").addHeaders([
                            "X-Header": "X-Value",
                            "Y-Header": "Y-Value"
                        ]),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/gzip"),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/deflate"),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/absolute-redirect/3")
                .maxRedirects(2),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/range/1024"),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/post")                                                                               
                .method("POST")                     // change default GET to POST
                .data("test".representation())      // attach data for POST
                .opaque("id".representation),       // opaque data - you will receive the same in Result
        Job("http://httpbin.org/delay/3")
                .timeout(1.seconds),                // set timeout to 1.seconds - this request will throw exception and fails
        Job("http://httpbin.org/stream/1024"),
    ];

    auto count = jobs.
        pool(6).
        filter!(r => r.code==200).
        count();

    assert(count == jobs.length - 2, "pool test failed");
    iota(20)
        .map!(n => Job("http://httpbin.org/post")
                        .data("%d".format(n).representation))
        .pool(10)
        .each!(r => assert(r.code==200));
}

One more example, with more features combined:

import requests;
import std.stdio;
import std.string;

void main() {
    Job[] jobs_array = [
        Job("http://0.0.0.0:9998/3"),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/post").method("POST").data("test".representation()).addHeaders(["a":"b"]),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/post", Job.Method.POST, "test".representation()).opaque([1,2,3]),
        Job("http://httpbin.org/absolute-redirect/4").maxRedirects(2),
    ];
    auto p = pool(jobs_array, 10);
    while(!p.empty) {
        auto r = p.front;
        p.popFront;
        switch(r.flags) {
        case Result.OK:
            writeln(r.code);
            writeln(cast(string)r.data);
            writeln(r.opaque);
            break;
        case Result.EXCEPTION:
            writefln("Exception: %s", cast(string)r.data);
            break;
        default:
            continue;
        }
        writeln("---");
    }
}

Output:

2016-12-29T10:22:00.861:streams.d:connect:973 Failed to connect to 0.0.0.0:9998(0.0.0.0:9998): Unable to connect socket: Connection refused
2016-12-29T10:22:00.861:streams.d:connect:973 Failed to connect to 0.0.0.0:9998(0.0.0.0:9998): Unable to connect socket: Connection refused
Exception: Can't connect to 0.0.0.0:9998
---
200
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "test",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "A": "b",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "4",
    "Content-Type": "application/octet-stream",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

[]
---
200
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "test",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "4",
    "Content-Type": "application/octet-stream",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "dlang-requests"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

[1, 2, 3]
---
Exception: 2 redirects reached maxRedirects 2.
---

Job methods

name	parameter type	description
method	string "GET" or "POST"	request method
data	immutable(ubyte)[]	data for POST request
timeout	Duration	timeout for network IO
maxRedirects	uint	max. no. of redirects
opaque	immutable(ubyte)[]	opaque data
addHeaders	string[string]	headers to add to request

Result fields

name	type	description
flags	uint	flags (OK,EXCEPTION)
code	ushort	response code
data	immutable(ubyte)[]	response body
opaque	immutable(ubyte)[]	opaque data from job

Pool limitations

1. Currently it doesn't work under vibe.d - use vibe.d parallelisation.
2. It limits you in tuning request (e.g. you can add authorization only through addHeaders(), you can't tune SSL parameters, etc).
3. Job's' and Result's' data are immutable byte arrays (as it uses send/receive for data exchange).

International Domain names

dlang-requests supports IDNA through idna package. It provide correct conversion between unicode domain names and punycode, but have limited ability to check names for standard compliance.

Static Build

By default dlang-requests links to the openssl and crypto libraries dynamically. There is a staticssl dub configuration (linux only!) in order to link statically to these libraries.

This is often used to generate a "distro-less" binaries, typically done on alpine using musl's libc.