Stricter byte size validation (#193529)

## Summary

This makes byte size validation stricter by ensuring that the string
starts and ends with valid values so it won't match on e.g. `a1234b` or
`1234ba`.

This has a slight chance to fail validation on an existing kibana.yml if
users had a typo that we previously ignored. As such it would be safer
to not backport to 8.x

### Checklist

Delete any items that are not applicable to this PR.

- [ ] Any text added follows [EUI's writing
guidelines](https://elastic.github.io/eui/#/guidelines/writing), uses
sentence case text and includes [i18n
support](https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/main/packages/kbn-i18n/README.md)
- [ ]
[Documentation](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/kibana/master/development-documentation.html)
was added for features that require explanation or tutorials
- [ ] [Unit or functional
tests](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/kibana/master/development-tests.html)
were updated or added to match the most common scenarios
- [ ] [Flaky Test
Runner](https://ci-stats.kibana.dev/trigger_flaky_test_runner/1) was
used on any tests changed
- [ ] Any UI touched in this PR is usable by keyboard only (learn more
about [keyboard accessibility](https://webaim.org/techniques/keyboard/))
- [ ] Any UI touched in this PR does not create any new axe failures
(run axe in browser:
[FF](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/axe-devtools/),
[Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/axe-web-accessibility-tes/lhdoppojpmngadmnindnejefpokejbdd?hl=en-US))
- [ ] If a plugin configuration key changed, check if it needs to be
allowlisted in the cloud and added to the [docker
list](https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/main/src/dev/build/tasks/os_packages/docker_generator/resources/base/bin/kibana-docker)
- [ ] This renders correctly on smaller devices using a responsive
layout. (You can test this [in your
browser](https://www.browserstack.com/guide/responsive-testing-on-local-server))
- [ ] This was checked for [cross-browser
compatibility](https://www.elastic.co/support/matrix#matrix_browsers)


### Risk Matrix

Delete this section if it is not applicable to this PR.

Before closing this PR, invite QA, stakeholders, and other developers to
identify risks that should be tested prior to the change/feature
release.

When forming the risk matrix, consider some of the following examples
and how they may potentially impact the change:

| Risk | Probability | Severity | Mitigation/Notes |

|---------------------------|-------------|----------|-------------------------|
| Multiple Spaces—unexpected behavior in non-default Kibana Space.
| Low | High | Integration tests will verify that all features are still
supported in non-default Kibana Space and when user switches between
spaces. |
| Multiple nodes—Elasticsearch polling might have race conditions
when multiple Kibana nodes are polling for the same tasks. | High | Low
| Tasks are idempotent, so executing them multiple times will not result
in logical error, but will degrade performance. To test for this case we
add plenty of unit tests around this logic and document manual testing
procedure. |
| Code should gracefully handle cases when feature X or plugin Y are
disabled. | Medium | High | Unit tests will verify that any feature flag
or plugin combination still results in our service operational. |
| [See more potential risk
examples](https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/main/RISK_MATRIX.mdx) |


### For maintainers

- [ ] This was checked for breaking API changes and was [labeled
appropriately](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/kibana/master/contributing.html#kibana-release-notes-process)

packages/kbn-config-schema/src/byte_size_value/index.test.ts

@@ -36,11 +36,40 @@ describe('parsing units', () => {
     expect(ByteSizeValue.parse('1Mb').getValueInBytes()).toBe(1024 * 1024);
   });
 
+  test('parses the max safe integer', () => {
+    expect(ByteSizeValue.parse('9007199254740991').getValueInBytes()).toBe(9007199254740991);
+    expect(ByteSizeValue.parse('9007199254740991b').getValueInBytes()).toBe(9007199254740991);
+  });
+
   test('throws an error when unsupported unit specified', () => {
     expect(() => ByteSizeValue.parse('1tb')).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
       `"Failed to parse value as byte value. Value must be either number of bytes, or follow the format <count>[b|kb|mb|gb] (e.g., '1024kb', '200mb', '1gb'), where the number is a safe positive integer."`
     );
   });
+
+  test('throws an error when unsafe integer', () => {
+    expect(() => ByteSizeValue.parse('9007199254740992')).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `"Value in bytes is expected to be a safe positive integer."`
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('throws an error on unusually long input', () => {
+    expect(() => ByteSizeValue.parse('19007199254740991kb')).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `"Value in bytes is expected to be a safe positive integer."`
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('throws when string does not start with a digit', () => {
+    expect(() => ByteSizeValue.parse(' 1kb')).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `"Failed to parse value as byte value. Value must be either number of bytes, or follow the format <count>[b|kb|mb|gb] (e.g., '1024kb', '200mb', '1gb'), where the number is a safe positive integer."`
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('throws when string does not end with a digit or unit', () => {
+    expect(() => ByteSizeValue.parse('1kb ')).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(
+      `"Failed to parse value as byte value. Value must be either number of bytes, or follow the format <count>[b|kb|mb|gb] (e.g., '1024kb', '200mb', '1gb'), where the number is a safe positive integer."`
+    );
+  });
 });
 
 describe('#constructor', () => {

packages/kbn-config-schema/src/byte_size_value/index.ts

@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ function renderUnit(value: number, unit: string) {
 
 export class ByteSizeValue {
   public static parse(text: string): ByteSizeValue {
-    const match = /([1-9][0-9]*)(b|kb|mb|gb)/i.exec(text);
+    if (text.length > 18) {
+      // Exit early on large input where <count> uses more than 16 digits and is therefore larger than Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+      throw new Error('Value in bytes is expected to be a safe positive integer.');
+    }
+    const match = /(^[1-9]\d*)(b|kb|mb|gb)$/i.exec(text);
     if (!match) {
       const number = Number(text);
       if (typeof number !== 'number' || isNaN(number)) {