This repo contains my study notes and learning projects contained in the course Build Responsive Real-World Websites with HTML and CSS.

• <strong> and <b> are both used to make texts bold. However, <strong> label is more recommended since it has its semantics.

• <em> and <i> are both used to make texts italics. However, <em> label, which stands for emphasize, is more recommended.

• We could add target="\_blank" as an attribute-value pair inside the <a> label so that the link would be opened in new tab.

• <header>(header of the html doc/smaller units),
  <nav>(for navigation links),
  <menu>,
  <main>,
  <article>,
  <section>,
  <aside>(for secondary info),
  <blockquote>,
  <figure>,
  <footer>(e.g., copyright),
  are container labels for structuring html documents. They would be helpful for semantics HTML as well as CSS styling.

• <div> and <span> labels both are non-semantic html. The former is a block label, while the latter is a inline label.

• useful VScode extension: auto rename tag(automatically change the closing tags when the openning tags were changed), prettier(formatter), color hightlight(for css), image preview(<img>), live server

• styling text

  • font-size: 26px;
  • font-weight: bold;
  • font-family: sans-serif;
  • font-style: italic;
  • text-align: center;
  • text-transform: uppercase;
  • line-height: 1.5; (1.5 times font size)

• selector

  • descendant selector article header p {}
  • list selector h1, h2, h3, h4, p, li{}
  • id selector #author {}
  • class selector .related {}
  • adjacent sibling selector h3 + p {}

• color

  • text color => color: #1098ad;
  • background color of containers => background-color: #f7f7f7;
  • border color => border(-top/left/right/bottom): 5px solid #1098ad;

• pseudo-classes

  • li:first-child {}
  • li:nth-child(odd) {}
  • article p:last-child {} iff there is a <p> element as the last child of any <article> element.
  • styling hyperlinks
    • a:link {} (could use text-decoration:none to get rid of the default underline, we could also specify our own style, e.g., text-decoration: underline wavy orangered)
    • a:visited {}
    • a:hover {}
    • a:active {}

• psuedo-elements

  • first letter: h1::first-letter {}
  • first line: h3 + p::first-line {}
  • create an element(inline) as the first(before)/last(after) child of the selected elementh2::after {content: "TOP";}

• transform property

  • transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    useful for aligning absolute positioned elements.
  • transform: scale(1.5);
    useful for making images larger than its containers.

• CSS Theory1: conlicting selectors

  • declarations marked !important > inline styles > ID selector > class/psudeo-class selector > element selector > universal selector
  • if there are multiple conflicts of the same level, the last selector in code will apply

• CSS Theory2: Inheritance and the Universal Selector

  • The children html elements would inherit the styles of their parents elements. (not all the styles would be inherited, it's mostly ones related to text)
  • universal selector applies the specified styles(including those that couldn't be inherited) to all elements, which doesn't use the mechanism of inheritance.

• CSS Theory3: The CSS Box Model

  • global reset:
    * {margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; /* the default is content-box */}
  • collapsing margins: the bigger margin between elements would be applied if both margins are specified
  • consistent with using margin-top/margin-bottom when trying to add vertical space between elements
  • padding: 10px 20px => the vertical paddings are 10 px and the horizontal paddings are 20px
  • a trick to center the content
    • add a div container around the content that we want to center
    • .container{margin: 0 auto;}

• CSS Theory4: Types of Boxes

  • BLOCK-LEVEL elements (display: block;)
    • 100% of parent's width => vertically, one after another
    • box-model could be applied
  • INLINE elements (display: inline;)
    • occupies only content's space => causes no line breaks
    • box-model is differently applied
      • hieghts and widths do not apply
      • paddings and margins only apply horizontally
  • INLINE-BLOCK elements (display: inline-block;)
    • Looks like inline from the outside(occupies only content's space)
    • Behaves like block-level on the inside(box-model applies as showed)

• CSS Theory5: Absolute Positioning

  • normal flow: elements are laid out according to their order in the HTML code
  • absolute positioning: no impact on surrounding elements, might overlap them
  • the way to use: Add position: absolute; for the element and set its top/bottom/left/right (e.g., top: 5px;). The element would be put based on these attributes relatively to its closest parent element with position: relative specified.

• Float
  • float: left; float: right;
  • element is removed from the normal flow
  • text and inline elements will wrap around the floated element
  • the container will not adjust its height to the element
    => collapsing height
    • clearfix hack
      .clearfix::after{content: ""; display: "block"; clear: both;}
      Clearfix only works when the selected element is a block element.
      after pseudo-element only works when the content has been specified.
    • alternative way
      Add an empty block element as the next sibling element(e.g., <div class="clear"></div>).
      And then do .clear {clear: both;} in the corresponding CSS file.
• Flexbox
  • display: flex;
  • terminology:
    
  • properties for
    • flex container
      • 🦍gap: 0; | <length>
        To create space between items, without using margin
      • 🦍justify-content: flex-start; | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around | space-evenly
        To align items along main axis (horizontally)
      • 🦍align-items: stretch; | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline
        To align items along cross axis (vertically)
      • flex-direction: row; | row-reverse | column | column-reverse
        To define which is the main axis
      • flex-wrap: nowrap; | wrap | wrap-reverse
        To allow items to wrap into a new line if they are too large
      • align-content: strech; | flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around
        Only applies when there are multiple lines(flex-wrap: wrap;)
    • flex items
      • 🦍align-self: auto; | stretch | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline
        To overwrite align-items for individual flex items
      • flex-grow: 0; | <integer>
        To allow an element to grow(0 means no, 1+ means yes)
      • flex-shrink: 1; | <integer>
        To allow an element to shrink when the container is not big enough(0 means no, 1+ means yes)
      • flex-basis: auto; | <length>
        To define an item's width, instead of the width property
      • 🦍flex: 0 1 auto; | <int> <int> <len>
        Recommended shorthand for flex-grow, -shrink, -basis
      • 🦍order: 0 | integer
        Controls order of items. -1 makes item first, 1 makes it last.
• Grid
  • display: grid;
  • terminology: cssgrid
    
  • properties for
    • grid container
      • 🦍grid-template-rows: <track size>*
grid-template-columns: <track size>*
        To establish the grid row and column tracks.
        • px: only use the specified space.(fixed)
        • fr: similar to flex-grow, would use all the remaining space of the grid container. The higher the fr is for the column/row, the more space the column/row would fill.(proportionally)
        • auto: only use the minimum space of neccesity.
      • 🦍row-gap: 0; | <length>
column-gap: 0; | <length>
gap: 0; | <length>
        To create empty space between tracks.
      • 🦍justify-items: stretch; | start | center | end
align-items: stretch; | start | center | end
        To align items inside rows/columns (horizontally / vertically)
      • 🦍justify-content: start; | center | end | ...
align-content: start; | center | end | ...
        To align entire grid inside grid container.
        Only applies if container is larger than the grid.
    • grid items
      • 🦍grid-column: <start line> / <end line> | span <number>
grid-row: <start line> / <end line> | span <number>
        To place a grid item into a specific cell, based on line numbers.
        span keyword can be used to span an item across more cells.
        examples:
        1. grid-column: 1 / 3; == grid-column: 1 / span 2;
        2. grid-column: 1 / 2; == grid-column: 1 / span 1; == grid-column: 1;
      • 🦍justify-self: stretch; | start | center | end
align-self: stretch; | start | center | end
        To overwrite justify-items/align-items for single items.

• Inspirational Website

  • land-book
  • onepagelove
  • awwwards
  • screenlane => for components

• Helpful Systems

  • Font-size System
  • Font-weight System
  • Color System
  • Whitespace System

• Rules #1: Typography

  • tool box
    • Google Fonts
      provide different kinds of fonts
    • Type scale
      provide different font-size systems
  • serif vs sans-serif
    
    • serif
      • traditional / classic look and feel
      • conveys trustworthiness
      • good for long text
    • sans-serif
      • modern look and feel
      • clean and simple
      • easier to fit the vibe
  • guidelines
    • typface
      • It's okay to use just one typeface per page! If you want more, limit to 2 typefaces.
    • font-size & font-weight
      • For "normal" text, use a font size between 16px and 32px for "normal" text.
        for long text(like a blog post), try a size of 20px or even bigger
      • For headlines, you can go really big(50px+) and bold(600+), depending on personality
      • For any text, don't use a font weight under 400(regular)
    • reading experience
      • Use less than 75 characters per line
      • line-height
        • For normal-sized text, use a line height between 1.5 and 2.
        • For big text, go below 1.5
        • The smaller or longer the text, the larger the line height needs to be
      • letter-spacing
        For headlines, decrease letter spacing if it looks unnatural.
      • Experiment with all caps for short titles.
        Make them small and bold and increase letter-spacing.

• Rules #2: Colors

  • tool box
    • Open Color
    • tailwindcss
    • Flat UI Colors
  • guidelines
    • color types
      • You need at least two types of colors in your color palette: a main color and a grey color
        main color: draw attention to the most important elements on the page grey color: background & texts
      • With more experience, you can add more colors: accent colors(use a tool) => could use tools like palleton or coolors
        Use accent colors to make entire components or sections stand out
      • For diversity, create lighter and darker "versions" (tints and shades) => could use tools like Tine & Shade Generator
    • the relationship between colors
      • On dark colored backgrounds, try to use a tint of the background for text
      • Text should usually not be completely balck.

• Rule #3: Images and Illustrations

  • types
    product photos, storytelling photos, illustrations, patterns
  • toolbox
    • Unsplash
    • Pexels
    • DrawKit
    • unDraw
  • guidelines
    • handling text on images
      • Method #1: Darker or brighter image(completely/partially, using a gradient)
      • Method #2: Position text into neutral image area
      • Method #3: Put text in a box
      • Method #4: Add showdows to text
    • technical details
      • compress images for lower file size with Squoosh

• Rule #4: Icons

  • toolbox
    • Phosphor icons
    • heroicons
    • ionicons
    • ICONS8
  • guidelines
    • Use SVG icons or icon fonts(vector-based).
      Don't use bitmap image foramts(.jpg / .png)
    • Use icons
      • to provide visual assistance to text
      • for product feature blocks
      • associated with actions
      • as bullet points
  • copy the <svg> label from the tool website, color them with stroke property / fill property.

• Rule #5: Shadows

  • add shadow to text
    text-shadow: <horizontal-length> <vertical-length> <blur> <color>
    e.g., text-shadow: 0 5px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  • add shadow to block
    box-shadow: <horizontal-length> <vertical-length> <blur> <spread> <color>
    e.g., box-shadow: 0 20px 30px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
  • guidelines
    • small/medium-sized shadows => images, cards, sections
    • large shadows => modular, hover-menu
    • changing shadows on mouse interaction (click and hover)

• Rule #6: Border-Radius

  • border-radius: 50%; (maximum)
    border-radius: 16px; (maximum if the min(w, h) is 32px)
  • border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;
  • guidlines
    • could use border-radius on
      • buttons, icons
      • images, cards, standout sections
      • modular, hover-menu

• Rule #7: Whitespace
  implies invisible relationships between the elements of layout

  • guidelines
    • Use tons of whitespace between sections
      Use a lot of whitespace between groups of elements
      Use whitespace between elements
    • Law of Proximity: The more some elements belong together, the closer they should be

• Rule #8: Visual Hierachy

  • guidelines
    • Position important elements closer to the top of the page, where they get more attention.
    • Use images mindfully, as they draw a lot of attention.(larger images get more attention)
    • For text elements, use font size, font weight, color, and whitespace to convey importance.
    • For important component, use background color, shadow, or border to ephasize.

• Rule #9: User Experience(UX)

  • guidelines
    • Use patterns that users konw
    • Make your CALL-TO-ACTION the most prominent element, and make the text descriptive

• Rule #10: Part1: Elements and Components

  • Components
    • Accordion
    • Carousel
    • Table
      • HTML

        <table>
          <tr>
            <th>Chair</th>
            <th>Chair A</th>
            <th>Chair B</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th>Width</th>
            <td>80 cm</td>
            <td>120 cm</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th>Height</th>
            <td>100 cm</td>
            <td>200 cm</td>
          </tr>
        </table>
      

      • CSS
        • border related
          • border-collapse: collapse;
            (should be applied on tables)
            1. when there is border, the border between cells & the border between cells&tables would be collapsed as one line
            2. when there is no border, the "invisible" border between cells would disappear when filling them with background color
          • border: 1px solid #000;
            could be applied on tables/cells
          • Utilizing pseudo-class
            tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color: #f8f9fa;
tbody tr:nth-child(even){background-color: #e9ecef;}
      • Pagination

• Rule #10: Part2: Layout Patterns

  • Section Components

    • Navigation Bar

    • Hero Section

      • viewport height
        height: 100vh;

      • background-image (de-highlighted)

        background-image: linear-gradient(
            rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.6),
            rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.6)
          ),
          url(hero.jpg);
        background-size: cover;
        

    • Footer Section

    • Call-To-Action Section

    • Feature Rows

  • Layout Patterns

    • repeating boxes/cards
      • in Row
      • in Grid
    • repeating feature rows
      • Z-Pattern
      • F-Pattern
    • overall content
      • single column
      • sidebar
      • multi-column / Magzine
      • asymmetry / experimental

  • take-aways from the example: a fake email application

    • in flexbox, if we want to push a flex-item all the way to the right, we could do

      flex-item:last-child{
        margin-left: auto;
      }
      

    • overflow: scroll;
      defines how elements that don't fit into container appear