EBNF parser and generic parser generator.
This is a Ruby implementation of an EBNF and BNF parser and parser generator.
In the primary mode, it supports a Parsing Expression Grammar (PEG) parser generator. This performs more minimal transformations on the parsed grammar to extract sub-productions, which allows each component of a rule to generate its own parsing event.
The resulting {EBNF::PEG::Rule} objects then parse each associated rule according to the operator semantics and use a Packrat memoizer to reduce extra work when backtracking.
These rules are driven using the {EBNF::PEG::Parser} module which calls invokes the starting rule and ensures that all input is consumed.
In another mode, it parses EBNF grammars to BNF, generates First/Follow and Branch tables for LL(1) grammars, which can be used with the stream Tokenizer and LL(1) Parser.
As LL(1) grammars operate using alt and seq primitives, allowing for a match on alternative productions or a sequence of productions, generating a parser requires turning the EBNF rules into BNF:
- Transform
a ::= b?intoa ::= _empty | b - Transform
a ::= b+intoa ::= b b* - Transform
a ::= b*intoa ::= _empty | (b a) - Transform
a ::= op1 (op2)into two rules:a ::= op1 _a_1 _a_1_ ::= op2
Of note in this implementation is that the tokenizer and parser are streaming, so that they can process inputs of arbitrary size.
The exception operator (A - B) is only supported on terminals.
See {EBNF::LL1} and {EBNF::LL1::Parser} for further information.
require 'ebnf'
grammar = EBNF.parse(File.open('./etc/ebnf.ebnf'))
Output rules and terminals as S-Expressions, Turtle, HTML or BNF
puts grammar.to_sxp
puts grammar.to_ttl
puts grammar.to_html
puts grammar.to_s
Transform EBNF to PEG (generates sub-rules for embedded expressions) and the RULES table as Ruby for parsing grammars:
grammar.make_peg
grammar.to_ruby
Transform EBNF to BNF (generates sub-rules using alt or seq from plus, star or opt)
grammar.make_bnf
Generate First/Follow rules for BNF grammars (using "ebnf" as the starting production):
grammar.first_follow(:ebnf)
Generate Terminal, First/Follow, Cleanup and Branch tables as Ruby for parsing grammars:
grammar.build_tables
grammar.to_ruby
Generate formatted grammar using HTML (requires Haml gem):
grammar.to_html
The EBNF gem can also parse ISO/IEC 14977 Grammars (ISOEBNF) to S-Expressions.
grammar = EBNF.parse(File.open('./etc/iso-ebnf.isoebnf'), format: :isoebnf)
The EBNF gem can also parse ABNF Grammars to S-Expressions.
grammar = EBNF.parse(File.open('./etc/abnf.abnf'), format: :abnf)
Inevitably while implementing a parser for some specific grammar, a developer will need greater insight into the operation of the parser. While this can involve sorting through a tremendous amount of data, the parser can be provided a Logger instance which will output messages at varying levels of detail to document the state of the parser at any given point. Most useful is likely the INFO level of debugging, but even more detail is revealed using the DEBUG level. WARN and ERROR statements will typically also be provided as part of an exception if parsing fails, but can be shown in the context of other parsing state with appropriate indentation as part of the logger.
The {EBNF::Writer} class can be used to write parsed grammars out, either as formatted text, or HTML. Because grammars are written from the Abstract Syntax Tree, represented as S-Expressions, this provides a means of transforming between grammar formats (e.g., W3C EBNF to ABNF), although with some potential loss in semantic fidelity (case-insensitive string matching vs. case-sensitive matching).
The formatted HTML results are designed to be appropriate for including in specifications.
On a parsing failure, and exception is raised with information that may be useful in determining the source of the error.
The EBNF variant used here is based on W3C EBNF (see EBNF grammar) as defined in the XML 1.0 recommendation, with minor extensions:
Note that the grammar includes an optional [number] in front of rule names, which can be in conflict with the RANGE terminal. It is typically not a problem, but if it comes up, try parsing with the native parser, add comments or sequences to disambiguate. EBNF does not have beginning of line checks as all whitespace is treated the same, so the common practice of identifying each rule inherently leads to such ambiguity.
The character set for EBNF is UTF-8.
The general form of a rule is:
symbol ::= expression
which can also be proceeded by an optional number enclosed in square brackets to identify the rule number:
[1] symbol ::= expression
(Note, this can introduce an ambiguity if the previous rule ends in a range or enum and the current rule has no number. In this case, enclosing expression within parentheses, or adding intervening comments can resolve the ambiguity.)
Symbols are written in CAPITAL CASE if they are the start symbol of a regular language (terminals), otherwise with they are treated as non-terminal rules. Literal strings are quoted.
Within the expression on the right-hand side of a rule, the following expressions are used to match strings of one or more characters:
#xN |
where N is a hexadecimal integer, the expression matches the character whose number (code point) in ISO/IEC 10646 is N. The number of leading zeros in the #xN form is insignificant. |
[a-zA-Z], [#xN-#xN]
| matches any Char or HEX with a value in the range(s) indicated (inclusive). |
[abc], [#xN#xN#xN] |
matches any UTF-8 R\_CHAR or HEX with a value among the characters enumerated. The last component may be '-'. Enumerations and ranges may be mixed in one set of brackets. |
[^a-z], [^#xN-#xN] |
matches any UTF-8 Char or HEX a value outside the range indicated. |
[^abc], [^#xN#xN#xN] |
matches any UTF-8 R\_CHAR or HEX with a value not among the characters given. The last component may be '-'. Enumerations and ranges of excluded values may be mixed in one set of brackets. |
"string" |
matches a literal string matching that given inside the double quotes case insensitively. |
'string' |
matches a literal string matching that given inside the single quotes. |
A (B | C) |
(B | C) is treated as a unit and may be combined as described in this list. |
A? |
matches A or nothing; optional A. |
A B |
matches A followed by B. This operator has higher precedence than alternation; thus A B | C D is identical to (A B) | (C D). |
A | B |
matches A or B. |
A - B |
matches any string that matches A but does not match B. (Only supported on Terminals in LL(1) BNF). |
A+ |
matches one or more occurrences of A. Concatenation has higher precedence than alternation; thus A+ | B+ is identical to (A+) | (B+). |
A* |
matches zero or more occurrences of A. Concatenation has higher precedence than alternation; thus A* | B* is identical to (A*) | (B*). |
@pass " "* |
Defines consumed whitespace in the document. Any whitespace found between non-terminal rules is consumed and ignored. |
@terminals |
Introduces terminal rules. All rules defined after this point are treated as terminals. |
- Comments include
//and#through end of line (other than hex character) and/* ... */ (* ... *) which may cross lines - All rules MAY start with an number, contained within square brackets. For example
[1] rule, where the value within the brackets is a symbol([a-z] | [A-Z] | [0-9] | "_" | ".")+, which is not retained after parsing - Symbols MAY be enclosed in angle brackets
'<'and>, which are dropped when parsing. @terminalscauses following rules to be treated as terminals. Any terminal which is all upper-case (egTERMINAL), or any rules with expressions that match characters (#xN,[a-z],[^a-z],[abc],[^abc],"string",'string', orA - B), are also treated as terminals.@passdefines the expression used to detect whitespace, which is removed in processing.- No support for
wfc(well-formedness constraint) orvc(validity constraint).
Parsing this grammar yields an S-Expression version: here (or LL(1) version here or PEG version here).
Intermediate representations of the grammar may be serialized to Lisp-like S-Expressions. For example, the rule
[1] ebnf ::= (declaration | rule)*
is serialized as
(rule ebnf (star (alt declaration rule)))
Different components of an EBNF rule expression are transformed into their own operator:
#xN | (hex "#xN") |
[a-z#xN-#xN] | (range "a-z#xN-#xN") |
[abc#xN] | (range "abc#xN") |
[^a-z#xN-#xN] | (range "^a-z#xN-#xN") |
[^abc#xN] | (range "^abc#xN") |
"string" | "string" |
'string' | "string" |
A (B | C) | (seq (A (alt B C))) |
A? | (opt A) |
A B | (seq A B) |
A | B | (alt A B) |
A - B |
(diff A B) for terminals. |
A+ | (plus A) |
A* | (star A) |
@pass " "* | (pass _pass (star " ")) |
@terminals |
Other rule operators are not directly supported in EBNF, but are included to support other notations (e.g., ABNF and ISO/IEC 14977):
%i"StRiNg" | (istr "StRiNg") | Case-insensitive string matching |
'' - A | (not A) | Negative look-ahead, used for non-terminal uses of `B - A`. |
n*mA | (rept n m A) | Explicit repetition. |
Additionally, rules defined with an UPPERCASE symbol are treated as terminals.
For an LL(1) parser generator, the {EBNF::BNF.make_bnf} method can be used to transform the EBNF rule into a BNF rule.
(rule ebnf "1" (alt _empty _ebnf_2))
(rule _ebnf_1 "1.1" (alt declaration rule))
(rule _ebnf_2 "1.2" (seq _ebnf_1 ebnf))
(rule _ebnf_3 "1.3" (seq ebnf))
This allows First/Follow and other tables used by a parser to parse examples of the associated grammar. For more, see {EBNF::LL1}.
For a PEG parser generator, there is a simpler transformation that reduces rules containing sub-expressions (composed of star, alt, seq and similar expressions) and creates named rules to allow appropriate callbacks and for naming elements of the generating abstract syntax tree. The {EBNF::PEG.make_peg} method transforms the original rule into the following two rules:
(rule ebnf "1" (star _ebnf_1))
(rule _ebnf_1 "1.1" (alt declaration rule))
For a PEG parser for a simple grammar implementing a calculator see Calc example
For an example parser built using this gem that parses the EBNF grammar, see EBNF PEG Parser example. This example creates a parser for the EBNF grammar which generates the same Abstract Syntax Tree as the built-in parser in the gem.
There is also an EBNF LL(1) Parser example.
The ISO EBNF Parser example parses ISO/IEC 14977 into S-Expressions, which can be used to parse compatible grammars using this parser (either PEG or LL(1)).
The ABNF Parser example parses ABNF into S-Expressions, which can be used to parse compatible grammars using this PEG parser.
Much of this work, particularly the generic parser, is inspired by work originally done by Tim Berners-Lee's Python predictive parser.
The LL(1) parser was inspired by Dan Connolly's EBNF to Turtle processor, EBNF to BNF Notation-3 rules, and First Follow Notation-3 rules.
Full documentation available on Rubydoc.info.
- Better LL(1) parser tests
This repository uses Git Flow to mange development and release activity. All submissions must be on a feature branch based on the develop branch to ease staging and integration.
- Do your best to adhere to the existing coding conventions and idioms.
- Don't use hard tabs, and don't leave trailing whitespace on any line.
- Do document every method you add using YARD annotations. Read the tutorial or just look at the existing code for examples.
- Don't touch the
.gemspec,VERSIONorAUTHORSfiles. If you need to change them, do so on your private branch only. - Do feel free to add yourself to the
CREDITSfile and the corresponding list in the theREADME. Alphabetical order applies. - Do note that in order for us to merge any non-trivial changes (as a rule of thumb, additions larger than about 15 lines of code), we need an explicit public domain dedication on record from you, which you will be asked to agree to on the first commit to a repo within the organization.
This is free and unencumbered public domain software. For more information, see https://unlicense.org/ or the accompanying {file:UNLICENSE} file.
A copy of the Turtle EBNF and derived parser files are included in the repository, which are not covered under the UNLICENSE. These files are covered via the W3C Document License.
