ExoDeepFinder

ExoDeepFinder is an exocytosis event detection tool.

This work is based on DeepFinder which has been customized for TIRF microscopy.

Requirements

The following software are required for GPU support:

• NVIDIA® GPU drivers,

  • = 525.60.13 for Linux,

  • = 528.33 for WSL on Windows,

• CUDA® Toolkit 12.3,
• cuDNN SDK 8.9.7,
• (Optional) TensorRT to improve latency and throughput for inference.

Installation guide

ExoDeepFinder binaries are available for Windows, Linux and Mac, so there is no need to install anything (except the Tensorflow requirements described above for GPU support) if you just want to use the Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Note: ExoDeepFinder depends on Tensorflow which is only GPU-accelerated on Linux. There is currently no official GPU support for MacOS and native Windows, so the CPU will be used on those platform, but you can still use it (it will just be slower, yet the training might be very slow and is not well supported). On Windows, WSL2 can be used to run tensorflow code with GPU; see the install instructions for more information.

Python installation

Alternatively, to install ExoDeepFinder and use it with command lines, create and activate a virtual environment with python 3.11 or later (see the Virtual environments section for more information), install dependencies (on Linux only, and only if you wish to use the GUI, see bellow), and run pip install "exodeepfinder[GUI]" (you can also omit [GUI] if you only want to use the command line).

On Linux, the GUI requires wxPython dependencies to be installed (you can just run pip install exodeepfinder if you don't want the GUI). The simplest way is to use conda (or micromamba, see the Conda alternatives section):

• create a new environment named exodeepfinder with Python 3.10: conda create -n exodeepfinder python=3.10
• activate it: conda activate exodeepfinder
• install Gooey with conda (this installs wxPython): conda install conda-forge::gooey==1.0.8.1
• install exodeepfinder with pip: pip install "exodeepfinder[GUI]"

You can also install wxPython manually (sudo apt install libgtk-3-dev, etc.) or use one precompiled wxPython version (use pip install -f https://extras.wxpython.org/wxPython4/extras/linux/gtk3/ubuntu-16.04 wxPython with your Ubuntu version number, or use conda install wxpython to install a compiled wxPython from conda). The rest can be installed with pip install exodeepfinder.

Note that on Windows, the python command is often replaced by py and pip by py -m pip; so you migth need adapt the commands in this documentation depending on your system settings.

Optional: Atlas and napari-exodeepfinder

You can install the Atlas detector to detect bright spots required to create a training dataset.

If you installed ExoDeepFinder in a conda environment, the simplest way to install atlas is by using conda: activate your environment (for example conda activate exodeepfinder) and install atlas by running conda install bioimageit::atlas. You can also download atlas from the release page. Note that on mac, you will need to use wget or curl to download it, since the app is not signed to pass the Apple security checks:

• Go to https://gitlab.inria.fr/serpico/atlas/-/releases
• Choose the archive corresponding to your platform in "Assets > Other", right-click on it and choose "copy link"
• Open your terminal and use wget or curl to download the archive: wget "URL_YOU_JUST_COPIED" -O atlas.zip or curl -L "URL_YOU_JUST_COPIED" -o atlas.zip (replace "URL_YOU_JUST_COPIED" with the link you just copied ; it should look like https://gitlab.inria.fr/serpico/atlas/-/package_files/123861/download)
• Unzip the archive: unzip atlas.zip
• You can now use Atlas by specifying its path: /path/to/atlas/bin/atlas --help (this should work if you give the correct path ; you can give this path to ExoDeepFinder).

You can also follow the manual installation instructions in the repository. Note that atlas must be accessible or runnable when the GUI is launched.

In addition, you can install the napari-exodeepfinder Plugin, useful to annotate exocytosis events and create a training dataset. You can install ExoDeepFinder in a conda environment or install it directly in Napari.

To install it in a dedicated conda environment:

1. Create a conda environment with python 3.10: conda create -n napari-exodeepfinder python=3.10
2. Activate the environment: conda activate napari-exodeepfinder
3. Install napari: pip install napari-exodeepfinder

To install it in Napari:

1. Open Napari
2. From the “Plugins” menu, select “Install/Uninstall Plugins…”
3. Search for napari-exodeepfinder and click Install ; or just enter "napari-exodeepfinder" in the install field at the bottom or the dialog.

Usage

Here are all ExoDeepFinder commands (described later):

convert_tiff_to_h5              # convert tiff folders to a single h5 file
segment                         # segment a movie
generate_annotation             # generate an annotation file from a segmentation by clustering it
generate_segmentation           # generate a segmentation from an annotation file
detect_spots_with_atlas         # detect bright spots in movies with the Atlas detector
detect_spots                    # detect bright spots in movies (with any detector)
merge_detector_expert           # merge the expert annotations with the detector segmentations for training
structure_training_dataset      # structure dataset files for training
train                           # train a new model
exodeepfinder                   # combine all above commands

The ExoDeepFinder main GUI enables to execute each of those commands (listed on the Actions panel).

Command-line usage

All commands (except exodeepfinder) must be prefixed with edf_ when using the command-line interface.

For more information about an ExoDeepFinder command, use the --help option (run edf_detect_spots --help to know more about edf_detect_spots).

To open a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for a given command, run it without any argument. For example, edf_segment opens a GUI which can execute the edf_segment command with the arguments specified with the graphical interface.

exodeepfinder runs any of the other command as a subcommand (for example exodeepfinder segment -m movie.h5 is equivalent to edf_segment -m movie.h5); and it opens a GUI for all other commands when called without any argument.

If you installed ExoDeepFinder as a developer (see [Development section](## Development)), all commands can either be called directly (edf_segment -m movie.h5) or with python and the proper path (python deepfinder/commands/segment.py -m movie.h5 when in the project root directory).

Exocytosis events detection

The detection of exocytosis events is formally the segmentation of events in 3D (2D + time) TIRF movies followed by the clustering of the resulting segmentation map.

Detecting exocytosis events in ExoDeepFinder involves executing the following commands:

1. convert_tiff_to_h5 to convert tiff folders to a single h5 file,
2. segment to generate segmentation maps from movies, where 2s will be exocytosis events and 1s will be bright spots,
3. generate_annotation to generate an annotation file from a segmentation by clustering it.

1. Convert movies to h5 format

ExoDeepFinder handles exocytosis movies made from tiff files, where each tiff file is a frame of the movie, and their name ends with the frame number; like in the following structure:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   └── ...

The frame extensions can be .tif, .tiff, .TIF or .TIFF.

There is no constraint on the file names, but they must contain the frame number (the last number in the file name must be the frame number), and be in the tiff format (it could work with other format like .png since images are read with the skimage.io.imread() function of the scikit-image library). For example frame_1.tiff could also be named IMAGE32_1.TIF. Similarly, there is no constraint on the movie names. In addition, although there is no strict constraint on the file names, be aware that it is much simpler to work with simple file names with no space nor special characters. Lastly, make sure that folders contain only the .tiff frame of your movie and no additional images (e.g. a mask of the cell, etc.).

The movie folders (containing the frames in tiff format) can be converted into a single .h5 file with the convert_tiff_to_h5 command. Most ExoDeepFinder commands take h5 files as input, so the first step is to convert the data to h5 format with the convert_tiff_to_h5 action in the GUI, or with the following command: edf_convert_tiff_to_h5 --tiff path/to/movie/folder/ --output path/to/output/movie.h5

You can also generate all your movie folders at once using the --batch option. For example:

edf_convert_tiff_to_h5 --batch path/to/movies/ --make_subfolder

where path/to/movies/ contains movies folders (which in turn contains tiff files). The --make_subfolder option enable to put all tiff files in a tiff/ subfolder; which is useful in batch mode. The --batch option enables to process multiple movie folders at once and work in the same way in all ExoDeepFinder commands. Define the --batch option with a path to a folder containing multiple movie folders, each one following the same structure. There should not be any non-movie folder in the --batch folder. All folders will be processed independently, as if given iteratively without the --batch option. In the --output argument, the string "{movie}" will be replaced by the movie folder, and "{movie.name}" will be replaced by its name. By default, the --output argument is {movie}/movie.h5, meaning the output file will be saved in the movie folder and named movie.h5. For example, if --tiff is path/to/movie/, the output will become path/to/movie/movie.h5.

The above command will turn the following file structure:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   └── ...
├── movie2/
│   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   └── ...
└── ...

into this one:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
│   ├── tiff/
│   |   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   └── movie.h5
└── ...

2. Segment movies

To generate segmentations, you can either use ExoDeepFinder or napari-exodeepfinder.

To segment a movie, use the segment action in the GUI, or the following command: edf_segment --movie path/to/movie.h5 --model_weights examples/analyze/in/net_weights_FINAL.h5 --patch_size 160 --visualization

The --patch-size argument corresponds to the size of the input patch for the network. The movie is split in cubes of --patch_size voxels before being processed. --patch_size must be a multiple of 4. Bigger patch sizes will be faster but will take more space on your GPU.

To detect exocytosis events, you can either use the pretrained segmentation model (available in examples/analyze/in/net_weights_FINAL.h5), or you can annotate your exocytosis movies and train your own model (see the training section bellow).

In most case you can omit the model weights path (--model_weights) since the default example weights will be found automatically. Otherwise, the default weights can be downloaded manually here.

This will generate a segmentation named path/to/movie_semgmentation.h5 with the pretrained weigths in examples/analyze/in/net_weights_FINAL.h5 and patches of size 160. It will also generate visualization images.

This should take 10 to 15 minutes for a movie of 1000 frames of size 400 x 300 pixels on a modern CPU (mac M1) and only few dozens of seconds on an A100 GPU.

Use the --visualization argument to also generate visualization images and get a quick overview of the segmentation results.

The string "{movie.stem}" in the --segmentation argument will be replaced by the movie file name (without extension), and "{movie.parent}" will be replaced by its parent folder. By default --segmentation is {movie.parent}/{movie.stem}_segmentation.h5, meaning it will become path/to/movie_segmentation.h5 when --movie is path/to/movie.h5.

See edf_segment --help for more information about the input arguments.

3. Generate annotations

To cluster a segmentation file and create an annotation file from it, use the generate_annotation action in the GUI, or the following command: edf_generate_annotation --segmentation path/to/movie_segmentation.h5 --cluster_radius 5

The clustering will convert the segmentation map (here movie_segmentation.h5) into an event list. The algorithm groups and labels the voxels so that all voxels of the same event share the same label, and each event gets a different label. The cluster radius is the approximate size in voxel of the objects to cluster.

5 voxels is best for films with a pixel size of 160nm, for exocytosis events of 1 second and of size 300nm.

ExoDeepFinder detects both bright spots (that could be confused with exocytosis events) and genuine exocytosis events. By default, the command will ignore all bright spots (replace label "1" with "0") and will replace exocytosis events (label "2") to ones. Indeed, ExoDeepFinder is an exocytosis event detector, so its output is only composed of exocytosis events labelled with ones. Use the --keep_labels_unchanged option to skip this step and use the raw label map (segmentation) instead. This can be useful if you use a custom detector and want to check the corresponding annotations for example.

Using napari-exodeepfinder

The napari-exodeepfinder plugin can be used to compute predictions. Open the movie you want to segment in napari (it must be in h5 format). In the menu, choose Plugins > Napari DeepFinder > Segmentation to open the segmentation tools. Choose the image layer you want to segment. Select the examples/analyze/in/net_weights_FINAL.h5 net weights; or the path of the model weights you want to use for the segmentation. Use 3 for the number of class (0: background, 1: bright spots, 2: exocytosis events), and 160 for the patch size. Choose an output image name (with the .h5 extension), then launch the segmentation.

Training

Training requires considerable computing resources, so the use of a GPU is highly recommended. Thus, we strongly suggest using Linux for the Training, although using WLS2 on Windows should also work (see the "Installaton Guide" section).

To train a model, your data should be organized in the following way:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   └── ...
├── movie2/
│   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   └── ...
└── ...

1. Convert movies to h5 format

For each movie, tiff files must be converted to a single .h5 using the convert_tiff_to_h5 action from the GUI, or the edf_convert_tiff_to_h5 command, as explained in the Exocytosis events detection section:

edf_convert_tiff_to_h5 --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/ --make_subfolder

Warning: make sure you read the Exocytosis events detection section to understand the --batch and --make_subfolder options of edf_convert_tiff_to_h5. Importantly, use the --make_subfolder option if you want to obtain the file structure below (with the tiff frames in a tiff/ folder). This is the default structure which will be used in this documentation. Note that the --batch option, if defined, must point to a folder containing movie folders, all following the same file structure.

This will change the exocytosis_data structure into the following one:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
│   ├── tiff/
│   |   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   └── movie.h5
└── ...

2. Detect bright spots

ExoDeepFinder can generate false positives by confusing bright spots with genuine exocytosis events. The strategy to reduce this type of false positive is to explicitly present these bright spots as counter-examples during the training. Hence, the training requires bright spots to be annotated. You can use any suitable methods that will accurately detect counter-examples bright spots in your data, or use our spot detector Atlas. The Atlas installation instructions are detailed in the repository, but the most simple way of installing it is by using conda: conda install bioimageit::atlas (install it in your exodeepfinder conda environment if you have one, or create a dedicated environment otherwise).

Once atlas (or the detector of your choice) is installed, you can detect spots in each frame using the detect_spots_with_atlas action in the GUI, or the edf_detect_spots_with_atlas command:

edf_detect_spots_with_atlas --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/

Atlas must by accessible when you run this command:

• if you installed it with conda, the atlas environment must be activated (you might have to restart the GUI once your atlas environement is activated),
• if you installed conda manually, atlas and blobsref binaries must be in your path, or you must provide the --atlas_path argument to give the root path of atlas (the build/ directory with the binaries inside if you followed the manual installation instructions).

This will generate detector_segmentation.h5 files (the semgentations of spots) in the movie folders:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── detector_segmentation.h5
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
└── ...

There are two ways of using an alternative detector:

1. Call a custom detector command from the edf_detect_spots command. Make sure your detector generates segmentation maps with 1s where there are bright spots (no matter whether they are exocytosis events or not) and 0s elsewhere. You can specify the command to call the detector with the --detector_command and/or the --detector_path arguments. For example edf_detect_spots --detector_path path/to/atlas/ --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/ --detector_path path/to/custom_detector.py --detector_command 'python "{detector}" -i "{input}" -o "{output}"' will call custom_detector.py with each each movies in the dataset like so: python path/to/custom_detector.py -i path/to/exocytosis_data/movieN/tiff/ -o path/to/exocytosis_data/movieN/detector_segmentation.h5. The detector will have to handle all .tiff frames and generate a segmentation in the .h5 format.

You can make sure that the detector segmentations are correct by opening them in napari with the corresponding movie. Open both .h5 files in napari, put the detector_segmentation.h5 layer on top, then right-click on it and select "Convert to labels". You should see the detections in red on top of the movie.`

2. Use the software of your choise (e.g. ImageJ) to create annotations files. An annotation file consists of a list of bright spots coordinates (no matter whether they are exocytosis events or not). It can be a .csv or .xml file, and must follow the same format as described in the 3. Annotate exocytosis events section bellow (bright spots must have a class_label equal to 1).

Note that one can convert annotations (.xml or .csv files describing bright spots) to segmentation maps (.h5 files) with the edf_generate_segmentation command, and segmentation maps to annotations with the edf_generate_annotation command. This can be useful if you use your own detector which generates either annotations or segmentations.

3. Annotate exocytosis events

The training requires movies to be annotated with the localizations of exocytosis events and bright spots. The recommended way to annotate exocytosis events is to use the napari-exodeepfinder plugin but it is also possible to use other software (e.g. ImageJ) as long as the output annotations respect the format described below.

Annotate the exocytosis events in the movies with the napari-exodeepfinder plugin:

• Follow the install instructions, and open napari.
• In the menu, choose Plugins > Napari DeepFinder > Annotation to open the annotation tools.
• Open a movie (for example exocytosis_data/movie1/movie.h5).
• Create a new points layer, and name it movie_1 (any name with the _1 suffix, since we want to annotate with the class 1).
• In the annotation panel, select the layer you just created in the "Points layer" select box (you can skip this step and use the "Add points" and "Delete selected point" buttons from the layer controls).
• You can use the Orthoslice view to easily navigate in the volume, by using the Plugins > Napari DeepFinder > Orthoslice view menu.
• Scroll in the movie until you find and exocytosis event.
• If you opened the Orthoslice view, you can click on an exocytosis event to put the red cursor at its location, then click the "Add point" button in the annotation panel to annotate the event.
• You can also use the "Add points" and "Delete selected point" buttons from the layer controls.
• When you annotated all events, save your annotations to xml by choosing the File > Save selected layer(s)... menu, or by using ctrl+S (command+S on a mac), and choose the Napadi DeepFinder (*.xml) format. Save the file beside the movie, and name it expert_annotation.xml (this should result in the exocytosis_data/movie1/expert_annotation.xml with the above example).

Annotate all training and validation movies with this procedure; you should end up with the following folder structure:

exocytosis_data
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── detector_segmentation.h5
│   ├── expert_annotation.xml
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
└── ...

Make sure that the expert_annotation.xml files you just created have the following format:

<objlist>
  <object tomo_idx="0" class_label="1" x="71" y="152" z="470"/>
  <object tomo_idx="0" class_label="1" x="76" y="184" z="445"/>
  <object tomo_idx="0" class_label="1" x="141" y="150" z="400"/>
  <object tomo_idx="0" class_label="1" x="200" y="237" z="420"/>
  <object tomo_idx="0" class_label="1" x="95" y="229" z="438"/>
  ...
</objlist>

If you used a software other than napari-exodeepfinder (e.g. ImageJ) to annotate exocytosis events, make sure your output files follow the same structure. It can be csv files, but they must follow the same naming, as in the following example.csv:

tomo_idx,class_label,x,y,z
0,1,133,257,518
0,1,169,230,519
0,1,184,237,534
0,1,146,260,546

The class_label must be 1, and tomo_idx must be 0.

4. Convert expert annotations to expert segmentations

Convert your manual annotations (named expert annotations) into expert segmentations so that they can be merged with the detected bright spots and used for the training.

Use the generate_segmentation action in the GUI, or the following command to convert the annotations to segmentations:

edf_generate_segmentation --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/

You will end up with the following structure:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── detector_segmentation.h5
│   ├── expert_annotation.xml
│   ├── expert_segmentation.h5
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
└── ...

Note that the expert annotation can be a .csv as long as it respects the correct labeling.

Again, you can check on napari that everything went right by opening all images and checking that expert_segmentation.h5 corresponds to expert_annotation.xml and the movie.

5. Merge detector and expert data

Then, merge detector detections with expert annotations with the merge_detector_expert action in the GUI, or the edf_merge_detector_expert command:

edf_merge_detector_expert --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/

This will create two new files merged_annotation.xml (the merged annotations) and merged_segmentation.h5 (the merged segmentations). The exocytosis events are first removed from the detector segmentation (detector_segmentation.h5), then the remaining events (from the detector and the expert) are transferred to the merged segmentation (merged_segmentation.h5), with class 2 for exocytosis events and class 1 for others events. The maximum number of other events in the annotation is 9800; meaning that if there are more than 9800 other events, only 9800 events will be picked randomly and the others will be discarded.

The exocytosis_data/ folder will then follow this structure:

exocytosis_data/
├── movie1/
│   ├── tiff/
│   │   ├── frame_1.tiff
│   │   ├── frame_2.tiff
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── detector_segmentation.h5
│   ├── expert_annotation.xml
│   ├── expert_segmentation.h5
│   ├── merged_annotation.xml
│   ├── merged_segmentation.h5
│   └── movie.h5
├── movie2/
└── ...

Again, make sure everything looks right in napari.

6. Organize training files

Finally, the training data should be organized in the following way:

dataset/
├── train/
│   ├── movie1.h5
│   ├── movie1_objl.xml
│   ├── movie1_target.h5
│   ├── movie2.h5
│   ├── movie2_objl.xml
│   ├── movie2_target.h5
...
└── valid/
    ├── movie3.h5
    ├── movie3_objl.xml
    ├── movie3_target.h5
...

This structure can be obtained with the structure_training_dataset action in the GUI, or by using the edf_structure_training_dataset command:

edf_structure_training_dataset --input path/to/exocytosis_data/ --output path/to/dataset/

This will organize the input folder (which should be structured as in the previous step) with the above final structure, by putting 70% of the movies in the train/ folder, and 30% of them in the valid/ folder.

Make sure the output folder is correct, and that you can open its content in napari.

7. Train your custom model

Finally, launch the training with train action in the GUI, or the command edf_train --dataset path/to/dataset/ --output path/to/model/.

Summary

Here are all the steps you should execute to train a new model:

1. Convert tiff frames to h5 file: edf_convert_tiff_to_h5 --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/ --make_subfolder
2. Use napari-exodeepfinder to annotation exocytosis events in the movies
3. Detect all spots: edf_detect_spots --detector_path path/to/atlas/ --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/
4. Generate expert segmentations: edf_generate_segmentation --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/
5. Merge expert and detector segmentation: edf_merge_detector_expert --batch path/to/exocytosis_data/
6. Structure the files: edf_structure_training_dataset --input path/to/exocytosis_data/ --output path/to/dataset/
7. Train the model: edf_train --dataset path/to/dataset/ --output path/to/model/

Virtual environments & package managers

There are two major ways of creating virtual environments in Python: venv and conda ; and two major ways of installing packages: pip and conda.

Virtual environment: venv & conda

The simplest way of creating a virtual environment in python is to use venv. Make sure your Python version greater or equal to 3.10, and simply run python -m venv ExoDeepFinder/ (py -m venv ExoDeepFinder/ on Windows) to create your environment (replace ExoDeepFinder by the name you want for your environment). Then run source ExoDeepFinder/bin/activate to activate it (ExoDeepFinder\Scripts\activate on Windows).

Alternatively, you can use Conda (or a nice minimalist alternative like Micromamba, see bellow) to create a Python 3.10 environment, even if your python version is different.

Once conda is installed, run conda create -n ExoDeepFinder python=3.10 to create the environment with python 3.10, and conda activate ExoDeepFinder to activate it.

Conda alternatives

The simplest way to install and use Conda is via Micromamba, which a minimalist drop-in replacement. Once you installed it, just use micromamba instead of conda for all you conda commands (some unusual commands might not be implemented in micromamba, but it is really sufficient for most use cases).

For example, run micromamba create -n ExoDeepFinder python=3.10 to create the environment with python 3.10, and micromamba activate ExoDeepFinder to activate it.

Package managers: pip & conda

The Numpy documentation explains the main differences between pip and conda:

The two main tools that install Python packages are pip and conda. Their functionality partially overlaps (e.g. both can install numpy), however, they can also work together. We’ll discuss the major differences between pip and conda here - this is important to understand if you want to manage packages effectively.

The first difference is that conda is cross-language and it can install Python, while pip is installed for a particular Python on your system and installs other packages to that same Python install only. This also means conda can install non-Python libraries and tools you may need (e.g. compilers, CUDA, HDF5), while pip can’t.

The second difference is that pip installs from the Python Packaging Index (PyPI), while conda installs from its own channels (typically “defaults” or “conda-forge”). PyPI is the largest collection of packages by far, however, all popular packages are available for conda as well.

The third difference is that conda is an integrated solution for managing packages, dependencies and environments, while with pip you may need another tool (there are many!) for dealing with environments or complex dependencies.

Development

To install ExoDeepFinder for development, clone the repository (git clone [email protected]:deep-finder/tirfm-deepfinder.git), create and activate a virtual environment (see section above), and install it with pip install -e ./tirfm-deepfinder/[GUI].

To generate the release binaries, install PyInstaller with pip install pyinstaller==6.11.0 in your virtual environment; and package ExoDeepFinder with pyinstaller exodeepfinder.spec. You must run this command on the destination platform (run on Windows for a Windows release, on Mac for a Mac release, and Linux for a Linux release).