Disallow vectors whose magnitudes will not fit in a float (elastic#10…

…0519)

While we check for a magnitude to not be `0f`, we don't verify that it
actually fits within a `float` value. 

This commit returns a failure and rejects `float` vectors whose
magnitude don't fit within a 32bit `float` value.

We don't support `float64` (aka `double`) values for vector search and
should fail when a user attempts to index a vector that requires storing
as `double`.

closes: elastic#100471

docs/changelog/100519.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pr: 100519
+summary: Disallow vectors whose magnitudes will not fit in a float
+area: Vector Search
+type: bug
+issues: []

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/mapper/vectors/DenseVectorFieldMapper.java

@@ -458,6 +458,15 @@ void checkVectorMagnitude(
             ) {
                 StringBuilder errorBuilder = null;
 
+                if (Float.isNaN(squaredMagnitude) || Float.isInfinite(squaredMagnitude)) {
+                    errorBuilder = new StringBuilder(
+                        "NaN or Infinite magnitude detected, this usually means the vector values are too extreme to fit within a float."
+                    );
+                }
+                if (errorBuilder != null) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(appender.apply(errorBuilder).toString());
+                }
+
                 if (similarity == VectorSimilarity.DOT_PRODUCT && Math.abs(squaredMagnitude - 1.0f) > 1e-4f) {
                     errorBuilder = new StringBuilder(
                         "The [" + VectorSimilarity.DOT_PRODUCT + "] similarity can only be used with unit-length vectors."
@@ -886,7 +895,9 @@ public Query createKnnQuery(
             }
             elementType.checkVectorBounds(queryVector);
 
-            if (similarity == VectorSimilarity.DOT_PRODUCT || similarity == VectorSimilarity.COSINE) {
+            if (similarity == VectorSimilarity.DOT_PRODUCT
+                || similarity == VectorSimilarity.COSINE
+                || similarity == VectorSimilarity.MAX_INNER_PRODUCT) {
                 float squaredMagnitude = VectorUtil.dotProduct(queryVector, queryVector);
                 elementType.checkVectorMagnitude(similarity, ElementType.errorFloatElementsAppender(queryVector), squaredMagnitude);
             }

server/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/index/mapper/vectors/DenseVectorFieldMapperTests.java

@@ -413,6 +413,40 @@ public void testCosineWithZeroByteVector() throws Exception {
         );
     }
 
+    public void testMaxInnerProductWithValidNorm() throws Exception {
+        DocumentMapper mapper = createDocumentMapper(
+            fieldMapping(
+                b -> b.field("type", "dense_vector")
+                    .field("dims", 3)
+                    .field("index", true)
+                    .field("similarity", VectorSimilarity.MAX_INNER_PRODUCT)
+            )
+        );
+        float[] vector = { -12.1f, 2.7f, -4 };
+        // Shouldn't throw
+        mapper.parse(source(b -> b.array("field", vector)));
+    }
+
+    public void testWithExtremeFloatVector() throws Exception {
+        for (VectorSimilarity vs : List.of(VectorSimilarity.COSINE, VectorSimilarity.DOT_PRODUCT, VectorSimilarity.COSINE)) {
+            DocumentMapper mapper = createDocumentMapper(
+                fieldMapping(b -> b.field("type", "dense_vector").field("dims", 3).field("index", true).field("similarity", vs))
+            );
+            float[] vector = { 0.07247924f, -4.310546E-11f, -1.7255947E30f };
+            DocumentParsingException e = expectThrows(
+                DocumentParsingException.class,
+                () -> mapper.parse(source(b -> b.array("field", vector)))
+            );
+            assertNotNull(e.getCause());
+            assertThat(
+                e.getCause().getMessage(),
+                containsString(
+                    "NaN or Infinite magnitude detected, this usually means the vector values are too extreme to fit within a float."
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     public void testInvalidParameters() {
         MapperParsingException e = expectThrows(
             MapperParsingException.class,