The LOFAR Decameter Sky Survey (LoDeSS) is a survey of the northern sky, performed at frequencies between 14 and 30 MHz. Due to the unique nature of this frequency range, we created a new pipeline for calibration. In addition, we include some other programs that help with finding the right parameters.
LoDeSS consists of around 360 overlapping pointings covering the entire northern sky at declinations above 20°. Each pointing is observed for 5 hours, which do not necessarily need to be in one night: especially for objects with a low declination, pointings can be split into several nights. Each night, five pointings and one calibrator are recorded. The data is available on the long-term archive (LTA).
Calibrating a pointing consists of roughly four steps, each accounting for a specific set of effects:
| Calibration step | Effect | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Apply pre-determined bandpass response and polarization alignment corrections | Effects that are completely time-independent (only change on the order of ~years) |
| 2. | Apply corrections from the primary calibrator | Corrections on (1.), and effects that do not or only slightly depend on the direction of your pointing (especially clock effects) |
| 3. | Calibrate on a bright source in the pointing (in-field calibrator) | Effects that depend on time and the direction, but give a good "starting point" for the next step. In particular, we correct for Faraday Rotation and TEC in the ionosphere |
| 4. | Break the field up in facets, and calibrate for each facet individually | Effects that strongly change in direction, in this case we only calibrate for TEC effects through the field |
These steps are always performed in this specific sequence: generally this means that we begin with correcting for the most "broad" or "general" effects, and consequently move to more specific effects.
a lot of patience
In this section, I describe the workflow that I use. This is not necessarily the "correct" workflow, but just something that seems to work for me - your mileage may vary.
- Select the pointings that you want to reduce, and find the corresponding L-numbers and the L-numbers of the calibrators from the LTA. Create a stage request
- Use preprocessor.py to quickly download and untar many different objects using parallel downloads from the LTA
- Use infield_finder.py to get an overview of each pointing that you want to reduce. Make sure that each pointing is sufficiently far away from A-team sources (CasA, CygA and to a lesser extend TauA or HerA). Identify a good, bright in-field calibrator by clicking on it and verify that it is not turning over.
- Run:
LoDeSS.py --pipeline DI_calibrator --prerunto calibrate the calibrator (--prerunwill also demix the data, you probably should leave this enabled) - Check the FITS image and the waterfall plots to see if there are no major problems (severe scintillation, A-team interference or particularly strong ionospheric effects)
- Run:
LoDeSS.py --pipeline DI_target --direction "(xx.xxxx,yy.yyyy)" --cal_H5 /path/to/cal/h5/1 /path/to/cal/h5/2 --prerun /path/to/folder/with/ms1 /path/to/folder/with/ms2. This will start the direction independent pipeline. Note that you need to give Lodess.py the calibrator h5s from the previous step - Check if the in-field calibrator has been succesfully calibrated (and not diverged)
- Check if the DI-image is succesful, and off-calibrator sources are still recoverable (good way to see if FR corrections were properly applied)
- Check the boxes placed by extract_directions whether or not they are properly placed
- STILL WORK IN PROGRESS! Run:
LoDeSS.py --pipeline DD --rectangles /path/to/boxes --nthreads 6 /path/to/ms1 /path/to/ms2to start the direction dependent pipeline ---nthreadsshould be drastically lowered on machines with less cpu/memory availability (this number works well on the Leiden LOFAR nodes, which contain 96 cpus and ~500G of RAM) - STILL WORK IN PROGRESS! Run:
LoDeSS.py --pipeline DDF /path/to/ms1 /path/to/ms2to use DDF to make an image. - enjoy your nice picture