fix!: migrate argo_archived_workflows.workflow to jsonb

[MasonM]

Motivation

As explained in #13601 (comment), I believe #12912 introduced a performance regression when listing workflows for PostgreSQL users due to TOAST issues. Reverting that PR would solve that particular issue, but it could re-introduce the memory issues mentioned in the PR description. Instead, this mitigates the impact by converting the workflow column to be of type jsonb.

Modifications

Initially workflow was of type text, and was migrated to json in #2152. I'm not sure why jsonb wasn't chosen, but based on this comment in the linked issue, I think it was simply an oversight. It's possible compatibility with older PostgreSQL versions was a concern. Support for jsonb was introduced in PostgreSQL 9.4, and PostgreSQL 9.3 became end-of-life on November 8, 2018. I don't think we should be concerned about breaking compatibility with EOL PostgreSQL versions, especially versions that have been EOL for nearly 6 years.

Here's what the relevant docs say about choosing between json and jsonb:

The json and jsonb data types accept almost identical sets of values as input. The major practical difference is one of efficiency. The json data type stores an exact copy of the input text, which processing functions must reparse on each execution; while jsonb data is stored in a decomposed binary format that makes it slightly slower to input due to added conversion overhead, but significantly faster to process, since no reparsing is needed. jsonb also supports indexing, which can be a significant advantage.

Because the json type stores an exact copy of the input text, it will preserve semantically-insignificant white space between tokens, as well as the order of keys within JSON objects. Also, if a JSON object within the value contains the same key more than once, all the key/value pairs are kept. (The processing functions consider the last value as the operative one.) By contrast, jsonb does not preserve white space, does not preserve the order of object keys, and does not keep duplicate object keys. If duplicate keys are specified in the input, only the last value is kept.

In general, most applications should prefer to store JSON data as jsonb, unless there are quite specialized needs, such as legacy assumptions about ordering of object keys.

I'm pretty sure we don't care about key order or whitespace. We do care somewhat about insertion speed, but archived workflows are read much more frequently than written, so a slight reduction in write speed that gives a large improvement in read speed is a good tradeoff. As the benchmarks below show, this gives a ~75% performance improvement for calls to ListWorkflows().

The biggest problem with this change is the time needed for the migration. With my local DB populated with 100,000 records, it takes ~70s (see below). The good news is this is fully backwards-compatible, and users can opt to manually run alter table argo_archived_workflows alter column workflow set data type jsonb using workflow::jsonb in their DB before upgrading. We'll probably want to add a prominent warning about this.

Verification

Here's steps to test this:

1. Use test: simple DB CLI for local development #13715 to generate 100,000 randomized workflows, with https://gist.github.com/MasonM/52932ff6644c3c0ccea9e847780bfd90 as a template:

   $ time go run ./hack/db fake-archived-workflows  --template "@very-large-workflow.yaml" --rows 100000
   Using seed 1935828722624432788
   Clusters: [default]
   Namespaces: [argo]
   Inserted 100000 rows
   
   real    18m35.316s
   user    3m2.447s
   sys     0m44.972s
   

2. Run the benchmarks using test: basic benchmarks for workflow archive DB operations #13767:

   make BenchmarkWorkflowArchive > postgres_before_10000_workflows.txt
   

3. Run the migration the DB CLI:

   $ time go run ./hack/db migrate
   INFO[0000] Migrating database schema                     clusterName=default dbType=postgres
   INFO[0000] applying database change                      change="alter table argo_archived_workflows alter column workflow set data type jsonb using workflow::jsonb" changeSchemaVersion=60
   2024/10/17 18:07:42     Session ID:     00001
           Query:          alter table argo_archived_workflows alter column workflow set data type jsonb using workflow::jsonb
           Stack:
                   fmt.(*pp).handleMethods@/usr/local/go/src/fmt/print.go:673
                   fmt.(*pp).printArg@/usr/local/go/src/fmt/print.go:756
                   fmt.(*pp).doPrint@/usr/local/go/src/fmt/print.go:1208
                   fmt.Append@/usr/local/go/src/fmt/print.go:289
                   log.(*Logger).Print.func1@/usr/local/go/src/log/log.go:261
                   log.(*Logger).output@/usr/local/go/src/log/log.go:238
                   log.(*Logger).Print@/usr/local/go/src/log/log.go:260
                   github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/persist/sqldb.ansiSQLChange.apply@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/persist/sqldb/ansi_sql_change.go:11
                   github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/persist/sqldb.migrate.applyChange.func1@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/persist/sqldb/migrate.go:295
                   github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/persist/sqldb.migrate.applyChange@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/persist/sqldb/migrate.go:284
                   github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/persist/sqldb.migrate.Exec@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/persist/sqldb/migrate.go:273
                   main.NewMigrateCommand.func1@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/hack/db/main.go:50
                   github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).execute@/home/vscode/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/[email protected]/command.go:985
                   github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).ExecuteC@/home/vscode/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/[email protected]/command.go:1117
                   github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).Execute@/home/vscode/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/[email protected]/command.go:1041
                   main.main@/home/vscode/go/src/github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/hack/db/main.go:39
                   runtime.main@/usr/local/go/src/runtime/proc.go:272
                   runtime.goexit@/usr/local/go/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:1700
           Rows affected:  0
           Error:          upper: slow query
           Time taken:     69.12755s
           Context:        context.Background
   
   real    1m10.087s
   user    0m1.541s
   sys     0m0.410s
   

   Note: the upper: slow query error is harmless and doesn't impact the migration.

4. Re-run the benchmarks:

   make BenchmarkWorkflowArchive > postgres_after_10000_workflows.txt
   

5. Compare results using benchstat:

   $ benchstat postgres_before_10000_workflows3.txt postgres_after_10000_workflows2.txt
   goos: linux
   goarch: amd64
   pkg: github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/test/e2e
   cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12400
                                                        │ postgres_before_10000_workflows3.txt │  postgres_after_10000_workflows2.txt  │
                                                        │                sec/op                │    sec/op     vs base                 │
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows-12                                              183.83m ± ∞ ¹   24.69m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows_with_label_selector-12                          192.71m ± ∞ ¹   25.87m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/CountWorkflows-12                                              13.04m ± ∞ ¹   11.75m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   geomean                                                                        77.31m         19.58m        -74.68%
   ¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
   ² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05
   
                                                        │ postgres_before_10000_workflows3.txt │  postgres_after_10000_workflows2.txt  │
                                                        │                 B/op                 │     B/op       vs base                │
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows-12                                              497.2Ki ± ∞ ¹   497.5Ki ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows_with_label_selector-12                          503.1Ki ± ∞ ¹   503.9Ki ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/CountWorkflows-12                                             8.972Ki ± ∞ ¹   8.899Ki ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   geomean                                                                       130.9Ki         130.7Ki        -0.20%
   ¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
   ² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05
   
                                                        │ postgres_before_10000_workflows3.txt │ postgres_after_10000_workflows2.txt  │
                                                        │              allocs/op               │  allocs/op    vs base                │
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows-12                                               8.373k ± ∞ ¹   8.370k ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows_with_label_selector-12                           8.410k ± ∞ ¹   8.406k ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
   WorkflowArchive/CountWorkflows-12                                               212.0 ± ∞ ¹    212.0 ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ³
   geomean                                                                        2.462k         2.462k        -0.03%
   ¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
   ² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05
   ³ all samples are equal
   

[agilgur5]

I've marked the title as breaking here (fix!) as it is a schema change and requires a long migration, as you mentioned

Fixes #13601

I also don't think this fully fixes #13601 since it does not affect MySQL, is significantly faster than JSON in Postgres, but can still take multiple seconds, and doesn't resolve the description of the issue either, rather another related performance issue brought up in the thread

[MasonM]

@agilgur5 Okay, I removed references to #13601 from the title and description. The reason I referenced it is because nearly all the comments in that issue (and the user reports) are about general performance issues with PostgreSQL, which this PR addresses, but you're right it doesn't address MySQL or the index optimization mentioned (CREATE INDEX argo_archived_workflows_i5 ON argo_archived_workflows (clustername, startedat).

I did try benchmarking the index optimization, but the performance improvement was very small, which is why I didn't include it here:

$ benchstat before.txt after.txt 
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/test/e2e
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12400
                                                     │  before.txt  │              after.txt               │
                                                     │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                │
WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows-12                       185.9m ± ∞ ¹   188.9m ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows_with_label_selector-12   199.3m ± ∞ ¹   185.0m ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
WorkflowArchive/CountWorkflows-12                      13.67m ± ∞ ¹   13.24m ± ∞ ¹       ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
geomean                                                79.71m         77.35m        -2.96%
¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05

[MasonM]

Also

but can still take multiple seconds

I'm pretty sure that's solely due to the JSON cast issue fixed in #13777 (and this PR). I spent over a week trying to reproduce that and I can't. I think it's best to focus on the issues we can reproduce first.

[agilgur5]

I did try benchmarking the index optimization, but the performance improvement was very small, which is why I didn't include it here:

It would still be better and less complex than a whole subquery IMO

I'm pretty sure that's solely due to the JSON cast issue fixed in #13777

You believe the cast itself adding multiple seconds to a query? Certainly possible, but that would be even more surprising than the index misses or existing JSON inefficiencies with this issue in the past 😅

I think it's best to focus on the issues we can reproduce first.

Sure, I just don't think we should necessarily close out the issue until we've ironed out all the remaining loose items, especially as I made the issue intentionally to cover all the remaining loose items after the previous ones

[MasonM]

You believe the cast itself adding multiple seconds to a query? Certainly possible, but that would be even more surprising than the index misses or existing JSON inefficiencies with this issue in the past 😅

It slows it down by over 2x on my machine. But you don't have to take my word for it, because you can reproduce this yourself by following in the instructions in the PR. Just revert the changes made to persist/sqldb/workflow_archive.go.

Here's the benchstat output I get:

 $ benchstat before.txt after.txt 
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v3/test/e2e
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12400
                                                     │  before.txt  │               after.txt               │
                                                     │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                 │
WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows-12                       181.4m ± ∞ ¹   417.0m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
WorkflowArchive/ListWorkflows_with_label_selector-12   181.6m ± ∞ ¹   417.0m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
WorkflowArchive/CountWorkflows-12                      44.88m ± ∞ ¹   11.59m ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
geomean                                                113.9m         126.3m        +10.90%
¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05

Sure, I just don't think we should necessarily close out the issue until we've ironed out all the remaining loose items, especially as I made the issue intentionally to cover all the remaining loose items after the previous ones

Okay, that's reasonable.

[agilgur5]

It slows it down by over 2x on my machine.

The cast alone? 👀 👀 As far as I could tell, here and in #13777 you mentioned both removing the cast and moving to JSONB

But you don't have to take my word for it, because you can reproduce this yourself by following in the instructions in the PR

I'm pretty sure

You had also said "pretty sure" before, so I thought you hadn't narrowed that down yet

[Joibel]

I am not sure how I feel about this change. Whilst I completely agree with the goal of speed, it changes the behaviour of archiving in subtle but surprising ways.

We would end up have two different behaviours depending upon whether you're using mysql or postgres. If you want a 'perfect archive' (which for some users may be something they care about, perhaps compliance reasons), you must use mysql.

I can't see a mechanism whereby we would end up with bugs with duplicate keys, but archived workflows in postgres would hide them after this change.

We should document this change because it's reasonable to expect the contents of an archived workflow to exactly match that of that workflow before archiving, and that won't be the case. Have you considered an option (which most people wouldn't use) to store and present the textual version, but query via jsonb?

[kodieg]

According to this documentation mysql performs some kind of json normalization during json insertion: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/json.html

I checked this also on https://www.db-fiddle.com/. Maybe someone with mysql access could also verify it. However, it seems that currently mysql does not perform perfect archive and this is different behaviour from what current implementation in postgres does.

[MasonM]

The cast alone? 👀 👀 As far as I could tell, here and in #13777 you mentioned both removing the cast and moving to JSONB

The comment you linked (#13601 (comment)) said "I tested converting json to jsonb and observed times approximately 9s." I'm assuming this was measured with the cast present (i.e. the current behavior), since that's the only scenario where I could reproduce such a slowdown. There may be other scenarios, but there's too many variables involved for me to narrow it down further.

I am not sure how I feel about this change. Whilst I completely agree with the goal of speed, it changes the behaviour of archiving in subtle but surprising ways.

We would end up have two different behaviours depending upon whether you're using mysql or postgres. If you want a 'perfect archive' (which for some users may be something they care about, perhaps compliance reasons), you must use mysql.

As @kodieg correctly pointed out, MySQL is already stripping whitespace and eliminating duplicate keys, so this PR actually makes the behavior more consistent, not less. You can verify this yourself by following these steps:

1. Save the following file as test.sql:

   insert into argo_archived_workflows (uid, instanceid, name, namespace, phase, clustername, workflow) values ('0b3ec561-bc78-400c-9772-ce11c69b3d65', '', 'dg92nw8qr4k', 'argo', 'Succeeded', 'default', '{ "key2": 1, "key2":  2, "key1": 1}');
   select workflow from argo_archived_workflows where uid='0b3ec561-bc78-400c-9772-ce11c69b3d65';

2. Run make start PROFILE=mysql
3. Run make mysql-cli < test.sql . Output:

   $ make mysql-cli < test.sql 
   GIT_COMMIT=c9f0376594aed5ae0ebc53d3bf2970300406860f GIT_BRANCH=feat-cli-db-generator2 GIT_TAG=untagged GIT_TREE_STATE=dirty RELEASE_TAG=false DEV_BRANCH=true VERSION=latest
   KUBECTX=k3d-k3s-default DOCKER_DESKTOP=false K3D=true DOCKER_PUSH=false TARGET_PLATFORM=linux/arm64
   RUN_MODE=local PROFILE=minimal AUTH_MODE=hybrid SECURE=false  STATIC_FILES=false ALWAYS_OFFLOAD_NODE_STATUS=false UPPERIO_DB_DEBUG=0 LOG_LEVEL=debug NAMESPACED=true
   kubectl exec -ti `kubectl get pod -l app=mysql -o name|cut -c 5-` -- mysql -u mysql -ppassword argo
   Unable to use a TTY - input is not a terminal or the right kind of file
   mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
   workflow
   {"key1": 1, "key2": 2}
   

4. Run make start PROFILE=postgres
5. Run make postgres-cli < test.sql once on the main branch and once with this migration applied.
   Output on main:

   $ make postgres-cli < test.sql 
   GIT_COMMIT=c9f0376594aed5ae0ebc53d3bf2970300406860f GIT_BRANCH=feat-cli-db-generator2 GIT_TAG=untagged GIT_TREE_STATE=dirty RELEASE_TAG=false DEV_BRANCH=true VERSION=latest
   KUBECTX=k3d-k3s-default DOCKER_DESKTOP=false K3D=true DOCKER_PUSH=false TARGET_PLATFORM=linux/arm64
   RUN_MODE=local PROFILE=minimal AUTH_MODE=hybrid SECURE=false  STATIC_FILES=false ALWAYS_OFFLOAD_NODE_STATUS=false UPPERIO_DB_DEBUG=0 LOG_LEVEL=debug NAMESPACED=true
   kubectl exec -ti `kubectl get pod -l app=postgres -o name|cut -c 5-` -- psql -U postgres
   Unable to use a TTY - input is not a terminal or the right kind of file
   INSERT 0 1
                 workflow               
   -------------------------------------
    { "key2": 1, "key2":  2, "key1": 1}
   (1 row)
   

   Output with migration applied:

   $ make postgres-cli < test.sql 
   GIT_COMMIT=c9f0376594aed5ae0ebc53d3bf2970300406860f GIT_BRANCH=feat-cli-db-generator2 GIT_TAG=untagged GIT_TREE_STATE=dirty RELEASE_TAG=false DEV_BRANCH=true VERSION=latest
   KUBECTX=k3d-k3s-default DOCKER_DESKTOP=false K3D=true DOCKER_PUSH=false TARGET_PLATFORM=linux/arm64
   RUN_MODE=local PROFILE=minimal AUTH_MODE=hybrid SECURE=false  STATIC_FILES=false ALWAYS_OFFLOAD_NODE_STATUS=false UPPERIO_DB_DEBUG=0 LOG_LEVEL=debug NAMESPACED=true
   kubectl exec -ti `kubectl get pod -l app=postgres -o name|cut -c 5-` -- psql -U postgres
   Unable to use a TTY - input is not a terminal or the right kind of file
   INSERT 0 1
           workflow        
   ------------------------
    {"key1": 1, "key2": 2}
   (1 row)
   

[Joibel]

Ok, so if we're going to get this in for 3.6 it should have some notes as to its effect in docs/upgrading.md, and how to do it prior to upgrade.

[agilgur5]

and how to do it prior to upgrade.

Migrations happen automatically during upgrades, so it only needs a note that it will happen, not how to do it.

[Joibel]

and how to do it prior to upgrade.

Migrations happen automatically during upgrades, so it only needs a note that it will happen, not how to do it.

Ah, sorry, that was unclear. I was meaning referring to this in the original issue description:

The good news is this is fully backwards-compatible, and users can opt to manually run alter table argo_archived_workflows alter column workflow set data type jsonb using workflow::jsonb in their DB before upgrading. We'll probably want to add a prominent warning about this.

[Joibel]

I will document this in a separate PR

[MasonM]

@Joibel Sorry for the delay. I was researching ways that users with a very large number of workflows could do this migration with minimal downtime. I entered #13816 with my findings.