Deprecate C++ APIs that rely on deprecated APIs. (#4879)

As part of removing the deprecated APIs, we discovered that there are
some non-deprecated C++ APIs that are calling deprecated C APIs and
would break once the latter get removed. This PR marks these C++ APIs as
deprecated, to be removed alongside the C APIs.

---
TYPE: CPP_API
DESC: `Query::submit_async` is deprecated. Call `Query::submit()` on
another thread instead.

---
TYPE: CPP_API
DESC: Overloads of methods and constructors in `Array` and `ArraySchema`
that accept encryption keys are deprecated. Specify the encryption key
with the `sm.encryption_type` and `sm.encryption_key` config options
instead.

tiledb/sm/cpp_api/array.h

@@ -661,6 +661,7 @@ class Array {
    * @param config Configuration parameters for the consolidation.
    */
   // clang-format on
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED
   static void consolidate(
       const Context& ctx,
       const std::string& uri,
@@ -819,6 +820,7 @@ class Array {
    * @param encryption_key The encryption key to use.
    */
   // clang-format on
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED
   static void create(
       const std::string& uri,
       const ArraySchema& schema,
@@ -1176,6 +1178,7 @@ class Array {
    * @param config Configuration parameters for the consolidation.
    */
   // clang-format on
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED
   static void consolidate_metadata(
       const Context& ctx,
       const std::string& uri,

tiledb/sm/cpp_api/array_schema.h

@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ class ArraySchema : public Schema {
    * @param encryption_type The encryption type to use.
    * @param encryption_key The encryption key to use.
    */
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED
   ArraySchema(
       const Context& ctx,
       const std::string& uri,

tiledb/sm/cpp_api/query.h

@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ class Query {
   /**
    * Submit an async query, with callback. Call returns immediately.
    *
+   * Deprecated, call `submit()` on another thread instead.
+   *
    * @note Same notes apply as `Query::submit()`.
    *
    * **Example:**
@@ -316,7 +318,7 @@ class Query {
    * @param callback Callback function.
    */
   template <typename Fn>
-  void submit_async(const Fn& callback) {
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED void submit_async(const Fn& callback) {
     std::function<void(void*)> wrapper = [&](void*) { callback(); };
     auto& ctx = ctx_.get();
     ctx.handle_error(tiledb::impl::tiledb_query_submit_async_func(
@@ -326,6 +328,8 @@ class Query {
   /**
    * Submit an async query, with no callback. Call returns immediately.
    *
+   * Deprecated, call `submit()` on another thread instead.
+   *
    * @note Same notes apply as `Query::submit()`.
    *
    * **Example:**
@@ -336,7 +340,7 @@ class Query {
    * query.submit_async();
    * @endcode
    */
-  void submit_async() {
+  TILEDB_DEPRECATED void submit_async() {
     submit_async([]() {});
   }