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fix some errors in the introduction
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Francesco Massimo authored and Francesco Massimo committed Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction
-------------------
-------------------


In this practical work, you will familiarize yourself with a Particle in Cell (PIC) code ([BirdsallLangdon]_, [Lapenta]_),
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In the case study of this practical work, an intense laser pulse is injected into the plasma,
exciting a relativistic plasma wave, used to accelerate an externally injected relativistic electron bunch.
exciting a relativistic plasma wave used to accelerate an externally injected relativistic electron bunch.
This plasma acceleration scheme is known as laser wakefield acceleration, or LWFA ([Esarey2009]_, [Malka2012]_).

- :ref:`Exploring the Input Namelist; <exploringthenamelist>` (**Exercises 1-2**): we will explore the Python ``InputNamelist.py`` file to understand the basic set-up of the problem (simulation window size, resolution, ...). In this part the simulation window is empty.
- :ref:`Laser pulse in vacuum; <laserpulseinvacuum>` (**Exercises 4-6**): we will add a laser laser pulse propagating in vacuum and check that its diffraction follows the one predicted for a Gaussian beam.
- :ref:`Laser wakefield excitation; <plasmawave>` (**Exercises 7-11**): we will add a pre-ionized plasma and visualize how the laser pulse excites plasma waves in its wake, also checking the results against the analytical theory in the linear regime.
- :ref:`Laser wakefield acceleration of an electron bunch. <laserplasmainjection>` (**Exercises 12-20**): we will add a relativistic electron bunch, injecting it into the plasma waves and studying its acceleration.
The practical will consist in four parts:

- :ref:`Exploring the Input Namelist <exploringthenamelist>` (**Exercises 1-2**): we will explore the Python ``InputNamelist.py`` file to understand the basic set-up of the problem (simulation window size, resolution, ...). In this part the simulation window is empty.
- :ref:`Laser pulse in vacuum <laserpulseinvacuum>` (**Exercises 4-6**): we will add a laser laser pulse propagating in vacuum and check that its diffraction follows the one predicted for a Gaussian beam.
- :ref:`Laser wakefield excitation <plasmawave>` (**Exercises 7-11**): we will add a pre-ionized plasma and visualize how the laser pulse excites plasma waves in its wake, also checking the results against the analytical theory in the linear regime.
- :ref:`Laser wakefield acceleration of an electron bunch <laserplasmainjection>` (**Exercises 12-20**): we will add a relativistic electron bunch, injecting it into the plasma waves and studying its acceleration.

We will arrive progressively to the full simulation set-up,
familiarizing with the postprocessing using the Python postprocessing library
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Knowing how to define variables (and, optionally, how to define numpy arrays) should be sufficient.

This practical work assumes that the reader knows how to navigate in a directory tree, create folders,
and copy files from the command line (for a quick recap, see Sections 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, and 17
and copy files from the command line (for a quick recap, see Sections 4-9, 13-14, and 17
in [ShawCommandLineCrashCourse]_).

Some clarifications
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As previously stated, the numerical tool you will use for this
practical is the PIC code Smilei [Derouillat2018]_. A prior knowledge of Smilei
is not mandatory for the purposes of the practical exercises. Yet,
feel free to check `Smilei’s website on GitHub<https://smileipic.github.io/Smilei/>`_ .
feel free to check `Smilei’s website on GitHub <https://smileipic.github.io/Smilei/>`_ .
The interested reader can also find additional
`tutorials <https://smileipic.github.io/tutorials/>`_ focusing on physical
processes not covered by this practical.
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