[workspace] Cherry-pick various patches from upstreams (#22363)

The new patches all relate to removing global variables.

For packages we're already touching here to add new upstream patches,
we also take a moment to refresh the older upstream patches with more
up-to-date commentary and/or content.

tools/workspace/abseil_cpp_internal/patches/upstream/civil_time_linkopts.patch

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-Add a missing linkopts setting to a library, so the subsequent patch
-command to set all libraries to static linking will indeed find all
-libraries.
+[abseil-cpp] Add missing linkopts setting to a cctz library
 
-This patch is sufficient for Drake's purposes. A patch suitable for
-upstreaming would likely import default link flags and use them.
+This ensures that Drake's subsequent patch_cmds script to set all
+libraries to static linking will indeed find all libraries.
+
+Submitted upstream as https://github.com/google/cctz/pull/305 but
+Google requested to implement this themselves a different way (with
+Copybara magic).
+
+If we don't see them fix it the next few months, maybe we can try re-
+pinging them.
 
 --- absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel
 +++ absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel

tools/workspace/abseil_cpp_internal/patches/upstream/specific_iostream_includes.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+[abseil-cpp] Remove unncessary <iostream> includes
+
+Submitted upstream as https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/pull/1801
+but Google requested to implement this remaining part of the patch in
+a different way ("change that code to output to a std::string and let
+the user dump it").
+
+If we don't see them fix it the next few months, maybe we can try re-
+submitting a new patch using that other approach, ourselves.
+
+--- absl/strings/cord.cc
++++ absl/strings/cord.cc
+@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
+ #include <cstring>
+ #include <iomanip>
+ #include <ios>
+-#include <iostream>
+ #include <limits>
+ #include <memory>
+ #include <ostream>
+
+--- absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc
++++ absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc
+@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@
+ #include <atomic>
+ #include <cassert>
+ #include <cstdint>
+-#include <iostream>
+ #include <ostream>
+ #include <string>
+
++#ifndef NDEBUG
++#include <iostream>
++#endif
++
+ #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+ #include "absl/base/config.h"
+ #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+
+--- absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h
++++ absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h
+@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
+ #define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_REP_BTREE_NAVIGATOR_H_
+
+ #include <cassert>
+-#include <iostream>
+
+ #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+ #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"

tools/workspace/abseil_cpp_internal/repository.bzl

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def abseil_cpp_internal_repository(
         sha256 = "01474554fc2981e92fcda71c7ce29d3ed4ee8dd0707b346da3f8978cd349fa33",  # noqa
         patches = [
             ":patches/upstream/civil_time_linkopts.patch",
+            ":patches/upstream/specific_iostream_includes.patch",
             ":patches/disable_int128_on_clang.patch",
             ":patches/hidden_visibility.patch",
             ":patches/inline_namespace.patch",

tools/workspace/clarabel_cpp_internal/patches/upstream/pr52.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[Clarabel.cpp] Cherry-pick of https://github.com/oxfordcontrol/Clarabel.cpp/pull/52
+
+We can drop this patch once we upgrade to a release that contains it.
+
+From: Jeremy Nimmer <[email protected]>
+Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2024 17:48:20 -0800
+Subject: [PATCH] Remove unncessary <iostream> include
+
+Including iostream means introducing the static (global) constructors
+and destructors for std::cin, std::cerr, and std::cout. That extra
+init and fini code is undesirable when those streams are not actually
+used.
+
+--- include/cpp/CscMatrix.h
++++ include/cpp/CscMatrix.h
+@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+ #pragma once
+
+ #include <cstdint>
+-#include <iostream>
+ #include <type_traits>
+
+ namespace clarabel

tools/workspace/clarabel_cpp_internal/repository.bzl

@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ def clarabel_cpp_internal_repository(
         sha256 = "4dfff59667623bf4264ba27f25eef08bda64899a4e443f8d1993d5d5a9a36ab0",  # noqa
         build_file = ":package.BUILD.bazel",
         patches = [
+            ":patches/upstream/allow_unused_must_use.patch",
+            ":patches/upstream/pr52.patch",
             ":patches/extern_c.patch",
             ":patches/git_submodule.patch",
             ":patches/sdp.patch",
-            ":patches/upstream/allow_unused_must_use.patch",
         ],
         mirrors = mirrors,
     )

tools/workspace/gz_math_internal/package.BUILD.bazel

@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ _MOST_HDRS = [
     "include/gz/math/detail/Cone.hh",
     "include/gz/math/detail/Cylinder.hh",
     "include/gz/math/detail/Ellipsoid.hh",
+    "include/gz/math/detail/Error.hh",
     "include/gz/math/detail/InterpolationPoint.hh",
     "include/gz/math/detail/Sphere.hh",
     "include/gz/math/detail/WellOrderedVector.hh",
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ _SRCS = [
     "src/Color.cc",
     "src/CoordinateVector3.cc",
     "src/DiffDriveOdometry.cc",
+    "src/Error.cc",
     "src/Frustum.cc",
     "src/GaussMarkovProcess.cc",
     "src/Helpers.cc",