Raise a custom JobFailure error when a job fails

[Andrew-S-Rosen]

Summary of Changes

This PR seeks to close #2407 by raising a custom JobFailure exception when a job fails, which can be used to try/except calculations more easily. The JobFailure raises the parent ASE error but also has a directory attribute that can be easily accessed by the user without any need to sift through the log file. The directory info was already being logged, but now it's also present in the traceback. There is also a parent_error attribute to ensure the original exception is still accessible by the end user.

Pinging @tomdemeyere for review.

Requirements

• My PR is focused on a single feature addition or bugfix.
• My PR has relevant, comprehensive unit tests.
• My PR is on a custom branch (i.e. is not named main).

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.45%. Comparing base (119d281) to head (1d7c269).
Report is 25 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2410   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   98.45%   98.45%           
=======================================
  Files          84       84           
  Lines        3423     3429    +6     
=======================================
+ Hits         3370     3376    +6     
  Misses         53       53           

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[Andrew-S-Rosen]

This is ready for review now.

[tomdemeyere]

Looks good! I can't think of anything else to include in the raise, imo the directory is the most important part.

[Andrew-S-Rosen]

I can't think of any issues with this approach so will merge this. I'm going to keep tabs on it just in case something unexpected comes up, but I think it's fine. The parent error is still accessible by the user, which is the important part.