Add official support for Python 3.13

[mtreinish]

Summary

This commit adds "official" support for Python 3.13 to Qiskit. We implicitly supported it previously because nothing in Qiskit itself was incompatible with 3.13 and we use the stable ABI from rust which is compatible with new releases. But to mark 3.13 as "official" we just need to add it to CI, including the cibuildwheel test phase, and add the trove classifier to the package metadata indicating 3.13 is supported.

Details and comments

[qiskit-bot]

One or more of the following people are relevant to this code:

• @Qiskit/terra-core

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 11524531528

Details

• 0 of 0 changed or added relevant lines in 0 files are covered.
• 18 unchanged lines in 3 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.007%) to 88.664%

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Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
crates/accelerate/src/unitary_synthesis.rs	1	92.24%
crates/qasm2/src/lex.rs	5	91.98%
crates/qasm2/src/parse.rs	12	97.15%

Totals
Change from base Build 11517799526:	0.007%
Covered Lines:	74886
Relevant Lines:	84460

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💛 - Coveralls

[mtreinish]

This is currently blocked on: #12655 and #13305 because we need to use scipy 1.14 to get wheels with python 3.13 support.

[jakelishman]

On a quick scan myself, looks like we also have the Python versions set in asv.conf.json. Otherwise this looks fine to me.

[mtreinish]

On a quick scan myself, looks like we also have the Python versions set in asv.conf.json. Otherwise this looks fine to me.

Added in fa8a8df

[jakelishman]

I'm fine with whatever ordering of "change the branch-protection rules" and/or "admin-merge this PR first" you want to go with. It's not like there's a huge demand for the merge queue on a Friday evening.