Move QuantumCircuit.assign_parameters to Rust (#12794)

* Move `QuantumCircuit.assign_parameters` to Rust

This is (as far as I could tell), the last really major performance
regression in our asv suite compared to 1.1.0, so with this commit, we
should be at _not worse_ for important utility-scale benchmarks.

This largely rewrites `ParamTable` (renamed back to `ParameterTable`
because I kept getting confused with `Param`) to have more Rust-friendly
interfaces available, so that `assign_parameters` can then use them.

This represents a 2-3x speedup in `assign_parameters` performance over
1.1.0, when binding simple `Parameter` instances.  Approximately 75% of
the time is now spent in Python-space `Parameter.assign` and
`ParameterExpression.numeric` calls; almost all of this could be removed
were we to move `Parameter` and `ParameterExpression` to have their data
exposed directly to Rust space.  The percentage of time spent in Python
space only increases if the expressions to be bound are actual
`ParameterExpression`s and not just `Parameter`.

Most changes in the test suite are because of the use of internal-only
methods that changed with the new `ParameterTable`.  The only
discrepancy is a bug in `test_pauli_feature_map`, which was trying to
assign using a set.

* Add unit test of parameter insertion

This catches a bug that was present in the parent commit, but this PR
fixes.

* Update crates/circuit/src/imports.rs

* Fix assignment to `AnnotatedOperation`

* Rename `CircuitData::num_params` to match normal terminology

* Fix typos and 🇺🇸

* Fix lint

crates/circuit/src/imports.rs

@@ -75,9 +75,12 @@ pub static SINGLETON_CONTROLLED_GATE: ImportOnceCell =
     ImportOnceCell::new("qiskit.circuit.singleton", "SingletonControlledGate");
 pub static CONTROLLED_GATE: ImportOnceCell =
     ImportOnceCell::new("qiskit.circuit", "ControlledGate");
+pub static ANNOTATED_OPERATION: ImportOnceCell =
+    ImportOnceCell::new("qiskit.circuit", "AnnotatedOperation");
 pub static DEEPCOPY: ImportOnceCell = ImportOnceCell::new("copy", "deepcopy");
 pub static QI_OPERATOR: ImportOnceCell = ImportOnceCell::new("qiskit.quantum_info", "Operator");
 pub static WARNINGS_WARN: ImportOnceCell = ImportOnceCell::new("warnings", "warn");
+pub static UUID: ImportOnceCell = ImportOnceCell::new("uuid", "UUID");
 
 /// A mapping from the enum variant in crate::operations::StandardGate to the python
 /// module path and class name to import it. This is used to populate the conversion table

crates/circuit/src/operations.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use smallvec::smallvec;
 use numpy::IntoPyArray;
 use numpy::PyReadonlyArray2;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
-use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict, PyTuple};
+use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict, PyFloat, PyIterator, PyTuple};
 use pyo3::{intern, IntoPy, Python};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -37,17 +37,13 @@ pub enum Param {
 
 impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for Param {
     fn extract_bound(b: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, PyErr> {
-        Ok(
-            if b.is_instance(PARAMETER_EXPRESSION.get_bound(b.py()))?
-                || b.is_instance(QUANTUM_CIRCUIT.get_bound(b.py()))?
-            {
-                Param::ParameterExpression(b.clone().unbind())
-            } else if let Ok(val) = b.extract::<f64>() {
-                Param::Float(val)
-            } else {
-                Param::Obj(b.clone().unbind())
-            },
-        )
+        Ok(if b.is_instance(PARAMETER_EXPRESSION.get_bound(b.py()))? {
+            Param::ParameterExpression(b.clone().unbind())
+        } else if let Ok(val) = b.extract::<f64>() {
+            Param::Float(val)
+        } else {
+            Param::Obj(b.clone().unbind())
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -71,6 +67,52 @@ impl ToPyObject for Param {
     }
 }
 
+impl Param {
+    /// Get an iterator over any Python-space `Parameter` instances tracked within this `Param`.
+    pub fn iter_parameters<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<ParamParameterIter<'py>> {
+        let parameters_attr = intern!(py, "parameters");
+        match self {
+            Param::Float(_) => Ok(ParamParameterIter(None)),
+            Param::ParameterExpression(expr) => Ok(ParamParameterIter(Some(
+                expr.bind(py).getattr(parameters_attr)?.iter()?,
+            ))),
+            Param::Obj(obj) => {
+                let obj = obj.bind(py);
+                if obj.is_instance(QUANTUM_CIRCUIT.get_bound(py))? {
+                    Ok(ParamParameterIter(Some(
+                        obj.getattr(parameters_attr)?.iter()?,
+                    )))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(ParamParameterIter(None))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extract from a Python object without numeric coercion to float.  The default conversion will
+    /// coerce integers into floats, but in things like `assign_parameters`, this is not always
+    /// desirable.
+    pub fn extract_no_coerce(ob: &Bound<PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(if ob.is_instance_of::<PyFloat>() {
+            Param::Float(ob.extract()?)
+        } else if ob.is_instance(PARAMETER_EXPRESSION.get_bound(ob.py()))? {
+            Param::ParameterExpression(ob.clone().unbind())
+        } else {
+            Param::Obj(ob.clone().unbind())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Struct to provide iteration over Python-space `Parameter` instances within a `Param`.
+pub struct ParamParameterIter<'py>(Option<Bound<'py, PyIterator>>);
+impl<'py> Iterator for ParamParameterIter<'py> {
+    type Item = PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.as_mut().and_then(|iter| iter.next())
+    }
+}
+
 /// Trait for generic circuit operations these define the common attributes
 /// needed for something to be addable to the circuit struct
 pub trait Operation {