Simplify QuantumCircuit._from_circuit_data bit handling (#12661)

* Simplify QuantumCircuit._from_circuit_data bit handling

This commit simplifies the logic around bit handling in the
`QuantumCircuit._from_circuit_data()` constructor. Previously it was
calling `add_bits()` for each bit in the `CircuitData` object to update
the output circuit's accounting for each qubit. But this was needlessly
heavy as the `CircuitData` is already the source of truth for the bits
in a circuit and we just need to update the indices dictionary. The
`add_bits()` method attempts to add the bits to the `CircuitData` too
but this is wasted overhead because the `CircuitData` already has the
bits as that's where the came from. This changes the constructor to just
directly set the bit indices as needed and return the circuit.

* Use a dict comprehension instead of a for loop

qiskit/circuit/quantumcircuit.py

@@ -1161,9 +1161,9 @@ def __init__(
     def _from_circuit_data(cls, data: CircuitData) -> typing.Self:
         """A private constructor from rust space circuit data."""
         out = QuantumCircuit()
-        out.add_bits(data.qubits)
-        out.add_bits(data.clbits)
         out._data = data
+        out._qubit_indices = {bit: BitLocations(index, []) for index, bit in enumerate(data.qubits)}
+        out._clbit_indices = {bit: BitLocations(index, []) for index, bit in enumerate(data.clbits)}
         return out
 
     @staticmethod