feldman in 3.1

3.1-origins-zoning.Rmd

@@ -46,7 +46,13 @@ Although "unwritten rules" against Jews typically did not appear in public, occa
 knitr::include_graphics("images/1915-1922-trinity-excerpts-screenshot.png")
 ```
 
-To be clear, anti-Jewish or anti-immigrant views among the Protestant leadership in Hartford's preeminent colleges, banks, insurance companies, hospitals, and corporate law firms does not prove that they were also held by West Hartford's Protestant property owners and town officials who objected to Jacob Goldberg's building permit in 1923. But the evidence from Trinity College demonstrates how hateful biases were hidden behind closed doors. Oral history also reveals that anti-Semitism was not far beneath the surface in West Hartford. In 1925, Rabbi Abraham Feldman arrived in Hartford to lead Congregation Beth Israel, a Reform synagogue whose members were considering moving to West Hartford, and had purchased land on Farmington Avenue, not far from Goldberg's store. Feldman reflected on some of his early, unpleasant encounters with West Hartford town leaders while speaking with an oral historian in 1974. "West Hartford was a closed community politically," Feldman recalled, labeling it "the most Republican town in the US" in the 1920s. Although Jews were just beginning to move from the city to the suburb, "there was no chance for a young Jew, or a Jewish lawyer... who wanted to enter the political life of the community," he remembered, adding that West Hartford's Protestant leaders "didn't want any Catholics, either." Overall, while there is no direct evidence of overt anti-Semitism during the Goldberg controversy, the widespread prevalence of these views means we cannot ignore them when telling the story of an urban Jewish grocer and the origins of exclusionary zoning in the suburbs.^[@MayBuildTemple1924; @feldmanOralHistoryInterview1974, p. 19.]
+To be clear, anti-Jewish or anti-immigrant views among the Protestant leadership in Hartford's preeminent colleges, banks, insurance companies, hospitals, and corporate law firms does not prove that they were also held by West Hartford's Protestant property owners and town officials who objected to Jacob Goldberg's building permit in 1923. But the evidence from Trinity College demonstrates how hateful biases were hidden behind closed doors. Oral history also reveals that anti-Semitism was not far beneath the surface in West Hartford. Rabbi Abraham Feldman, shown in Figure \@ref(fig:1940s-abraham-feldman-jhsgh), arrived in Hartford in 1925 to lead Congregation Beth Israel, a Reform synagogue whose members were considering moving to West Hartford, and had purchased land on Farmington Avenue, not far from Goldberg's store. Feldman reflected on some of his early, unpleasant encounters with West Hartford town leaders while speaking with an oral historian in 1974. "West Hartford was a closed community politically," Feldman recalled, labeling it "the most Republican town in the US" in the 1920s. Although Jews were just beginning to move from the city to the suburb, "there was no chance for a young Jew, or a Jewish lawyer... who wanted to enter the political life of the community," he remembered, adding that West Hartford's Protestant leaders "didn't want any Catholics, either." Overall, while there is no direct evidence of overt anti-Semitism during the Goldberg controversy, the widespread prevalence of these views means we cannot ignore them when telling the story of an urban Jewish grocer and the origins of exclusionary zoning in the suburbs.^[@MayBuildTemple1924; @feldmanOralHistoryInterview1974, p. 19.]
+
+(ref:1940s-abraham-feldman-jhsgh) Rabbi Abraham Feldman recalled West Hartford as a "closed community politically" to Jews and Catholics when he arrived in the mid-1920s. Photo circa 1940s, reprinted with permission of the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford.
+
+```{r 1940s-abraham-feldman-jhsgh, fig.cap="(ref:1940s-abraham-feldman-jhsgh)"}
+knitr::include_graphics("images/1940s-abraham-feldman-jhsgh.jpg")
+```
 
 ### Fighting Back {- #fighting-back}
 Faced with these anti-Semitic barriers, many Hartford Jews fought back by gathering resources to create their own institutions during this era. Jewish doctors opened Hartford's Mount Sinai Hospital in 1923, and proudly declared that their doors were open "to all citizens regardless of race or creed." Connecticut's only Jewish-led hospital both served the needs of immigrant patients who were viewed as second-class citizens by other hospitals, and created employment opportunities for Jews in medical professions. Jacob's sister, Celia Goldberg Pessin, earned her nursing degree at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, and became the first Jewish woman to enter nurse's training in Hartford. When Jewish lawyers were refused jobs at Hartford's corporate law firms, some opened their own smaller law offices. Another one of Jacob's sisters, Dora Goldberg Schatz, married attorney Nathan Schatz, who partnered with his brother Louis (a Jewish graduate of Trinity College) to create the Schatz and Schatz law firm in Hartford in 1917. Decades later, in higher education, Rabbi Feldman also played an instrumental role in the founding of the University of Hartford, open to all students, in 1957.^[Mount Sinai Hospital opening in *Hartford Times* 3 March 1923, cited in @lazarusPracticeMedicinePrejudice1991, p. 36; @chameidesMountSinaiConnecticut2010; @NursingPioneerDies1975; @dalinMakingLifeBuilding1997, pp. 62, 78; @silvermanHartfordJews165919701970, p. 86; @RabbiAbrahamFeldman1967; @RabbiAbrahamFeldman1972; @UniversityHartfordEarly2005]