Important

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This GitHub repository contains documentation for legacy code related to Lobato-Rios et al, Nature Methods, 2022. NeuroMechFly has since been updated, and this repository is no longer actively maintained. For most up-to-date information, please visit neuromechfly.org.

NeuroMechFly

NeuroMechFly is a data-driven computational simulation of adult Drosophila melanogaster designed to synthesize rapidly growing experimental datasets and to test theories of neuromechanical behavioral control. For the technical background and details, please refer to our paper.

If you use NeuroMechFly in your research, you can cite us:

@article{LobatoRios2022,
  doi = {10.1038/s41592-022-01466-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01466-7},
  year = {2022},
  month = May,
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
  volume = {19},
  number = {5},
  pages = {620--627},
  author = {Victor Lobato-Rios and Shravan Tata Ramalingasetty and Pembe Gizem \"{O}zdil and Jonathan Arreguit and Auke Jan Ijspeert and Pavan Ramdya},
  title = {{NeuroMechFly},  a neuromechanical model of adult Drosophila melanogaster},
  journal = {Nature Methods}
}

A Gym environment of NeuroMechFly is under development here.

Content

• Starting
• Reproducing the experiments
• Customizing NeuroMechFly
• Miscellaneous

Starting

• Installation
• Angle Processing

Reproducing the experiments

Note: before running the following scripts, please be sure to activate the virtual environment (see the installation guide)

NeuroMechFly is run in PyBullet. In the Graphical User Interface, you can use the following keyboard and mouse combinations to control the camera's viewpoint:

• ALT/CONTROL & Left Mouse Button: Rotate
• ALT/CONTROL & Scroll Mouse Button: Pan
• Scroll Mouse Button: Zoom

1. Kinematic replay

Run the following commands on the terminal to reproduce the kinematic replay experiments:

• $ run_kinematic_replay -b walking for walking behavior on the spherical treadmill. Replace walking for grooming to simulate the foreleg/antennal grooming example.

• $ run_kinematic_replay_ground for replaying tethered walking kinematics on the floor. Add --perturbation to enable perturbations. For changing the behavior to grooming, append -b grooming to the command.

Furthermore, for both commands above, you can add the flag -fly # to run the simulation with other walking behaviors, # can be 1, 2, or 3 (default is 1). The flag --show_collisions will colored in green the segments in collision. Finally, the flag --record will save a video from the simulation in the folder scripts/kinematic_replay/simulation_results. The video will be recorded at 0.2x real-time (refer to the environment tutorial to learn how to change this value).

• $ run_morphology_experiment for replaying grooming kinematics changing the legs and antennae morphology. Add --model model_name to select the morphology. model_name can be nmf, stick_legs, or stick_legs_antennae. This command also support --record and --show_collisions flags.

NOTE: At the end of each simulation run, a folder called kinematic_replay__ containing the physical quantities (joint angles, torques etc.) will be created under the scripts/kinematic_replay/simulation_results folder.

NOTE: Flags --show_collisions and --record will slow down your simulation.

NOTE: To obtain new pose estimates from the DeepFly3D Database, please refer to DeepFly3D repository. After running the pose estimator on the recordings, you can follow the instructions for computing joint angles to control NeuroMechFly here.

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2. Gait optimization

Run the following commands on the terminal to reproduce the locomotor gait optimization experiments:

• $ run_neuromuscular_control --gui to run the latest generation of the last optimization run. By default, this script will read and run the files FUN.txt and VAR.txt under the scripts/neuromuscular_optimization/ folder. To run different files, simply run $ run_neuromuscular_control --gui -p <'path-of-the-optimization-results'> -g <'generation-number'> -s <'solution-type'> (solution type being 'fastest', 'tradeoff', 'most_stable', or a specific index). The results path should be relative to the scripts folder.
• To see the results that are already provided, go to the folder scripts/neuromuscular_optimization/ and run: $ run_neuromuscular_control --gui -p optimization_results/run_Drosophila_example/ -g 59.
• Append --plot to the command to visualize the Pareto front and the gait diagram of the solution. To record the simulation, append --record to the command you run. To log the penalties separately from the objective functions, append --log_penalties to the command you run, penalties will be logged in a new file named PENALTIES. in the provided path.

NOTE: At the end of each simulation run, a folder named according to the chosen optimization run will be created under the scripts/neuromuscular_optimization folder which contains the network parameters and physical quantities.

• $ run_multiobj_optimization to run locomotor gait optimization from scratch. This script will create new files named FUN.txt and VAR.txt as well as a new folder containing the results from each generation in a folder named optimization_results. After optimization has completed, run $ run_neuromuscular_control --gui to visualize the results from the last generation. To see different generations, follow the instructions above and select a different file.

NOTE: Optimization results will be stored under scripts/neuromuscular_optimization/optimization_results inside a folder named according to the chosen optimization run.

NOTE: To formulate new objective functions and penalties, please refer to the neural controller tutorial.

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3. Sensitivity Analysis

• First, download the data from sensitivity analyses here. Place these files into the folder, data/sensitivity_analysis
• To reproduce the sensitivity analysis figures, $ run_sensitivity_analysis. Make sure that the downloaded files are in the correct location.

Customizing NeuroMechFly

Each module in NeuroMechFly can be modified to create a customized simulation. Here are some tutorials explaining how to do this:

• Biomechanical model

  • Modify body segments.
  • Modify joints.
  • Change the pose.

• Neural controller

  • Modify the PyBullet joint controller.
  • Modify our neural controller.
  • Incorporate customized controllers.

• Muscle model

  • Modify our muscle model.
  • Incorporate customized muscle models.

• Environment

  • Manage the simulation options.
  • Initialize the simulation.
  • Add objects to the environment.

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Miscellaneous

1. Central Pattern Generator Controller

• To see the CPG network, navigate to data/locomotion_network/ and run $ python locomotion.py
• Please refer to FARMS Network to learn more about how to design new neural network controllers.

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2. Blender Model

• To visualize the biomechanical model, first install Blender.
• After installation, navigate to data/design/blender and open neuromechfly_full_model.blend with Blender.

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3. Reproducing the Figures

• All of the plotting functions used in the paper can be found in NeuroMechFly/utils/plotting.py. Please refer to the docstrings provided in the code for details on how to plot your simulation data.
• For example, to reproduce the plots on Figs. 4 and 5 panel E, first, run the script run_kinematic_replay or run_kinematic_replay_ground, and then use:

from NeuroMechFly.utils import plotting
from pathlib import Path
import pickle
import glob
import os

path_data = '~/NeuroMechFly/scripts/kinematic_replay/simulation_results/<name-of-the-results-folder>'

# Selecting a behavior (walking or grooming)
behavior = 'walking'

# Selecting a fly
fly_number = 1

# Selecting the right front leg for plotting (other options are LF, RM, LM, LH, or RH)
leg = 'LF' # 'RF' for grooming

# Reading angles from a file
angles_path = os.path.join(str(Path.home()),f'NeuroMechFly/data/joint_tracking/{behavior}/fly{fly_number}/df3d/')
file_path = glob.glob(f'{angles_path}/joint_angles*.pkl')[0]
with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
    angles = pickle.load(f)

# Defining time limits for a plot (in seconds)
start_time = 3.0 # 0.5 for grooming
stop_time = 5.0 # 2.5 for grooming

plotting.plot_data(path_data,
		   leg,
		   sim_data=behavior,
		   angles=angles,
		   plot_angles_intraleg=True,
		   plot_torques=True,
		   plot_grf=True,
		   plot_collisions=True,
		   collisions_across=True,
		   begin=start_time,
		   end=stop_time)

• To reproduce gait/collision diagrams from Figs. 4 and 5, first, run the script run_kinematic_replay or run_kinematic_replay_ground, and then use:

from NeuroMechFly.utils import plotting

path_data = '~/NeuroMechFly/scripts/kinematic_replay/simulation_results/<name-of-the-results-folder>'

# Selecting walking behavior
behavior = 'walking'

# Defining time limits for the plot (seconds)
start_time = 3.0 # 0.5 for grooming
stop_time = 5.0 # 2.5 for grooming

plotting.plot_collision_diagram(path_data,
		                behavior,
		                begin=start_time,
		                end=stop_time)

• For reproducing plots from Fig. 6 panel E, and F, first, run the script run_neuromuscular_control, and then use:

from NeuroMechFly.utils import plotting

# e.g. type: fastest, tradeoff, most_stable, or the individual, number: generation number
path_data = '~/NeuroMechFly/scripts/neuromuscular_optimization/simulation_last_run/gen_<number>/sol_<type>'

# Selecting the joint of interest (Coxa-Trochanter/Femur)
link = 'Femur'

# Defining time limits for the plot (in seconds)
start_time = 1.0
stop_time = 1.5

plotting.plot_network_activity(
    results_path=path_data,
    link=link,
    beg=start_time,
    end=stop_time
)

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4. The CT-scan Data

File containing the raw X-ray microtomography data could be downloaded here.

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License

Apache 2.0

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README for the GitHub Pages Branch

This branch is simply a cache for the website served from https://nely-epfl.github.io/NeuroMechFly/, and is not intended to be viewed on github.com.