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183 changes: 92 additions & 91 deletions CITATION.cff
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cff-version: 1.2.0
message: If you use this code, please cite it as below.

title: Meta-analytic decoding of the cortical gradient of functional connectivity
title: Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity

abstract: |
Macroscale gradients have emerged as a central principle for understanding functional brain
organization. Previous studies have demonstrated that a principal gradient of connectivity in
the human brain exists, with unimodal primary sensorimotor regions situated at one end, and
the human brain exists, with unimodal primary sensorimotor regions situated at one end and
transmodal regions associated with the default mode network and representative of abstract
functioning at the other. The functional significance and interpretation of macroscale gradients
remains a central topic of discussion in the neuroimaging community, with some studies
demonstrating that gradients may be described using meta-analytic functional decoding techniques.
However, additional methodological development is necessary to more fully leverage available
However, additional methodological development is necessary to fully leverage available
meta-analytic methods and resources and quantitatively evaluate their relative performance.
Here, we conducted a comprehensive series of analyses to investigate and improve the framework
of data-driven, meta-analytic methods, thereby establishing a principled approach for gradient
segmentation and functional decoding. We found that a small number of segments determined by a
K-means segmentation approach and an LDA-based meta-analysis combined with the NeuroQuery
segmentation and functional decoding. We found that a two-segment solution determined by a
k-means segmentation approach and an LDA-based meta-analysis combined with the NeuroQuery
database was the optimal combination of methods for decoding functional connectivity gradients.
Taken together, the current work aims to provide recommendations on best practices, along with
flexible methods, for gradient-based functional decoding of fMRI data.
Finally, we proposed a method for decoding additional components of the gradient decomposition.
The current work aims to provide recommendations on best practices and flexible methods for
gradient-based functional decoding of fMRI data.
repository-code: https://github.com/NBCLab/gradient-decoding

identifiers:
- type: doi
value: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.01.551505
description: Meta-analytic decoding of the cortical gradient of functional connectivity
value: https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00081
description: Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity

contact:
- given-names: Julio A
family-names: Peraza
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ authors:
- given-names: James D
family-names: Kent
orcid: 0000-0002-4892-2659
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jessica E
family-names: Bartley
orcid: 0000-0001-7269-9701
Expand All @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ authors:
- given-names: Kimberly L
family-names: Ray
orcid: 0000-0003-1302-2834
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jennifer L
family-names: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-7389-3047
Expand All @@ -103,89 +104,89 @@ authors:
- given-names: Alejandro
family-names: de la Vega
orcid: 0000-0001-9062-3778
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Angela R
family-names: Laird
orcid: 0000-0003-3379-8744
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

preferred-citation:
authors:
- given-names: Julio A
family-names: Peraza
orcid: 0000-0003-3816-5903
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Taylor
family-names: Salo
orcid: 0000-0001-9813-3167
affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- given-names: Michael C
family-names: Michael
orcid: 0000-0002-1860-4449
affiliation: LTI Engineering and Software, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- given-names: Katherine L
family-names: Bottenhorn
orcid: 0000-0002-7796-8795
affiliation: Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- given-names: Jean-Baptiste
family-names: Poline
orcid: 0000-0002-9794-749X
affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- given-names: Jérôme
family-names: Dockès
orcid: 0000-0002-5304-2496
affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- given-names: James D
family-names: Kent
orcid: 0000-0002-4892-2659
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jessica E
family-names: Bartley
orcid: 0000-0001-7269-9701
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Jessica S
family-names: Flannery
orcid: 0000-0003-3274-1578
affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- given-names: Lauren D
family-names: Hill-Bowen
orcid: 0000-0002-9817-7757
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Rosario
family-names: Pintos Lobo
orcid: 0000-0002-7679-1385
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Ranjita
family-names: Poudel
orcid: 0000-0003-4343-1153
affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- given-names: Kimberly L
family-names: Ray
orcid: 0000-0003-1302-2834
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jennifer L
family-names: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-7389-3047
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- given-names: Robert W
family-names: Laird
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Matthew T
family-names: Sutherland
orcid: 0000-0002-6091-4037
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Alejandro
family-names: de la Vega
orcid: 0000-0001-9062-3778
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Angela R
family-names: Laird
orcid: 0000-0003-3379-8744
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
title: "Meta-analytic decoding of the cortical gradient of functional connectivity"
doi: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551505
date-released: 2023-08-03
url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551505v1"
journal: bioRxiv
type: article
- given-names: Julio A
family-names: Peraza
orcid: 0000-0003-3816-5903
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Taylor
family-names: Salo
orcid: 0000-0001-9813-3167
affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- given-names: Michael C
family-names: Michael
orcid: 0000-0002-1860-4449
affiliation: LTI Engineering and Software, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- given-names: Katherine L
family-names: Bottenhorn
orcid: 0000-0002-7796-8795
affiliation: Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- given-names: Jean-Baptiste
family-names: Poline
orcid: 0000-0002-9794-749X
affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- given-names: Jérôme
family-names: Dockès
orcid: 0000-0002-5304-2496
affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- given-names: James D
family-names: Kent
orcid: 0000-0002-4892-2659
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jessica E
family-names: Bartley
orcid: 0000-0001-7269-9701
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Jessica S
family-names: Flannery
orcid: 0000-0003-3274-1578
affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- given-names: Lauren D
family-names: Hill-Bowen
orcid: 0000-0002-9817-7757
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Rosario
family-names: Pintos Lobo
orcid: 0000-0002-7679-1385
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Ranjita
family-names: Poudel
orcid: 0000-0003-4343-1153
affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- given-names: Kimberly L
family-names: Ray
orcid: 0000-0003-1302-2834
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Jennifer L
family-names: Robinson
orcid: 0000-0001-7389-3047
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- given-names: Robert W
family-names: Laird
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Matthew T
family-names: Sutherland
orcid: 0000-0002-6091-4037
affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- given-names: Alejandro
family-names: de la Vega
orcid: 0000-0001-9062-3778
affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- given-names: Angela R
family-names: Laird
orcid: 0000-0003-3379-8744
affiliation: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

title: "Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity"
doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00081
date-released: 2024-02-02
url: "https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00081"
journal: Imaging Neuroscience
type: article
61 changes: 33 additions & 28 deletions README.md
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# gradient-decoding
Meta-analytic decoding of the cortical gradient of functional connectivity

Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity

## Summary
This repository contains all code required to reproduce the analyses and figures of the
"Meta-analytic decoding of the cortical gradient of functional connectivity" paper.
See the preprint version for more details: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.01.551505

This repository contains all code required to reproduce the analyses and figures of the
"Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity" paper.
Please refer to the paper for further details: https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00081

## Workflow

The workflow consists of the following steps:

1. Functional Connectivity Gradients:
* HCP S1200 resting-state fMRI data were used to generate functional connectivity and compute
the affinity matrix.
* Diffusion map embedding was applied to identify the principal gradient of functional
connectivity.
- HCP S1200 resting-state fMRI data were used to generate functional connectivity and compute
the affinity matrix.
- Diffusion map embedding was applied to identify the principal gradient of functional
connectivity.
2. Segmentation and Gradient Maps:
* Whole-brain gradient maps were segmented to divide the gradient spectrum into a finite number
of brain maps.
* Three different segmentation approaches were evaluated: percentile-based (PCT), k-means
(KMeans), and KDE.
* Individual segments were transformed into pseudo-activation brain maps for decoding.
* The three segmentation approaches were evaluated using the silhouette, variance ratio,
and cluster separation scores.
- Whole-brain gradient maps were segmented to divide the gradient spectrum into a finite number
of brain maps.
- Three different segmentation approaches were evaluated: percentile-based (PCT), k-means
(KMeans), and KDE.
- Individual segments were transformed into pseudo-activation brain maps for decoding.
- The three segmentation approaches were evaluated using the silhouette, variance ratio,
and cluster separation scores.
3. Meta-analytic Functional Decoding:
* Six different meta-analytic decoding strategies were implemented on surface space, derived
from three sets of meta-analytic maps (i.e., term-based (Term), LDA, and GCLDA) and two
databases (i.e., NS: [Neurosynth](https://github.com/neurosynth/neurosynth-data)
and NQ: [NeuroQuery](https://github.com/neuroquery/neuroquery_data)).
- Six different meta-analytic decoding strategies were implemented on surface space, derived
from three sets of meta-analytic maps (i.e., term-based (Term), LDA, and GCLDA) and two
databases (i.e., NS: [Neurosynth](https://github.com/neurosynth/neurosynth-data)
and NQ: [NeuroQuery](https://github.com/neuroquery/neuroquery_data)).
4. Performance of Decoding Strategies:
* The resultant 18 different decoding strategies were evaluated using four performance metrics,
assessed by comparing correlation profiles, semantic similarity metrics (i.e., information
content (IC) and TFIDF), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
- The resultant 18 different decoding strategies were evaluated using four performance metrics,
assessed by comparing correlation profiles, semantic similarity metrics (i.e., information
content (IC) and TFIDF), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
5. Multidimensional Decoding:
* Finally, we performed a multidimensional decoding using the first four components together.
- Finally, we performed a multidimensional decoding using the first four components together.

![Fig-01](https://github.com/NBCLab/gradient-decoding/assets/52050407/fcdc4ae3-9219-4c58-9d17-8336c56c6bb8)

## How to use

### 1. Install dependencies

In order to execute the workflow (`workflow.py`), you will need to install all of the Python libraries
In order to execute the workflow (`workflow.py`), you will need to install all of the Python libraries
that are required. The required library and associated versions are available in `requirements.txt`.

The easiest way to install the requirements is with Conda.
Expand All @@ -51,10 +53,12 @@ conda create -p /path/to/gradientdec_env pip python=3.9
conda activate /path/to/gradientdec_env
pip install -r requirements.txt
```

### 2. Download data files

The analysis workflow is computationally intensive. If a user would like to skip any step, they will need to
download the necessary files in `data` and `results` from our OSF page: https://osf.io/xzfrt/.
The analysis workflow is computationally intensive. If a user would like to skip any step, they
will need to download the necessary files in `data` and `results` from our OSF
page: https://osf.io/xzfrt/.

### 3. Run the workflow

Expand All @@ -72,10 +76,11 @@ sbatch ./jobs/run_workflow.sh

## Citation

If you use this code in your research, please acknowledge this work by citing the paper: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.01.551505.
If you use this code in your research, please acknowledge this work by citing the
paper: https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00081.

## Note

The script `workflow.py` should be used only for reproducibility purposes of the linked paper.
In order to perform the proposed analysis in your data, please refer to the Python package
In order to perform the proposed analysis in your data, please refer to the Python package
[Gradec](https://github.com/JulioAPeraza/gradec).

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