alter_table: Add design doc

[ParkMyCar]

Rendered

Motivation

Adds the design doc that was previously discussed in Notion.

Tips for reviewer

Checklist

• This PR has adequate test coverage / QA involvement has been duly considered. (trigger-ci for additional test/nightly runs)
• This PR has an associated up-to-date design doc, is a design doc (template), or is sufficiently small to not require a design.
• If this PR evolves an existing $T ⇔ Proto$T mapping (possibly in a backwards-incompatible way), then it is tagged with a T-proto label.
• If this PR will require changes to cloud orchestration or tests, there is a companion cloud PR to account for those changes that is tagged with the release-blocker label (example).
• If this PR includes major user-facing behavior changes, I have pinged the relevant PM to schedule a changelog post.

[ParkMyCar]

@antiguru, @petrosagg, @jkosh44. This is the same design doc from Notion, but with the discussion from the comments added in! Would appreciate any more feedback y'all have, and a stamp when it looks good :)