Fix external IO loop thead interaction and add function to Base.Experimental to facilitate it's use. Also add a test.

base/experimental.jl

@@ -457,4 +457,28 @@ without adding them to the global method table.
 """
 :@MethodTable
 
+"""
+    Base.Experimental.make_io_thread()
+
+Create a new thread that will run the Julia IO loop. This can potentially reduce the latency of some
+IO operations as they no longer depend on the main thread to run it. This does mean that code that uses
+this as implicit synchronization needs to be checked for correctness.
+"""
+function make_io_thread()
+    tid = UInt[0]
+    threadwork = @cfunction function(arg::Ptr{Cvoid})
+            current_task().donenotify = Base.ThreadSynchronizer() #TODO: Should this happen by default in adopt thread?
+            Base.errormonitor(current_task()) # this may not go particularly well if the IO loop is dead, but try anyways
+            @ccall jl_set_io_loop_tid((Threads.threadid() - 1)::Int16)::Cvoid
+            wait() # spin uv_run as long as needed
+            nothing
+        end Cvoid (Ptr{Cvoid},)
+    err = @ccall uv_thread_create(tid::Ptr{UInt}, threadwork::Ptr{Cvoid}, C_NULL::Ptr{Cvoid})::Cint
+    err == 0 || Base.uv_error("uv_thread_create", err)
+    @ccall uv_thread_detach(tid::Ptr{UInt})::Cint
+    err == 0 || Base.uv_error("uv_thread_detach", err)
+    # n.b. this does not wait for the thread to start or to take ownership of the event loop
+    nothing
+end
+
 end

base/task.jl

@@ -856,6 +856,11 @@ function task_done_hook(t::Task)
     end
 end
 
+function init_task_lock(t::Task) # Function only called from jl_adopt_thread so foreign tasks have a lock.
+    if t.donenotify === nothing
+        t.donenotify = ThreadSynchronizer()
+    end
+end
 
 ## scheduler and work queue
 

src/scheduler.c

@@ -450,7 +450,8 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_task_t *jl_task_get_next(jl_value_t *trypoptask, jl_value_t *q,
                     // responsibility, so need to make sure thread 0 will take care
                     // of us.
                     if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_uv_mutex.owner) == NULL) // aka trylock
-                        wakeup_thread(ct, 0);
+                        jl_wakeup_thread(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&io_loop_tid));
+
                 }
                 if (uvlock) {
                     int enter_eventloop = may_sleep(ptls);

src/threading.c

@@ -389,6 +389,28 @@ jl_ptls_t jl_init_threadtls(int16_t tid)
     return ptls;
 }
 
+static _Atomic(jl_function_t*) init_task_lock_func JL_GLOBALLY_ROOTED = NULL;
+
+static void jl_init_task_lock(jl_task_t *ct)
+{
+    jl_function_t *done = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&init_task_lock_func);
+    if (done == NULL) {
+        done = (jl_function_t*)jl_get_global(jl_base_module, jl_symbol("init_task_lock"));
+        if (done != NULL)
+            jl_atomic_store_release(&init_task_lock_func, done);
+    }
+    if (done != NULL) {
+        jl_value_t *args[2] = {done, (jl_value_t*)ct};
+        JL_TRY {
+            jl_apply(args, 2);
+        }
+        JL_CATCH {
+            jl_no_exc_handler(jl_current_exception(ct), ct);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_gcframe_t **jl_adopt_thread(void)
 {
     // `jl_init_threadtls` puts us in a GC unsafe region, so ensure GC isn't running.
@@ -411,6 +433,8 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_gcframe_t **jl_adopt_thread(void)
     JL_GC_PROMISE_ROOTED(ct);
     uv_random(NULL, NULL, &ct->rngState, sizeof(ct->rngState), 0, NULL);
     jl_atomic_fetch_add(&jl_gc_disable_counter, -1);
+    ct->world_age = jl_get_world_counter(); // root_task sets world_age to 1
+    jl_init_task_lock(ct);
     return &ct->gcstack;
 }
 

test/threads.jl

@@ -360,6 +360,54 @@ end
     end
 end
 
+@testset "io_thread" begin
+    function io_thread_test()
+        # This test creates a thread that does IO and then blocks the main julia thread
+        # This test hangs if you don't spawn an IO thread.
+        # It hanging or not is technically a race but I haven't seen julia win that race yet.
+        cmd = """
+        Base.Experimental.make_io_thread()
+        function callback()::Cvoid
+            println("Running a command")
+            run(`echo 42`)
+            return
+        end
+        function call_on_thread(callback::Ptr{Nothing})
+            tid = UInt[0]
+            threadwork = @cfunction function(arg::Ptr{Cvoid})
+                current_task().donenotify = Base.ThreadSynchronizer()
+                Base.errormonitor(current_task())
+                println("Calling Julia from thread")
+                ccall(arg, Cvoid, ())
+                nothing
+            end Cvoid (Ptr{Cvoid},)
+            err = @ccall uv_thread_create(tid::Ptr{UInt}, threadwork::Ptr{Cvoid}, callback::Ptr{Cvoid})::Cint
+            err == 0 || Base.uv_error("uv_thread_create", err)
+            gc_state = @ccall jl_gc_safe_enter()::Int8
+            err = @ccall uv_thread_join(tid::Ptr{UInt})::Cint
+            @ccall jl_gc_safe_leave(gc_state::Int8)::Cvoid
+            err == 0 || Base.uv_error("uv_thread_join", err)
+            return
+        end
+        function main()
+            callback_ptr = @cfunction(callback, Cvoid, ())
+            call_on_thread(callback_ptr)
+            println("Done")
+        end
+        main()
+
+        """
+        proc = run(pipeline(`$(Base.julia_cmd()) -e $cmd`), wait=false)
+        sleep(2) # Is there a better way to do this?
+        if process_running(proc)
+            kill(proc)
+            throw(ErrorException("Process did not exit in time"))
+        end
+        return true
+    end
+    @test io_thread_test()
+end
+
 # Make sure default number of BLAS threads respects CPU affinity: issue #55572.
 @testset "LinearAlgebra number of default threads" begin
     if AFFINITY_SUPPORTED