This Hands on Tutorial Session (HATS) is intended to provide you with basic familiarity of pyROOT and ROOTpy. pyROOT is a Python extension module which provides bindings for all classes within the ROOT libraries and is easily used in unison with C++. Whereas the ROOTpy project provides a more pythonic interface with ROOT on top of the PyROOT bindings.
The primary goal of these exercises is to obtain a general understanding of the syntax required to import and make use of the ROOT libraries within a basic Python script as well as to illustrate how to make use of C++ classes in order to save computing time.
Whether you use Python, C++ or some combination of the two to complete your analysis is a personal preference, however with the current lack of documentation on pyROOT, many students stick with C++ in order to ensure their access to coding examples and experts. It is our hope that through providing you with this basic introduction and Github repository of example scripts, that we can bring together the existing pyROOT/ROOTpy community within CMS and foster its growth.
We will use Jupyter to present these tutorials, only because it is a convenient interface to Python. Everything that we will present can be performed the normal way, by editing scripts and running them from the command line (with python -i in your terminal). However, a notebook interface lets you interact with the process and retry steps, which is good for learning.
Before proceeding with the next step, which will open an ssh tunnel to the lpc cluster, please review the content of your ~/.ssh/config file on your system by executing:
cat ~/.ssh/config
In case the file does already contain the following lines, consider adding them (opening the file with your favorite editor):
Host cmslpc*.fnal.gov
StrictHostKeyChecking no
UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null
Please note this is not safe in general, so make sure you have the Host cmslpc*.fnal.gov line in there!
When you log into cmslpc, add a -L option to your ssh command:
ssh -L localhost:8888:localhost:8888 <YOUR USERNAME>@cmslpc-sl6.fnal.gov ## PLEASE PICK A DIFFERENT NUMBER
## BESIDES 8888
## Try picking something random so that
## others don't choose the same number
On cmslpc, if you do not already have one, create a HATS directory in your ~/nobackup directory (which has a more generous quota than your home directory):
mkdir ~/nobackup/HATS
move to it:
cd ~/nobackup/HATS
and create a CMSSW directory as usual (version 9 and above):
for bash:
source /cvmfs/cms.cern.ch/cmsset_default.sh
for cshell:
source /cvmfs/cms.cern.ch/cmsset_default.csh
for bash:
export SCRAM_ARCH=slc6_amd64_gcc530
for cshell:
setenv SCRAM_ARCH slc6_amd64_gcc530
either way:
cmsrel CMSSW_9_0_1
cd CMSSW_9_0_1/src
cmsenv
And now start Jupyter with this command:
jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=8888 --ip=127.0.0.1 ## Please change the '8888' to
## the port number you chose earlier
If that does not work you can use this command:
jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=8888 --ip=localhost ## Please change the '8888' to
## the port number you chose earlier
After a pause (while cmslpc loads the necessary libraries for the first time) you should see a message like the following:
[I 08:22:45.871 NotebookApp] Serving notebooks from local directory: /uscms_data/d2/pivarski/CMSSW_9_0_0_pre6/src
[I 08:22:45.871 NotebookApp] 0 active kernels
[I 08:22:45.871 NotebookApp] The Jupyter Notebook is running at: http://localhost:8888/?token=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
[I 08:22:45.871 NotebookApp] Use Control-C to stop this server and shut down all kernels (twice to skip confirmation).
[C 08:22:45.873 NotebookApp]
Copy/paste this URL into your browser when you connect for the first time,
to login with a token:
http://localhost:8888/?token=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Copy/paste the URL it gives you into your web browser and from now on, all interactions with Python and your user account will be through the browser. The -L option we passed to ssh is forwarding Jupyter's web traffic through SSH, so your account is safe, even if you access it from home.
Jupyter and all the other Python libraries we will be studying are bundled in CMSSW. For these exercises, there is no need to install anything else.
In your browser, create a new notebook using the menu on the right:
Now you have two tabs: one for finding files and notebooks, one for editing and running code. Try a little Python code: type
import ROOT
into the first cell and hit shift-enter to evaluate it. (Enter alone lets you write a multi-line cell.)
This notebook is running on cmslpc in your user account. You can also execute shell commands by starting the command with an exclamation point (!). Try
!pwd
to see that you are in your CMSSW directory. (Alternatively, you can start a traditional terminal instead of a notebook from the "New" menu on the directory tab.)
To download the tutorials, type
!git clone https://github.com/FNALLPC/scientific-python-hats.git
and hit shift-enter in your notebook. After a few seconds, you should see output like this:
Cloning into 'scientific-python-hats'...
remote: Counting objects: 9, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Total 9 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (9/9), done.
and in your directory tab, there's a new directory called scientific-python-hats. All of the tutorials and exercises are in there.
From this point on, follow the instructions in the notebook of your choice (for the PyROOT and rootpy HATS@LPC start from the README.md in the pyROOT_essentials directory.
As an extra debugging note, if you choose to do the ssh -L command and the jupyter command in two separate terminals, be sure they are connected to the same cmslpc node, for example: cmslpc38.fnal.gov.