我们经常谈论程序，程序实际上就是一堆指令和数据的集合，这个集合反映在了一个静态可执行文件和相关的配置文件等，而进程是什么呢？
操作系统可以运行多个程序，那他是如何运行的？实际上，CPU的执行是很快的，而待运行的程序很多，那么为了让操作系统运行多个程序，CPU会把它的执行时间划分成很多段，比如每一段是0.1秒，那么就可以这样A程序运行0.1秒，然后B程序运行0.1，然后C程序运行0.2秒，因为这个切换很快，所以我们感觉程序是同时运行的。
从操作系统上看上面提到的运行程序就是指一个进程，因为存在切换，所以进程管理了很多资源（如打开的文件、挂起的信号、进程状态、内存地址空间等等），也就是说进程参与了CPU的调度，和管理了所有资源，哦，这句话，不是很正确，实际上现代CPU的执行非常非常快，而且操作系统有多个CPU，使用一个进程参与调度时，频繁地从CPU的寄存器和进程堆栈的保存运行状态和对应的信息都很耗时，所以现代CPU将进程仅仅作为一个资源管理的东东，而引入了线程作为CPU调度的基本单位，多个线程可以共享同一进程的所有资源（后面会讲线程）。
注意，程序并不是进程，实际上两个或多个进程不仅有可能执行同一程序，而且还有可能共享地址空间等资源。
Linux内核通过一个被称为进程描述符的task_struct结构体来管理进程，这个结构体包含了一个进程所需的所有信息。它定义在include/linux/sched.h文件中。
谈到task_struct结构体，可以说她是linux内核源码中最复杂的一个结构体了，成员之多，占用内存之大。比如我们来稍微观摩下这个最复杂的结构：
struct task_struct {
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/*
* For reasons of header soup (see current_thread_info()), this
* must be the first element of task_struct.
*/
struct thread_info thread_info;
#endif
/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped: */
volatile long state;
/*
* This begins the randomizable portion of task_struct. Only
* scheduling-critical items should be added above here.
*/
randomized_struct_fields_start
void *stack;
atomic_t usage;
/* Per task flags (PF_*), defined further below: */
unsigned int flags;
unsigned int ptrace;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
struct llist_node wake_entry;
int on_cpu;
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/* Current CPU: */
unsigned int cpu;
#endif
unsigned int wakee_flips;
unsigned long wakee_flip_decay_ts;
struct task_struct *last_wakee;
/*
* recent_used_cpu is initially set as the last CPU used by a task
* that wakes affine another task. Waker/wakee relationships can
* push tasks around a CPU where each wakeup moves to the next one.
* Tracking a recently used CPU allows a quick search for a recently
* used CPU that may be idle.
*/
int recent_used_cpu;
int wake_cpu;
#endif
int on_rq;
int prio;
int static_prio;
int normal_prio;
unsigned int rt_priority;
const struct sched_class *sched_class;
struct sched_entity se;
struct sched_rt_entity rt;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHED
struct task_group *sched_task_group;
#endif
struct sched_dl_entity dl;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS
/* List of struct preempt_notifier: */
struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
unsigned int btrace_seq;
#endif
unsigned int policy;
int nr_cpus_allowed;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
union rcu_special rcu_read_unlock_special;
struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU */
#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
unsigned long rcu_tasks_nvcsw;
u8 rcu_tasks_holdout;
u8 rcu_tasks_idx;
int rcu_tasks_idle_cpu;
struct list_head rcu_tasks_holdout_list;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU */
struct sched_info sched_info;
struct list_head tasks;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
struct plist_node pushable_tasks;
struct rb_node pushable_dl_tasks;
#endif
struct mm_struct *mm;
struct mm_struct *active_mm;
/* Per-thread vma caching: */
struct vmacache vmacache;
#ifdef SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING
struct task_rss_stat rss_stat;
#endif
int exit_state;
int exit_code;
int exit_signal;
/* The signal sent when the parent dies: */
int pdeath_signal;
/* JOBCTL_*, siglock protected: */
unsigned long jobctl;
/* Used for emulating ABI behavior of previous Linux versions: */
unsigned int personality;
/* Scheduler bits, serialized by scheduler locks: */
unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;
unsigned sched_contributes_to_load:1;
unsigned sched_migrated:1;
unsigned sched_remote_wakeup:1;
/* Force alignment to the next boundary: */
unsigned :0;
/* Unserialized, strictly 'current' */
/* Bit to tell LSMs we're in execve(): */
unsigned in_execve:1;
unsigned in_iowait:1;
#ifndef TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK
unsigned restore_sigmask:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
unsigned in_user_fault:1;
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
unsigned memcg_kmem_skip_account:1;
#endif
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
unsigned brk_randomized:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* disallow userland-initiated cgroup migration */
unsigned no_cgroup_migration:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP
/* to be used once the psi infrastructure lands upstream. */
unsigned use_memdelay:1;
#endif
unsigned long atomic_flags; /* Flags requiring atomic access. */
struct restart_block restart_block;
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
#ifdef CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR
/* Canary value for the -fstack-protector GCC feature: */
unsigned long stack_canary;
#endif
/*
* Pointers to the (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->real_parent->pid)
*/
/* Real parent process: */
struct task_struct __rcu *real_parent;
/* Recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports: */
struct task_struct __rcu *parent;
/*
* Children/sibling form the list of natural children:
*/
struct list_head children;
struct list_head sibling;
struct task_struct *group_leader;
/*
* 'ptraced' is the list of tasks this task is using ptrace() on.
*
* This includes both natural children and PTRACE_ATTACH targets.
* 'ptrace_entry' is this task's link on the p->parent->ptraced list.
*/
struct list_head ptraced;
struct list_head ptrace_entry;
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid *thread_pid;
struct hlist_node pid_links[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct list_head thread_group;
struct list_head thread_node;
struct completion *vfork_done;
/* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID: */
int __user *set_child_tid;
/* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID: */
int __user *clear_child_tid;
u64 utime;
u64 stime;
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SCALED_CPUTIME
u64 utimescaled;
u64 stimescaled;
#endif
u64 gtime;
struct prev_cputime prev_cputime;
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING_GEN
struct vtime vtime;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
atomic_t tick_dep_mask;
#endif
/* Context switch counts: */
unsigned long nvcsw;
unsigned long nivcsw;
/* Monotonic time in nsecs: */
u64 start_time;
/* Boot based time in nsecs: */
u64 real_start_time;
/* MM fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific: */
unsigned long min_flt;
unsigned long maj_flt;
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX_TIMERS
struct task_cputime cputime_expires;
struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
#endif
/* Process credentials: */
/* Tracer's credentials at attach: */
const struct cred __rcu *ptracer_cred;
/* Objective and real subjective task credentials (COW): */
const struct cred __rcu *real_cred;
/* Effective (overridable) subjective task credentials (COW): */
const struct cred __rcu *cred;
/*
* executable name, excluding path.
*
* - normally initialized setup_new_exec()
* - access it with [gs]et_task_comm()
* - lock it with task_lock()
*/
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
struct nameidata *nameidata;
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
struct sysv_shm sysvshm;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK
unsigned long last_switch_count;
unsigned long last_switch_time;
#endif
/* Filesystem information: */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* Open file information: */
struct files_struct *files;
/* Namespaces: */
struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
/* Signal handlers: */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked;
sigset_t real_blocked;
/* Restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used: */
sigset_t saved_sigmask;
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
unsigned int sas_ss_flags;
struct callback_head *task_works;
struct audit_context *audit_context;
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
kuid_t loginuid;
unsigned int sessionid;
#endif
struct seccomp seccomp;
/* Thread group tracking: */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection against (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed, mempolicy: */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
raw_spinlock_t pi_lock;
struct wake_q_node wake_q;
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
/* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task: */
struct rb_root_cached pi_waiters;
/* Updated under owner's pi_lock and rq lock */
struct task_struct *pi_top_task;
/* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling: */
struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
/* Mutex deadlock detection: */
struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
unsigned int irq_events;
unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
int hardirqs_enabled;
int hardirq_context;
unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
int softirqs_enabled;
int softirq_context;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL
u64 curr_chain_key;
int lockdep_depth;
unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UBSAN
unsigned int in_ubsan;
#endif
/* Journalling filesystem info: */
void *journal_info;
/* Stacked block device info: */
struct bio_list *bio_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK
/* Stack plugging: */
struct blk_plug *plug;
#endif
/* VM state: */
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct io_context *io_context;
/* Ptrace state: */
unsigned long ptrace_message;
siginfo_t *last_siginfo;
struct task_io_accounting ioac;
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_XACCT
/* Accumulated RSS usage: */
u64 acct_rss_mem1;
/* Accumulated virtual memory usage: */
u64 acct_vm_mem1;
/* stime + utime since last update: */
u64 acct_timexpd;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
/* Protected by ->alloc_lock: */
nodemask_t mems_allowed;
/* Seqence number to catch updates: */
seqcount_t mems_allowed_seq;
int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
int cpuset_slab_spread_rotor;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock: */
struct css_set __rcu *cgroups;
/* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock: */
struct list_head cg_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_INTEL_RDT
u32 closid;
u32 rmid;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
struct list_head pi_state_list;
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS
struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp[perf_nr_task_contexts];
struct mutex perf_event_mutex;
struct list_head perf_event_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT
unsigned long preempt_disable_ip;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/* Protected by alloc_lock: */
struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
short il_prev;
short pref_node_fork;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
int numa_scan_seq;
unsigned int numa_scan_period;
unsigned int numa_scan_period_max;
int numa_preferred_nid;
unsigned long numa_migrate_retry;
/* Migration stamp: */
u64 node_stamp;
u64 last_task_numa_placement;
u64 last_sum_exec_runtime;
struct callback_head numa_work;
struct numa_group *numa_group;
/*
* numa_faults is an array split into four regions:
* faults_memory, faults_cpu, faults_memory_buffer, faults_cpu_buffer
* in this precise order.
*
* faults_memory: Exponential decaying average of faults on a per-node
* basis. Scheduling placement decisions are made based on these
* counts. The values remain static for the duration of a PTE scan.
* faults_cpu: Track the nodes the process was running on when a NUMA
* hinting fault was incurred.
* faults_memory_buffer and faults_cpu_buffer: Record faults per node
* during the current scan window. When the scan completes, the counts
* in faults_memory and faults_cpu decay and these values are copied.
*/
unsigned long *numa_faults;
unsigned long total_numa_faults;
/*
* numa_faults_locality tracks if faults recorded during the last
* scan window were remote/local or failed to migrate. The task scan
* period is adapted based on the locality of the faults with different
* weights depending on whether they were shared or private faults
*/
unsigned long numa_faults_locality[3];
unsigned long numa_pages_migrated;
#endif /* CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING */
#ifdef CONFIG_RSEQ
struct rseq __user *rseq;
u32 rseq_len;
u32 rseq_sig;
/*
* RmW on rseq_event_mask must be performed atomically
* with respect to preemption.
*/
unsigned long rseq_event_mask;
#endif
struct tlbflush_unmap_batch tlb_ubc;
struct rcu_head rcu;
/* Cache last used pipe for splice(): */
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
struct page_frag task_frag;
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION
int make_it_fail;
unsigned int fail_nth;
#endif
/*
* When (nr_dirtied >= nr_dirtied_pause), it's time to call
* balance_dirty_pages() for a dirty throttling pause:
*/
int nr_dirtied;
int nr_dirtied_pause;
/* Start of a write-and-pause period: */
unsigned long dirty_paused_when;
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP
int latency_record_count;
struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];
#endif
/*
* Time slack values; these are used to round up poll() and
* select() etc timeout values. These are in nanoseconds.
*/
u64 timer_slack_ns;
u64 default_timer_slack_ns;
#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
unsigned int kasan_depth;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
/* Index of current stored address in ret_stack: */
int curr_ret_stack;
/* Stack of return addresses for return function tracing: */
struct ftrace_ret_stack *ret_stack;
/* Timestamp for last schedule: */
unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp;
/*
* Number of functions that haven't been traced
* because of depth overrun:
*/
atomic_t trace_overrun;
/* Pause tracing: */
atomic_t tracing_graph_pause;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
/* State flags for use by tracers: */
unsigned long trace;
/* Bitmask and counter of trace recursion: */
unsigned long trace_recursion;
#endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
#ifdef CONFIG_KCOV
/* Coverage collection mode enabled for this task (0 if disabled): */
unsigned int kcov_mode;
/* Size of the kcov_area: */
unsigned int kcov_size;
/* Buffer for coverage collection: */
void *kcov_area;
/* KCOV descriptor wired with this task or NULL: */
struct kcov *kcov;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
struct mem_cgroup *memcg_in_oom;
gfp_t memcg_oom_gfp_mask;
int memcg_oom_order;
/* Number of pages to reclaim on returning to userland: */
unsigned int memcg_nr_pages_over_high;
/* Used by memcontrol for targeted memcg charge: */
struct mem_cgroup *active_memcg;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP
struct request_queue *throttle_queue;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UPROBES
struct uprobe_task *utask;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_BCACHE) || defined(CONFIG_BCACHE_MODULE)
unsigned int sequential_io;
unsigned int sequential_io_avg;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP
unsigned long task_state_change;
#endif
int pagefault_disabled;
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
struct task_struct *oom_reaper_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VMAP_STACK
struct vm_struct *stack_vm_area;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/* A live task holds one reference: */
atomic_t stack_refcount;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LIVEPATCH
int patch_state;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
/* Used by LSM modules for access restriction: */
void *security;
#endif
/*
* New fields for task_struct should be added above here, so that
* they are included in the randomized portion of task_struct.
*/
randomized_struct_fields_end
/* CPU-specific state of this task: */
struct thread_struct thread;
/*
* WARNING: on x86, 'thread_struct' contains a variable-sized
* structure. It *MUST* be at the end of 'task_struct'.
*
* Do not put anything below here!
*/
};
我们可以着重介绍下几个字段：
/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped: */
volatile long state;
state域能够取5个互为排斥的值（通俗一点就是这五个值任意两个不能一起使用，只能单独使用）。系统中的每个进程都必然处于以上所列进程状态中的一种。 5个互斥的进程状态
- TASK_RUNNING : 表示进程要么正在执行，要么正要准备执行（已经就绪），正在等待cpu时间片的调度|
- TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE : 进程因为等待一些条件而被挂起（阻塞）而所处的状态。这些条件主要包括：硬中断、资源、一些信号……，一旦等待的条件成立，进程就会从该状态（阻塞）迅速转化成为就绪状态TASK_RUNNING 。
- TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE : 意义与TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE类似，除了不能通过接受一个信号来唤醒以外，对于处于TASK_UNINTERRUPIBLE状态的进程，哪怕我们传递一个信号或者有一个外部中断都不能唤醒他们。只有它所等待的资源可用的时候，他才会被唤醒。这个标志很少用，但是并不代表没有任何用处，其实他的作用非常大，特别是对于驱动刺探相关的硬件过程很重要，这个刺探过程不能被一些其他的东西给中断，否则就会让进城进入不可预测的状态。
- TASK_STOPPED ：进程被停止执行，当进程接收到SIGSTOP、SIGTTIN、SIGTSTP或者SIGTTOU信号之后就会进入该状态。
- TASK_TRACED ： 表示进程被debugger等进程监视，进程执行被调试程序所停止，当一个进程被另外的进程所监视，每一个信号都会让进城进入该状态。 2个终止状态 其实还有两个附加的进程状态既可以被添加到state域中，又可以被添加到exit_state域中。只有当进程终止的时候，才会达到这两种状态。
/* task state */
int exit_state;
int exit_code, exit_signal;
- EXIT_ZOMBIE : 进程的执行被终止，但是其父进程还没有使用wait()等系统调用来获知它的终止信息，此时进程成为僵尸进程。
- EXIT_DEAD ：进程的最终状态
而exit_code是什么？其实用于设置进程的终止代号，这个值要么是_exit()或exit_group()系统调用参数（正常终止），要么是由内核提供的一个错误代号（异常终止）。
另一个exit_signal是退出信号，被置为-1时表示是某个线程组中的一员。只有当线程组的最后一个成员终止时，才会产生一个信号，以通知线程组的领头进程的父进程。 那么当子进程退出的时候，父进程可以调用wait函数发生阻塞，探测到子进程退出时，wait函数返回，并可以获知子进程的退出码，详情下12.3介绍。 表示进程亲属关系的成员
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->real_parent->pid)
*/
struct task_struct __rcu *real_parent; /* real parent process */
struct task_struct __rcu *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */
/*
* children/sibling forms the list of my natural children
*/
struct list_head children; /* list of my children */
struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent's children list */
struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */
在Linux系统中，所有进程之间都有着直接或间接地联系，每个进程都有其父进程，也可能有零个或多个子进程。拥有同一父进程的所有进程具有兄弟关系。
- real_parent : 指向其父进程，如果创建它的父进程不再存在，则指向PID为1的init进程;
- parent : 指向其父进程，当它终止时，必须向它的父进程发送信号。它的值通常与real_parent相同;
- children : 表示链表的头部，链表中的所有元素都是它的子进程
- sibling : 用于把当前进程插入到兄弟链表中
- group_leader : 指向其所在进程组的领头进程
调度策略相关字段
unsigned int policy;
const struct sched_class *sched_class;
struct sched_entity se;
struct sched_rt_entity rt;
- policy : 调度策略；
- sched_class ：调度类；
- se ：普通进程的调用实体，每个进程都有其中之一的实体；
- rt ：实时进程的调用实体，每个进程都有其中之一的实体；
- cpus_allowed ：用于控制进程可以在哪里处理器上运行。