diff --git a/.github/scripts/install_deps.sh b/.github/scripts/install_deps.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..890ea238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/scripts/install_deps.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+apt-get install -y make expect libssl-dev
+
+# install minikube
+curl -Lo minikube https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-linux-amd64
+install -m 755 minikube /usr/local/bin/minikube
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index d6f1542f..e6ac3e99 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
 
-env:
-  GO_VERSION: '1.21'
-
 jobs:
   format:
     name: Format
@@ -20,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Setup Go
       uses: actions/setup-go@v4
       with:
-        go-version: ${{env.GO_VERSION}}
+        go-version-file: go.mod
 
     - name: Format code
       uses: iamnotaturtle/auto-gofmt@v2.1.0
@@ -38,13 +35,28 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: ${{env.GO_VERSION}}
+          go-version-file: go.mod
 
       - name: golangci-lint
         uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3
         with:
           version: v1.54.2
 
+  test:
+    name: Xline Operator Test
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout code
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - name: Set up Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      with:
+        go-version-file: go.mod
+
+    - name: Build and test
+      run: make test
+
   commit:
     name: Commit Message Validation
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a70a270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: E2E
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  workflow_dispatch: { }
+
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#concurrency
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.actor }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+
+jobs:
+  validation:
+    name: 'Validation'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install Dependencies
+        run: sudo bash ./.github/scripts/install_deps.sh
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+      - name: 'E2E CI'
+        run: bash ./tests/e2e/e2e.sh -p ci
+      - name: clean
+        if: failure()
+        run: bash ./tests/e2e/e2e.sh -c
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 1c4e3850..62c7f42e 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ repos:
       - id: check-merge-conflict
       - id: check-symlinks
       - id: check-yaml
+        args: [--allow-multiple-documents]
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
       - id: mixed-line-ending
       - id: trailing-whitespace
diff --git a/internal/controller/suite_test.go b/internal/controller/suite_test.go
index 3fd0cb28..80181fc6 100644
--- a/internal/controller/suite_test.go
+++ b/internal/controller/suite_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import (
 	logf "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/log"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/log/zap"
 
-	xlinekvstoredatenlordcomv1alpha1 "github.com/xline-kv/xline-operator/api/v1alpha1"
+	xapi "github.com/xline-kv/xline-operator/api/v1alpha1"
 	//+kubebuilder:scaffold:imports
 )
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ var _ = BeforeSuite(func() {
 	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
 	Expect(cfg).NotTo(BeNil())
 
-	err = xlinekvstoredatenlordcomv1alpha1.AddToScheme(scheme.Scheme)
+	err = xapi.AddToScheme(scheme.Scheme)
 	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
 
 	//+kubebuilder:scaffold:scheme
diff --git a/tests/e2e/cases/cases.sh b/tests/e2e/cases/cases.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..690d96de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/cases/cases.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+${__E2E_CASES__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_CASES__=true
+
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/ci.sh"
diff --git a/tests/e2e/cases/ci.sh b/tests/e2e/cases/ci.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a24323b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/cases/ci.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+${__E2E_CASES_CI__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_CASES_CI__=true
+
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../common/common.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../testenv/testenv.sh"
+
+_TEST_CI_CLUSTER_NAME="my-xline-cluster"
+_TEST_CI_STS_NAME="$_TEST_CI_CLUSTER_NAME-sts"
+_TEST_CI_SVC_NAME="$_TEST_CI_CLUSTER_NAME-svc"
+_TEST_CI_NAMESPACE="default"
+_TEST_CI_DNS_SUFFIX="svc.cluster.local"
+_TEST_CI_XLINE_PORT="2379"
+_TEST_CI_LOG_SYNC_TIMEOUT=60
+
+function test::ci::_mk_endpoints() {
+  local endpoints="${_TEST_CI_STS_NAME}-0.${_TEST_CI_SVC_NAME}.${_TEST_CI_NAMESPACE}.${_TEST_CI_DNS_SUFFIX}:${_TEST_CI_XLINE_PORT}"
+  for ((i = 1; i < $1; i++)); do
+    endpoints="${endpoints},${_TEST_CI_STS_NAME}-${i}.${_TEST_CI_SVC_NAME}.${_TEST_CI_NAMESPACE}.${_TEST_CI_DNS_SUFFIX}:${_TEST_CI_XLINE_PORT}"
+  done
+  echo "$endpoints"
+}
+
+function test::ci::_etcdctl_expect() {
+  log::debug "run command: etcdctl --endpoints=$1 $2"
+  got=$(testenv::util::etcdctl --endpoints="$1" "$2")
+  expect=$(echo -e "$3")
+  if [ "${got//$'\r'/}" == "$expect" ]; then
+    log::info "command run success"
+  else
+    log::error "command run failed"
+    log::error "expect: $expect"
+    log::error "got: $got"
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
+function test::ci::_install_CRD() {
+    KUBECTL="minikube kubectl --" make install
+    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
+        log::info "make install: create custom resource definition succeeded"
+    else
+        log::error "make install: create custom resource definition failed"
+    fi
+}
+
+function test::ci::_uninstall_CRD() {
+    KUBECTL="minikube kubectl --" make uninstall
+    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
+        log::info "make uninstall: remove custom resource definition succeeded"
+    else
+        log::error "make uninstall: remove custom resource definition failed"
+    fi
+}
+
+function test::ci::wait_all_xline_pod_ready() {
+  for ((i = 0; i < $1; i++)); do
+    log::info "wait pod/${_TEST_CI_STS_NAME}-${i} to be ready"
+    if ! k8s::kubectl wait --for=condition=Ready pod/${_TEST_CI_STS_NAME}-${i} --timeout=300s; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to wait for util to be ready"
+    fi
+  done
+}
+
+function test::ci::_start() {
+  log::info "starting controller"
+  pushd $(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../
+  test::ci::_install_CRD
+  KUBECTL="minikube kubectl --" make run  >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+  log::info "controller started"
+  popd
+  log::info "starting xline cluster"
+  k8s::kubectl apply -f "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/manifests/cluster.yaml" >/dev/null 2>&1
+  k8s::kubectl::wait_resource_creation sts $_TEST_CI_STS_NAME
+}
+
+function test::ci::_teardown() {
+  log::info "stopping controller"
+  pushd $(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../
+  test::ci::_uninstall_CRD
+  controller_pid=$(ps aux | grep "[g]o run ./cmd/main.go" | awk '{print $2}')
+  if [ -n "$controller_pid" ]; then
+    kill -9 $controller_pid
+  fi
+}
+
+function test::ci::_chaos() {
+  size=$1
+  iters=$2
+  max_kill=$((size / 2))
+  log::info "chaos: size=$size, iters=$iters, max_kill=$max_kill"
+  for ((i = 0; i < iters; i++)); do
+    log::info "chaos: iter=$i"
+    endpoints=$(test::ci::_mk_endpoints size)
+    test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "put A $i" "OK" || return $?
+    test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "get A" "A\n$i" || return $?
+    kill=$((RANDOM % max_kill + 1))
+    log::info "chaos: kill=$kill"
+    for ((j = 0; j < kill; j++)); do
+      pod="${_TEST_CI_STS_NAME}-$((RANDOM % size))"
+      log::info "chaos: kill pod=$pod"
+      k8s::kubectl delete pod "$pod" --force --grace-period=0 2>/dev/null
+    done
+    test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "put B $i" "OK" || return $?
+    test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "get B" "B\n$i" || return $?
+    k8s::kubectl wait --for=jsonpath='{.status.readyReplicas}'="$size" sts/$_TEST_CI_CLUSTER_NAME --timeout=300s >/dev/null 2>&1
+    log::info "wait for log synchronization" && sleep $_TEST_CI_LOG_SYNC_TIMEOUT
+  done
+}
+
+function test::run::ci::basic_validation() {
+  test::ci::_start
+  test::ci::wait_all_xline_pod_ready 3
+  endpoints=$(test::ci::_mk_endpoints 3)
+  test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "put A 1" "OK" || return $?
+  test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "get A" "A\n1" || return $?
+  endpoints=$(test::ci::_mk_endpoints 1)
+  test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "put A 2" "OK" || return $?
+  test::ci::_etcdctl_expect "$endpoints" "get A" "A\n2" || return $?
+  test::ci::_teardown
+}
+
+
+function test::run::ci::basic_chaos() {
+  test::ci::_start
+  test::ci::_chaos 3 5 || return $?
+  test::ci::_teardown
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/cases/manifests/cluster.yaml b/tests/e2e/cases/manifests/cluster.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c15fccf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/cases/manifests/cluster.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+apiVersion: xline.io.datenlord.com/v1alpha1
+kind: XlineCluster
+metadata:
+  name: my-xline-cluster
+spec:
+  # TODO: Replace this image repo with ghcr.io when Xline 0.6.1 is ready
+  image: phoenix500526/xline:v0.6.1
+  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
+  replicas: 3
diff --git a/tests/e2e/common/common.sh b/tests/e2e/common/common.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f456e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/common/common.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+${__E2E_COMMON__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_COMMON__=true
+
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/log.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/k8s.sh"
diff --git a/tests/e2e/common/k8s.sh b/tests/e2e/common/k8s.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c72d44fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/common/k8s.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+${__E2E_COMMON_K8S__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_COMMON_K8S__=true
+
+# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES:
+#   KUBECTL: path to kubectl binary
+#   KUBECTL_NAMESPACE: namespace to use for kubectl commands
+#
+# ARGUMENTS:
+#   $@: arguments to pass to kubectl
+function k8s::kubectl() {
+  KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${KUBECTL_NAMESPACE:-default}"
+  local kubectl="${KUBECTL:-minikube kubectl --}"
+  ${kubectl} -n "${KUBECTL_NAMESPACE}" "$@"
+}
+
+# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES:
+#   KUBECTL: path to kubectl binary
+#   KUBECTL_NAMESPACE: namespace to use for kubectl commands
+#
+# ARGUMENTS:
+#   $1: resource type
+#   $2: resource name
+function k8s::kubectl::resource_exist() {
+  KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${KUBECTL_NAMESPACE:-default}"
+  k8s::kubectl get "$1" "$2" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES:
+#   KUBECTL: path to kubectl binary
+#   KUBECTL_NAMESPACE: namespace to use for kubectl commands
+#
+# ARGUMENTS:
+#   $1: resource type
+#   $2: resource name
+#   $3: (optional) interval to check resource creation
+function k8s::kubectl::wait_resource_creation() {
+  interval="${3:-5}"
+  KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${KUBECTL_NAMESPACE:-default}"
+  while true; do
+    if k8s::kubectl::resource_exist "$1" "$2"; then
+      break
+    fi
+    log::info "Waiting for $1/$2 ($KUBECTL_NAMESPACE) to be created"
+    sleep "$interval"
+  done
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/common/log.sh b/tests/e2e/common/log.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30f406e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/common/log.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+${__E2E_COMMON_LOG__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_COMMON_LOG__=true
+
+# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+#   E2E_DEBUG: If set to true, debug messages will be printed to stdout
+function log::debug() {
+  if [[ "${E2E_DEBUG:=false}" == "true" ]]; then
+    echo -e "\033[00;34m" "[DEBUG]" "$@" "\033[0m"
+  fi
+}
+
+function log::info() {
+  echo -e "\033[00;32m" "[INFO]" "$@" "\033[0m"
+}
+
+function log::warn() {
+  echo -e "\033[00;33m" "[WARN]" "$@" "\033[0m"
+}
+
+function log::error() {
+  echo -e "\033[00;31m" "[ERROR]" "$@" "\033[0m"
+}
+
+function log::fatal() {
+  echo -e "\033[00;31m" "[FATAL]" "$@" "\033[0m"
+  exit 1
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/e2e.sh b/tests/e2e/e2e.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..098a50ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/e2e.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/common/common.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/testenv/testenv.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/cases/cases.sh"
+
+function setup() {
+  testenv::k8s::create
+  testenv::util::install
+}
+
+function teardown() {
+  testenv::k8s::delete
+}
+
+function list_test_cases() {
+  local -a functions
+  IFS=$'\n' read -d '' -ra functions <<<"$(compgen -A function | sort)" && unset IFS
+  local -a testcases=()
+  for func in "${functions[@]}"; do
+    if [[ "$func" =~ ^test::run:: ]]; then
+      testcase=${func#test::run::}
+      if [[ -n "${E2E_TEST_CASE_PREFIX:=}" && ${testcase} != "${E2E_TEST_CASE_PREFIX}"* ]]; then
+        continue
+      fi
+      testcases+=("$testcase")
+    fi
+  done
+  echo -n "${testcases[*]}"
+}
+
+function run() {
+  local -a testcases=()
+  IFS=" " read -ra testcases <<<"$(list_test_cases)" && unset IFS
+  local failed=0
+  local passed=0
+  for testcase in "${testcases[@]}"; do
+    log::info "=== Running test case: $testcase ==="
+    if test::run::"$testcase"; then
+      log::info "Test case passed: $testcase"
+      ((passed++))
+    else
+      log::error "Test case failed: $testcase"
+      ((failed++))
+    fi
+  done
+  if ((failed > 0)); then
+    log::error "Failed test cases: $failed/${#testcases[@]}"
+    return "${failed}"
+  else
+    log::info "All test cases passed"
+  fi
+}
+
+function help() {
+  echo "Xline Operator E2E Test Script"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Parameters:"
+  echo "  -p <prefix>  Run selected test cases with prefix"
+  echo "  -h           Print this help"
+  echo "  -l           List all test cases"
+  echo "  -c           Clean the kind cluster."
+}
+
+function main() {
+  while getopts "p:lhc" opt; do
+    case "$opt" in
+    p)
+      export E2E_TEST_CASE_PREFIX="$OPTARG"
+      log::info "Run selected test cases with prefix: $E2E_TEST_CASE_PREFIX"
+      ;;
+    l)
+      for testcase in $(list_test_cases); do
+        echo "$testcase"
+      done
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    c)
+      teardown
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    h)
+      help
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    ?) ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  setup || return $?
+  run || return $?
+  teardown
+}
+
+main "$@"
diff --git a/tests/e2e/testenv/minikube.sh b/tests/e2e/testenv/minikube.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..216b1d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/testenv/minikube.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+${__E2E_TESTENV_MINIKUBE__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_TESTENV_MINIKUBE__=true
+
+function testenv::k8s::minikube::_cluster_status() {
+  # return "Running", "Stopped"  or nothing
+  minikube status | grep apiserver | awk -F : '{print $2}' | tr -d '[:space:]'
+}
+
+# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES:
+#   KIND_CLUSTER_IMAGE (optional): kind cluster image, default to _DEFAULT_KIND_IMAGE
+function testenv::k8s::minikube::start() {
+  KUBEVERSION="${KUBEVERSION:-v1.23.3}"
+  status=$(testenv::k8s::minikube::_cluster_status)
+  if [ "$status" == "Running" ]; then
+    log::warn "minikube cluster already starts, skip strating"
+  else
+    log::info "Starting a minikube cluster ..."
+    if ! minikube start --kubernetes-version=${KUBEVERSION} --image-mirror-country='cn' --driver docker --image-repository=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to start a minikube cluster"
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+function testenv::k8s::minikube::stop() {
+  status=$(testenv::k8s::minikube::_cluster_status)
+  if [ "$status" == "Running" ]; then
+    log::info "Stopping minikube cluster"
+    if ! minikube delete; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to stop minikube cluster"
+    fi
+  else
+    log::warn "minikube cluster does not run, skip stopping"
+  fi
+}
+
+function testenv::util::etcdctl() {
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2034
+  local KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+
+  # retry to avoid mysterious "Error from server: error dialing backend: EOF" error
+  for ((i = 0; i < ${RETRY_TIMES:-10}; i++)); do
+    if output=$(k8s::kubectl exec -i etcdctl -- env ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl $@ 2>&1); then
+      echo -e "$output"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep "${RETRY_INTERVAL:-3}"
+  done
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/testenv/testenv.sh b/tests/e2e/testenv/testenv.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..519262d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/testenv/testenv.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+${__E2E_TESTENV__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_TESTENV__=true
+
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/minikube.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/util/util.sh"
+source "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../common/common.sh"
+
+function testenv::k8s::create() {
+  testenv::k8s::minikube::start
+}
+
+function testenv::k8s::delete() {
+  testenv::k8s::minikube::stop
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/testenv/util/manifests/etcdctl.yaml b/tests/e2e/testenv/util/manifests/etcdctl.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de10a399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/testenv/util/manifests/etcdctl.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: etcdctl
+spec:
+  containers:
+    - name: etcdctl
+      image: ghcr.io/xline-kv/etcdctl:v3.5.9
+      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
+      command:
+        - bash
+      args:
+        - -c
+        - trap "trap - SIGTERM && kill -- -$$" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT; while true; do sleep 10 & wait; done
+  enableServiceLinks: false
diff --git a/tests/e2e/testenv/util/util.sh b/tests/e2e/testenv/util/util.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfaf939e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/testenv/util/util.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+${__E2E_TESTENV_UTIL__:=false} && return 0 || __E2E_TESTENV_UTIL__=true
+
+_TEST_ENV_UTIL_PATH="$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")"
+_UTIL_NAMESPACE="util"
+
+source "${_TEST_ENV_UTIL_PATH}/../../common/common.sh"
+
+function testenv::util::_relative_path() {
+  echo "${_TEST_ENV_UTIL_PATH}/$1"
+}
+
+function testenv::util::_is_installed() {
+  k8s::kubectl::resource_exist namespace "${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+}
+
+function testenv::util::install() {
+  if ! testenv::util::_is_installed; then
+    log::info "Installing util"
+    if ! k8s::kubectl create namespace "${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to create namespace ${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+    fi
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2034
+    local KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+    k8s::kubectl::wait_resource_creation serviceaccount default
+
+    if ! k8s::kubectl apply -f "$(testenv::util::_relative_path manifests)"; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to install util"
+    fi
+    if ! k8s::kubectl wait --for=condition=Ready pod/etcdctl --timeout=300s; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to wait for util to be ready"
+    fi
+  else
+    log::warn "Util already installed, skip installing"
+  fi
+}
+
+function testenv::util::uninstall() {
+  if testenv::util::_is_installed; then
+    log::info "Uninstalling util"
+    if ! k8s::kubectl delete namespace "${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"; then
+      log::fatal "Failed to delete namespace ${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+    fi
+  else
+    log::warn "Util not installed, skip uninstalling"
+  fi
+}
+
+function testenv::util::etcdctl() {
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2034
+  local KUBECTL_NAMESPACE="${_UTIL_NAMESPACE}"
+
+  # retry to avoid mysterious "Error from server: error dialing backend: EOF" error
+  for ((i = 0; i < ${RETRY_TIMES:-10}; i++)); do
+    if output=$(k8s::kubectl exec -i etcdctl -- env ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl $@ 2>&1); then
+      echo -e "$output"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep "${RETRY_INTERVAL:-3}"
+  done
+}