The examples below use high-level APIs in TensorFlow to implement a linear regression model and a DNN binary classification model.
Typically, the high-level APIs are providing the class interfaces for tf.keras.models.
There are three ways of modeling using APIs of Keras: sequential modeling using Sequential function, arbitrary modeling using API functions, and customized modeling by inheriting base class Model.
Here we are demonstrating using Sequential function and customized modeling by inheriting base class Model, respectively.
import tensorflow as tf
# Time stamp
@tf.function
def printbar():
today_ts = tf.timestamp()%(24*60*60)
hour = tf.cast(today_ts//3600+8,tf.int32)%tf.constant(24)
minite = tf.cast((today_ts%3600)//60,tf.int32)
second = tf.cast(tf.floor(today_ts%60),tf.int32)
def timeformat(m):
if tf.strings.length(tf.strings.format("{}",m))==1:
return(tf.strings.format("0{}",m))
else:
return(tf.strings.format("{}",m))
timestring = tf.strings.join([timeformat(hour),timeformat(minite),
timeformat(second)],separator = ":")
tf.print("=========="*8+timestring)
In this example, we used Sequential function to construct the model sequentially and use the pre-defined method model.fit for training (for the beginners).
(a) Data Preparation
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import models,layers,losses,metrics,optimizers
# Number of sample
n = 400
# Generating the datasets
X = tf.random.uniform([n,2],minval=-10,maxval=10)
w0 = tf.constant([[2.0],[-3.0]])
b0 = tf.constant([[3.0]])
Y = X@w0 + b0 + tf.random.normal([n,1],mean = 0.0,stddev= 2.0) # @ is matrix multiplication; adding Gaussian noise# Data Visualization
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
plt.figure(figsize = (12,5))
ax1 = plt.subplot(121)
ax1.scatter(X[:,0],Y[:,0], c = "b")
plt.xlabel("x1")
plt.ylabel("y",rotation = 0)
ax2 = plt.subplot(122)
ax2.scatter(X[:,1],Y[:,0], c = "g")
plt.xlabel("x2")
plt.ylabel("y",rotation = 0)
plt.show()
(b) Model Definition
tf.keras.backend.clear_session()
model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(1,input_shape =(2,)))
model.summary()Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
dense (Dense) (None, 1) 3
=================================================================
Total params: 3
Trainable params: 3
Non-trainable params: 0
(c) Model Training
### Training using method fit
model.compile(optimizer="adam",loss="mse",metrics=["mae"])
model.fit(X,Y,batch_size = 10,epochs = 200)
tf.print("w = ",model.layers[0].kernel)
tf.print("b = ",model.layers[0].bias)Epoch 197/200
400/400 [==============================] - 0s 190us/sample - loss: 4.3977 - mae: 1.7129
Epoch 198/200
400/400 [==============================] - 0s 172us/sample - loss: 4.3918 - mae: 1.7117
Epoch 199/200
400/400 [==============================] - 0s 134us/sample - loss: 4.3861 - mae: 1.7106
Epoch 200/200
400/400 [==============================] - 0s 166us/sample - loss: 4.3786 - mae: 1.7092
w = [[1.99339032]
[-3.00866461]]
b = [2.67018795]
# Visualizing the results
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
w,b = model.variables
plt.figure(figsize = (12,5))
ax1 = plt.subplot(121)
ax1.scatter(X[:,0],Y[:,0], c = "b",label = "samples")
ax1.plot(X[:,0],w[0]*X[:,0]+b[0],"-r",linewidth = 5.0,label = "model")
ax1.legend()
plt.xlabel("x1")
plt.ylabel("y",rotation = 0)
ax2 = plt.subplot(122)
ax2.scatter(X[:,1],Y[:,0], c = "g",label = "samples")
ax2.plot(X[:,1],w[1]*X[:,1]+b[0],"-r",linewidth = 5.0,label = "model")
ax2.legend()
plt.xlabel("x2")
plt.ylabel("y",rotation = 0)
plt.show()
This example demonstrates the customized model using the child class inherited from the base class Model, and use a customized loop for training (for the experts).
(a) Data Preparation
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers,losses,metrics,optimizers
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
# Number of the positive/negative samples
n_positive,n_negative = 2000,2000
# Generating the positive samples with a distribution on a smaller ring
r_p = 5.0 + tf.random.truncated_normal([n_positive,1],0.0,1.0)
theta_p = tf.random.uniform([n_positive,1],0.0,2*np.pi)
Xp = tf.concat([r_p*tf.cos(theta_p),r_p*tf.sin(theta_p)],axis = 1)
Yp = tf.ones_like(r_p)
# Generating the negative samples with a distribution on a larger ring
r_n = 8.0 + tf.random.truncated_normal([n_negative,1],0.0,1.0)
theta_n = tf.random.uniform([n_negative,1],0.0,2*np.pi)
Xn = tf.concat([r_n*tf.cos(theta_n),r_n*tf.sin(theta_n)],axis = 1)
Yn = tf.zeros_like(r_n)
# Assembling all samples
X = tf.concat([Xp,Xn],axis = 0)
Y = tf.concat([Yp,Yn],axis = 0)
# Shuffling the samples
data = tf.concat([X,Y],axis = 1)
data = tf.random.shuffle(data)
X = data[:,:2]
Y = data[:,2:]
# Visualizing the data
plt.figure(figsize = (6,6))
plt.scatter(Xp[:,0].numpy(),Xp[:,1].numpy(),c = "r")
plt.scatter(Xn[:,0].numpy(),Xn[:,1].numpy(),c = "g")
plt.legend(["positive","negative"]);
ds_train = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X[0:n*3//4,:],Y[0:n*3//4,:])) \
.shuffle(buffer_size = 1000).batch(20) \
.prefetch(tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE) \
.cache()
ds_valid = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X[n*3//4:,:],Y[n*3//4:,:])) \
.batch(20) \
.prefetch(tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE) \
.cache()(b) Model Definition
tf.keras.backend.clear_session()
class DNNModel(models.Model):
def __init__(self):
super(DNNModel, self).__init__()
def build(self,input_shape):
self.dense1 = layers.Dense(4,activation = "relu",name = "dense1")
self.dense2 = layers.Dense(8,activation = "relu",name = "dense2")
self.dense3 = layers.Dense(1,activation = "sigmoid",name = "dense3")
super(DNNModel,self).build(input_shape)
# Forward propagation
@tf.function(input_signature=[tf.TensorSpec(shape = [None,2], dtype = tf.float32)])
def call(self,x):
x = self.dense1(x)
x = self.dense2(x)
y = self.dense3(x)
return y
model = DNNModel()
model.build(input_shape =(None,2))
model.summary()Model: "dnn_model"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
dense1 (Dense) multiple 12
_________________________________________________________________
dense2 (Dense) multiple 40
_________________________________________________________________
dense3 (Dense) multiple 9
=================================================================
Total params: 61
Trainable params: 61
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
(c) Model Training
### Customizing the training loop
optimizer = optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.01)
loss_func = tf.keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy()
train_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='train_loss')
train_metric = tf.keras.metrics.BinaryAccuracy(name='train_accuracy')
valid_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='valid_loss')
valid_metric = tf.keras.metrics.BinaryAccuracy(name='valid_accuracy')
@tf.function
def train_step(model, features, labels):
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
predictions = model(features)
loss = loss_func(labels, predictions)
grads = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, model.trainable_variables))
train_loss.update_state(loss)
train_metric.update_state(labels, predictions)
@tf.function
def valid_step(model, features, labels):
predictions = model(features)
batch_loss = loss_func(labels, predictions)
valid_loss.update_state(batch_loss)
valid_metric.update_state(labels, predictions)
def train_model(model,ds_train,ds_valid,epochs):
for epoch in tf.range(1,epochs+1):
for features, labels in ds_train:
train_step(model,features,labels)
for features, labels in ds_valid:
valid_step(model,features,labels)
logs = 'Epoch={},Loss:{},Accuracy:{},Valid Loss:{},Valid Accuracy:{}'
if epoch%100 ==0:
printbar()
tf.print(tf.strings.format(logs,
(epoch,train_loss.result(),train_metric.result(),valid_loss.result(),valid_metric.result())))
train_loss.reset_states()
valid_loss.reset_states()
train_metric.reset_states()
valid_metric.reset_states()
train_model(model,ds_train,ds_valid,1000)================================================================================17:35:02
Epoch=100,Loss:0.194088802,Accuracy:0.923064,Valid Loss:0.215538561,Valid Accuracy:0.904368
================================================================================17:35:22
Epoch=200,Loss:0.151239693,Accuracy:0.93768847,Valid Loss:0.181166962,Valid Accuracy:0.920664132
================================================================================17:35:43
Epoch=300,Loss:0.134556711,Accuracy:0.944247484,Valid Loss:0.171530813,Valid Accuracy:0.926396072
================================================================================17:36:04
Epoch=400,Loss:0.125722557,Accuracy:0.949172914,Valid Loss:0.16731061,Valid Accuracy:0.929318547
================================================================================17:36:24
Epoch=500,Loss:0.120216407,Accuracy:0.952525079,Valid Loss:0.164817035,Valid Accuracy:0.931044817
================================================================================17:36:44
Epoch=600,Loss:0.116434008,Accuracy:0.954830289,Valid Loss:0.163089141,Valid Accuracy:0.932202339
================================================================================17:37:05
Epoch=700,Loss:0.113658346,Accuracy:0.956433,Valid Loss:0.161804497,Valid Accuracy:0.933092058
================================================================================17:37:25
Epoch=800,Loss:0.111522928,Accuracy:0.957467675,Valid Loss:0.160796657,Valid Accuracy:0.93379426
================================================================================17:37:46
Epoch=900,Loss:0.109816991,Accuracy:0.958205402,Valid Loss:0.159987748,Valid Accuracy:0.934343576
================================================================================17:38:06
Epoch=1000,Loss:0.10841465,Accuracy:0.958805501,Valid Loss:0.159325734,Valid Accuracy:0.934785843
# Visualizing the results
fig, (ax1,ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1,ncols=2,figsize = (12,5))
ax1.scatter(Xp[:,0].numpy(),Xp[:,1].numpy(),c = "r")
ax1.scatter(Xn[:,0].numpy(),Xn[:,1].numpy(),c = "g")
ax1.legend(["positive","negative"]);
ax1.set_title("y_true");
Xp_pred = tf.boolean_mask(X,tf.squeeze(model(X)>=0.5),axis = 0)
Xn_pred = tf.boolean_mask(X,tf.squeeze(model(X)<0.5),axis = 0)
ax2.scatter(Xp_pred[:,0].numpy(),Xp_pred[:,1].numpy(),c = "r")
ax2.scatter(Xn_pred[:,0].numpy(),Xn_pred[:,1].numpy(),c = "g")
ax2.legend(["positive","negative"]);
ax2.set_title("y_pred");
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