diff --git a/404.html b/404.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..38d88831 --- /dev/null +++ b/404.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

404

That's a Four-Oh-Four.
Take me home
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🚀 Présentation de Kotlin

Kotlin est un langage de programmation moderne développé par JetBrains.

Certaines fonctionnalités

  • Kotlin est capable de compiler vers différentes cibles : la JVM, JS, Android, iOS, Les OS de bureau, etc.
    • Pris en charge officiellement par de grands frameworks back-end, tels que Spring et Quarkus,
    • Langage préféré pour le développement Android,
    • Kotlin Native compile en code natif,
    • Kotlin peut être considéré comme un langage fullstack
  • Interopérable avec Java.
  • Fournit des fonctionnalités modernes telles que la null safety à la compilation.
  • Prend en charge la programmation orientée objet et la programmation fonctionnelle.
  • Processus d'évolution open source: Kotlin KEEP.

Histoire

  • 15 février 2016 : sortie de Kotlin 1.0.
  • 4 janvier 2017 : Spring a introduit le support de Kotlin dans Spring 5.
  • Lors de Google I/O 2017, Google a annoncé une prise en charge officielle de Kotlin sur Android.
  • Le 7 mai 2019, Google a annoncé que Kotlin était le langage préféré des développeurs d'applications Android.
  • Juin 2022 : Kotlin 1.7 est sorti avec la version du nouveau compilateur K2.

Quelques chiffres et faits

Source : Amyra Sheldon

  • En 2022, Kotlin est utilisé par 7,8 % des experts de l'industrie.
  • Selon StackOverflow, Kotlin était le 4ème langage le plus apprécié en 2020 avec 62,9 % des votes.
  • Kotlin est désormais répertorié parmi les 20 meilleurs langages de programmation par Redmonk.
  • Kotlin fait partie des 3 principaux langages vers lesquels la plupart des entreprises prévoient de migrer leurs applications en 2022.
  • Kotlin est utilisé par des entreprises mondiales telles que Google, Netflix, Amazon, Trello, etc.
  • Plusieurs entreprises dont Google, Pinterest et Uber ont migré leurs applications de Java vers Kotlin.
kotlin utilisé pour quoi ?
kotlin utilisé pour quoi ?

Veuillez trouver plus de statiques ici :

Pourquoi passer de Java à Kotlin

Voici quelques arguments qui motivent le passage de Java (version 17 LTS au moment de la rédaction) à Kotlin.

  • Kotlin prend en charge plus de cibles que Java.
  • Kotlin protège des références null à la compilation (les Optional Java sont ne sont pas de protections à la compilation).
  • Les chaînes de caractères Kotlin prennent en charge l'interpolation.
  • Les fonctionnalités de programmation fonctionnelle de Kotlin sont meilleures. Il permet même de définir des constructeurs et des DSL (Domain Specific Language) dont le typage est sécurisé (type-safe).
  • Kotlin peut être mélangé avec du code Java, facilitant ainsi le processus de migration.

Vous pouvez lire plus d'arguments dans ces articles :

Sources et plus de lecture

',19),o=[a];function s(u,p){return l(),t("div",null,o)}const f=i(r,[["render",s],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),h=JSON.parse('{"path":"/fr/presentation/","title":"🚀 Présentation de Kotlin","lang":"fr-FR","frontmatter":{},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Certaines fonctionnalités","slug":"certaines-fonctionnalites","link":"#certaines-fonctionnalites","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Histoire","slug":"histoire","link":"#histoire","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Quelques chiffres et faits","slug":"quelques-chiffres-et-faits","link":"#quelques-chiffres-et-faits","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Pourquoi passer de Java à Kotlin","slug":"pourquoi-passer-de-java-a-kotlin","link":"#pourquoi-passer-de-java-a-kotlin","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Sources et plus de lecture","slug":"sources-et-plus-de-lecture","link":"#sources-et-plus-de-lecture","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/presentation/README.md"}');export{f as comp,h as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-7_H8SzH5.js b/assets/index.html-7_H8SzH5.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..378a6623 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-7_H8SzH5.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as e}from"./logo_worldline-dinT9MYm.js";import{_ as t,c as i,o as a,a as n}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const r={},l=n('

Welcome

Who we are

avatar
avatar

We design payments technology that powers the growth of millions​ of businesses around the world. Engineering the next frontiers​ in payments technology​

  • Leader in payment and secured transactions
  • Over 50 billion transactions/year​
  • 7000+ engineers in over 40 countries
  • A huge & diverse tech-stack

TIP

This training is also available in French / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Français

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of object-oriented language like Java
  • Prepare your development environment and install stuff before the session (see Tooling section)
',10),o=[l];function s(d,c){return a(),i("div",null,o)}const u=t(r,[["render",s],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),m=JSON.parse(`{"path":"/","title":"Welcome","lang":"en-US","frontmatter":{"home":true,"heroImage":"./kotlin_logo.png","tagline":"A beginner's guide to a modern programming language","actions":[{"text":"Get started →","link":"/en/presentation/","type":"primary"}],"features":[{"title":"Language features","details":"null safety, extensions, lambdas, Java interoperability and more"},{"title":"Backend development","details":"With Ktor, spring and NodeJS"},{"title":"Frontend development","details":"Compose multiplatform, Kotlin/JS, Kotlin/WASM and JVM frameworks"},{"title":"Cross-platform development","details":"With KMP and Compose multiplatform"},{"title":"Advanced Kotlin","details":"Coroutines, delegates, Function literal with receiver, DSLs and more"},{"title":"Practical exercises and solutions","details":"All chapters have a set of exercises"}],"footer":"Worldline, 2023"},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Who we are","slug":"who-we-are","link":"#who-we-are","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Prerequisites","slug":"prerequisites","link":"#prerequisites","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Useful links","slug":"useful-links","link":"#useful-links","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"index.md"}`);export{u as comp,m as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-BRh3fjnU.js b/assets/index.html-BRh3fjnU.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..acded941 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-BRh3fjnU.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as e}from"./kotlin-used-for-Bdlavnqs.js";import{_ as i,c as t,o,a as n}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const a="/learning-kotlin/assets/kotlin-decision-tree-4i7nEr1Z.svg",r={},l=n('

🚀 Presentation of Kotlin

Kotlin is a modern programming language developed by JetBrains.

Some features

  • Kotlin compiles to many targets: the JVM, JS, WASM, Android, iOS, Desktop, native code, etc.
    • Many server frameworks officially support Kotlin such as Spring and Quarkus.
    • It is the first-class language for writing Android.
    • Kotlin can compile to native with Kotlin native or with GraalVM.
    • KMP allows to share code between different platforms.
  • Kotlin can be considered as both fullstack and corss-platform language.
  • Inter-operable with Java.
  • Provides modern features such as compile-time null safety and data classes.
  • Supports Object oriented programming and functional programming.
  • Kotlin KEEP is its open source evolution process.

History

  • February 15, 2016: Kotlin 1.0 was released.
  • January 04, 2017: Spring introduced Kotlin support in Spring 5.
  • At Google I/O 2017, Google announced first-class support for Kotlin on Android.
  • On 7 May 2019, Google announced that Kotlin the preferred language for Android app developers.
  • June 2022: Kotlin 1.7 was released with the version of the new K2 compiler.

Some numbers and facts

Source: Amyra Sheldon

  • As of 2022, Kotlin is used by 7.8% of the industry experts.
  • According to StackOverflow, Kotlin was the 4th most beloved language in 2020 with 62.9% votes.
  • Kotlin is now listed among the top 20 programming languages by Redmonk.
  • Kotlin is among the top 3 languages that most businesses are planning to migrate their apps to in 2022.
  • Kotlin is used by global companies like Google, NetFlix, Amazon, Trello, and more.
  • Pinterest and Uber are among the companies that migrated their apps to Kotlin from Java.
kotlin used for what?
kotlin used for what?

Please find more statics here:

Why switch from Java to Kotlin

Here are some arguments that motivate switching from Java (version 17 LTS at the time of writing) to Kotlin.

  • Kotlin supports more targets than Java.
  • Kotlin has compile time null-safety (Java Optionals are runtime wrappers for nullable values and null annotations have less features).
  • Kotlin strings support interpolation.
  • Casting in Kotlin is smart.
  • Kotlin functional programming features are better. It even allows to define Type-Safe builders and DSLs.
  • Kotlin can be mixed with Java code, thus helping the migration process.

You can read more arguments in these articles:

A decision tree to help you decide if you should use Kotlin

decision tree
decision tree

Prerequisites

  • Recommended: IntelliJ IDEA (Both community or ultimate are OK),
  • or GitPod by opening https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/worldline/learning-kotlin to create a workspace and then browser to the material folder,
  • or VSCode (with Kotlin and Java plugins) + JDK 17 (install via scoop.sh on windows or SDK man on Unix) + gradle

📖 Further reading

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📚 Frontend development

Kotlin supports a wide selection of frontend frameworks across all platforms: mobile, desktop and web.

Please find below a glimpse of the possibilities that you can do right from IntelliJ:

  • On the Desktop side
    • Thanks to JVM support, Kotlin supports JavaFX (There was a Kotlin counterpart called tornadofx which is not maintained anymore).
    • Compose Multiplatform brings Jetpack Compose to the desktop, the web and mobile.
  • On the Web
    • Ktor can use templates engines such as FreeMarker to create server pages.
    • With KotlinJS, developers can create React, nodsjs, or vanilla JS Apps using Kotlin.
    • Kotlin WASM compiles into Web Assembly. It can complement KotlinJS for computation intensive tasks.
  • On Mobiles
    • Android developers use the Jetpack Compose UI Framework or the legacy xml layouts. It is experimental on iOS.

Kotlin supports cross platform frontend development thanks to Kotlin MultiPlatform (KMP)

Kotlin Multiplatform (KMP)

"The Kotlin Multiplatform technology is designed to simplify the development of cross-platform projects. It reduces time spent writing and maintaining the same code for different platforms while retaining the flexibility and benefits of native programming." ₁

KMP relies on Kotlin native and other Kotlin features to help developers create projects that target multiple platforms using a common Kotlin code-base.

KMP
KMP

Many combinations of targets and use cases are possible:

Kotlin/JS and Kotlin/WASM

  • Kotlin/JS can also target the web and even use web frameworks (such as react) in Kolitn.
  • Kotlin WASM is another possibility to target the web but this will generate WASM instead of pure JS code.
    • It can be used for example to develop computation intensive libraries.
  • Maybe we can do even more in the future with as all these technologies (Kotlin, WASM and Kotlin/WASM) evolve. - For example, WASI allows WASM to communicate with the operating system. - This means that me may see Kotlin/WASM project projects in the future that can target both the browser and the OS.
  • Let's keep watching 😄.

🧪 Kotlin/WASM web app

  • Let's create a Kotlin/WASM app. By cloning git clone git@github.com:Kotlin/kotlin-wasm-examples.git and opening the browser-example folder in your IDE.
  • Open the project and run the wasmJsBrowserRun task.
  • The development server should start and you can open your WASM powered webapp on http://localhost:8080/
    • ⚠️ You may need to activate some flags on your browser for the app to work. If you see a blank page, please read the browser logs to check for the instructions.
Alt text
Alt text
  • Please check the contents of src/wasmJsMain/kotlin/Simple.kt to understand how the page is coded.
  • Next, let's check the generated wasm file which is available in build/js/packages/project_name/kotlin
    • WASM being a binary format, we need to convert it first to text format.
    • We can either install WABT (The WebAssembly Binary Toolkit or wabbit) and use the wasm2wattool wasm2wat --enable-all -v .\\kotlin-wasm-demo-wasm.wasm -o wasm.wat,
    • or use an online converter such as this one
    • ❗ However, I couldn't get it to work (yet).

Kotlin/JS and Kotlin/WASM common points

Both Kotlin/WASM and Kotlin/JS IntelliJ work somewhat similarly.

  • Both rely on the KMP plugin
  • Kotlin/WASM is enabled by adding a wasmjs section in the build.gradle.kts file, while Kotlin/JS is enabled by adding a js section.
  • The Kotlin code will compile to WASM and / or JS. Kotlin/JS generates only JS while Kotin/WASM generates both JS and WASM.
  • In both cases, the entry point of the generated code is a JS file called module_name.js.
  • The index.html in the resources folder loads the generated JS explained above (the one named module_name.js).
  • The task wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun or jsWasmBrowserDevelopmentRun run a local server that hosts both the index.html files and the generated JS and WASM files.

Compose multiplatform

"Compose Multiplatform simplifies and accelerates UI development for Desktop and Web applications, and allows extensive UI code sharing between Android, iOS, Desktop and Web. It's a modern toolkit for building native UI. Quickly bring your app to life with less code, powerful tools, and intuitive Kotlin APIs."

img
img
Button(
+  onClick = {
+    logger.info("Pressed!")
+  }
+) {
+  Text("Hello $platform")
+}
+

It is based on Android Jetpack Compose declarative UI approach ( which is similar also to iOS SwiftUI ) 1

Compose multiplatform vs Jetpack Compose

While very similar, Compose multiplatform is different from Jetpack Compose as the latter is only compatible with Android. Google provides a JetPack compose tutorial for Android development.

Compose HTML is not cross-platform

Compose HTML is UI a library targeting Kotlin/JS which is not compatible with Compose Multiplatform (it is a different API). For cross-platform UI development with Compose Multiplatform, compose Web is the choice.

🧪 Create a Compose multiplatform app

We'll create a multiplatform app using the official template. At the time of writing, this template does not include a compose web target.

  • Please check that your environment is correctly setup as explained here.
    • On Windows and Linux, we don't need to install iOS/macOS related tools but and we won't be able to run iOS/macOS targets.
    • If we don't want to install Android Studio, we need at least to install the Android SDK either through the official installer or from the "Languages and Framework -> Android SDK" menu in the settings.
  • Open the official template and either download a zip or use the "use this template" options on GitHub.
  • Open the downloaded projet. You'll note that it contains these modules:
    • a shared module (or subproject) that contains common code as well as
    • and another module for earch targeted platform: androidApp, iOSApp and desktopApp (When web will be included in the template, we should also see a webApp project). These contain the source code of the apps itself (such as the main activity in Android, the @main App in iOS and the main function in desktopJVM) and well as platform specific resources that cannot be placed in the shared module. Some examples of such files are the AndroidManifest.xml for android and the info.plist in iOS.
  • In order to run the desktopApp, open a terminal on the project root folder and launch this command: ./gradlew desktopApp:run.
  • In order to run the Android App, the simplest way is to launch it from IntelliJ Alt text. It is also possible define a gradle task that installs the app on the device and issues a command to the device to launch it.
  • In order to run the iOS App, the simplest way is to run it on the simulator using IntelliJ. In order to run it on a real device, the TramID needs to be defined as explained here
Alt text
Alt text

🧪 Playing with the Compose multiplatform API

Compose multiplatform is a component based declarative UI framework. Each component is called a Composable and is defined as a function annotated with @Composable.

In compose multiplatform, the main component (the component at the root of the App) is usually found in shared/src/commonMain/Kotlin/App.kt.

  • Take a look at shared/src/commonMain/Kotlin/App.kt, run the app and try to understand how compose works.
  • Let's create a new composable called RandomNumberList.
@Composable
+fun RandomNumberList(){
+    // Generate a list of random numbers
+    val myRandomValues = List(5) { Random.nextInt(0, 30) }
+    // LazyColumn is a vertically scrolling list that renders items on demand
+    LazyColumn {
+        items(myRandomValues.size){
+            Text(text = "$it")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
  • Place this composable below AnimatedVisibility and Button and run the app.
/*
+Button(onClick ...
+AnimatedVisibility(showImage) { ...
+*/
+RandomNumberList()
+
  • Exercise: Make the "Hello, .." button switch between showing the list and and the image.
Hello compose demo
Hello compose demo

🎯 Solutions

📖 Further reading

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📚 Kotlin language features

Kotlin is an object oriented language with functional features. This chapter covers important and relevant features of the language slit into basic and intermediate. Another chapter covers advanced features.

Basic features

Basic constructs (variables, control flow)

  • Kotlin is statically typed and supports implicit typing.
    • Static typing: types cannot change on runtime (it is the opposite of dynamic typing).
    • Implicit typing: the compiler can infer the type whenever possible.
  • var creates mutable variables.
  • val creates immutable variables or constants.
  • Semi-colons are optional.
  • Kotlin supports top level declaration of variables and functions (They can be declared outside of classes).
  • String interpolation is available with this syntax \${expression}.
  • if, and when statements are expressions (they can return a value).
    • when is equivalent to the switch statement of other languages
    • The ternary operator is not available but the if statement replaces-it.
  • for-each is the only type of for loop available.
  • Object oriented programming is supported as in Java with some additional features such as extensions.
  • The compiler supports Null Safety. It allows to write code free from null pointer errors with a compile time guarantee.
  • Functional programming is supported (Higher-order functions and functions as 1st class items, etc.).

Use val by default

Replace by var only if needed.

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

Functions

In the this section, the terms 'argument' and 'parameter' are used interchangeably.

Functions in Kotlin have the following features:

  • Declaration: fun functionName(arg1: type1 = defaultvalue1, ...) : retunrType.
  • Call a function by passing the value in the declaration order.
    • Use argument labels for more clarity, however, it also allows for arbitrary ordering of arguments.
  • Optional arguments have a default value and can be omitted during the call.
  • Functions are first class items or citizen: they can be assigned to a variable, passed as a function parameter, or returned from a function.
    • 💡 A function that takes a function as an argument or returns one is a higher order function.
  • A function type can be expressed as follows: (typeOfParam1, typeOfParam2, etc) -> returnType (The empty return type is Unit).
  • Anonymous functions use the following syntax { argName1, argName2, etc. -> // code }
    • Also called or lambda functions or literal functions
  • The last function argument can be put after the closing after the closing parenthesis compute(9, 5) { x, y -> x * y }

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

The next section talk about null safety.

Null safety

In a nutshell, null safety is a compiler feature that eliminates the infamous Null pointer exception or npe. The Kotlin compiler reports errors and warnings when we manipulate nullable (also called optional) values. Here is a list of null safety features provided by Kotlin:

  • All types are non-nullable by default; we cannot assign null to a variable or an argument.
    • For example, this code fails var s: String = null.
  • A type can be made nullable by suffixing it with a ?. For example: var s: String? = null.
  • Kotlin forbids calling a method or a property of a non-nullable type, unless we do one of these possibilities:
    • Use optional chaining with the ? suffix.
    • Provide a default value with the elvis ?: operator.
    • Smart-cast the nullable into a non-nullable.
    • Use the !! operator that eliminates compiler checks. This should never be used.

Never unwrap with !!

Use other safe techniques instead.

▶️ this code illustrates null safety and how to use optional types.

Java \`Optional\` does not provide compile time null checks

Optional wrap null values on runtime. The Java compiler (as of version 17) does not provide unwrapping features such as smart casting. It is still possible to have a npe like this: Optional<String> s = null; s.isPresent();

Enumerations

Enumerations allow to work with a group of values in a type-safe fashion. Unlike Java enums, Kotlin enums are classes. Kotlin enum classes provide these features:

  • when statements support enumerations.
  • Enum constants can declare their own anonymous classes with their corresponding methods, as well as with overriding base methods.
  • An enum class can implement an interface but it cannot derive from a class
  • There are methods for listing the defined enum constants and getting an enum constant by its name.
  • Every enum constant has properties for obtaining its name and position (starting with 0).

▶️ this code illustrated the features above. For further reading please consult the official documentation.

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 1

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 2

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Intermediate features

Object oriented programming

Kotlin allows to write concise OOP code and has the following features:

  • Available common features: classes, inheritance, interfaces, and abstract classes.
  • Native support of properties: do not define getters and setters unless needed.
    • Just add get() and set(value) functions next to the property declaration.
  • Constructor arguments are defined next to the class name class ClassName(arg1, atg2, )
  • Prefixing a constructor arguments with val or var makes it a property (val makes it read-only).
  • The constructor name is init and does not require parameters.
  • The compiler checks that all non-nullable properties are initialized by the end of the constructor.
    • ⚠️ The compiler does not check the initialization of lateinit properties. Thus, accessing them before while uninitialized causes an exception.
  • Prefix classes with open to allow inheritance.
  • Kotlin enables the public access level by default.
  • The equality operator == calls equals() (as opposed to Java which uses reference equality).
  • A companion object contains static methods and properties.
  • Extensions add function and properties to existing classes.
    • 💡 They replace inheritance in many situations.
    • For example, we can add functions to the String class instead of creating a new StringUtils class.
  • Sealed classes and interfaces cannot be extended or implemented by third parties.

Do not define accessors unless needed

As opposed to Java, Kotlin supports properties and allows to add accessors later without refactoring the code that calls these properties. Thus, by default, just define the name of properties without accessors and use them directly.

▶️ this code illustrates some features.

Data class

Data classes are final (cannot be inherited from) classes that provide standard functionality:

  • equals() and hashCode()
  • toString() of the form "class(field=value, ...)"
  • componentN() that correspond to the properties in their order of declaration.
  • copy()

However, they have the following constraints:

  • The primary constructor needs to have at least one parameter.
  • All primary constructor parameters need to be marked as val or var.
  • They cannot be abstract, open, sealed, or inner (💡 but extensions are possible).

▶️ this code illustrates some features.

Functional programming

General concepts

Functional programming revolves around these concepts: pure functions, recursion, referential transparency, immutable variables, functions as first-class citizens, and higher-order functions.

Let's briefly explain these concepts:

  • Immutable variables means that we cannot change the value of a variable or its properties once it has been created. If we want to do so, we must create a new instance with the new value.
  • Pure functions are functions that do not have side effects and will thus return always the same output given the same input.
  • Functions are first class citizens: they can be assigned to a variable or used in higher-order functions (passed as a function parameter to another function or returned from a function).
  • Referential transparency: means that an expression can be replaced by its result without changing the behavior of the program. Transparency refers to the fact that the implementation of the expression is irrelevant.

💡 Pure functional languages provide these features natively and enforces them (at build time).

Kotlin and functional programming

Kotlin is not a pure functional languages but it supports some features. For example, Kotlin does not have compile time verification of pure functions, but it provides immutable collections through the kotlinx.collections.immutable library.

listOf generates read-only lists, which are not immutable

A read-only list cannot add or remove elements, but it can change the underlying data.

@Test
+fun givenReadOnlyList_whenCastToMutableList_checkNewElementsAdded(){
+    val list: List<String> = listOf("This", "Is", "Totally", "Immutable")
+    (list as MutableList<String>)[2] = "Not"
+    assertEquals(listOf("This", "Is", "Not", "Immutable"), list)
+}
+

The Arrow-kt library add more functional programming features.

Declarative programming

Declarative programming is a famous style within functional programming. It consists of writing code as a chaining of function calls in this style val result = f(x).g(y). .... Higher order functions replace many situation where we would use loops. This favors readable code which is easy to debug an maintain.

▶️ this code show an example of list manipulation using declarative programming.

Kotlin and Java interoperability

  • Kotlin is designed with Java interoperability in mind.
  • Kotlin code may require some annotations to be called from Java.
  • It is possible to mix Java and Kotlin in the same project.
  • JetBrain's IntelliJ and Android Studio can convert to Kotlin when pasting java code.
  • Kotlin generates Java records by annotating a data class with @JvmRecord and targeting JVM 16, among other requirement listed here.
  • It is much more easier and natural to call Java from Kotlin.
    • For example: Java accessors are converted to Kotlin properties.

▶️ this code shows how to convert a Kotlin List to a Java ArrayList.

The official documentation provides exhaustive documentation on Kotlin and JVM integration

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 3

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 4

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 5

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 6

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 7

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

📖 Further reading

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📅 Workshops

Android makers 2023: Kotlin Beyond Android

am2023 logo
am2023 logo

Liens

Lien du workshop: awl.li/am23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

',7),k=e("li",null,[e("a",{href:"https://worldline.github.io/learning-kotlin-multiplatform/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"},"Front-end development: Cross-platform Quiz App with Compose multiplatform")],-1),v=a('

Mobile DevOps summit 2023

  • Titre: From Android to Multiplatform: leveraging the full potential of Kotlin
  • Lien: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

',4),_=a('

Devoxx Morocco 2023

  • Titre: Let's discover the amazing possibilities of Kotlin
  • Lien: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

',4),b=a('

(2024) MiXit

  • Titre : Développement front et back en Kotlin. Une visite guidée de KMP
qr code
qr code

Agenda

',4),x=e("strong",null,"Développement backend",-1),w=e("li",null,[e("a",{href:"https://speakerdeck.com/yostane/kotlin-pour-le-developpement-backend",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"},"Présentation d'introduction à Kotlin pour le développement backend")],-1),A=e("strong",null,"Développement frontend",-1),K=e("strong",null,"Développement fullstack",-1),y=e("strong",null,"Autres fonctionnalités",-1);function M(q,D){const t=u("RouteLink");return f(),c("div",null,[g,e("ul",null,[e("li",null,[n(t,{to:"/fr/backend-development/#ktor"},{default:o(()=>[l("Backend development: Rest API with Ktor")]),_:1})]),e("li",null,[l("Optional: "),n(t,{to:"/fr/backend-development/#ktor"},{default:o(()=>[l("Backend development: Rest API with node.js and Kotlin/JS")]),_:1})]),e("li",null,[n(t,{to:"/fr/front-development/#kotlin-js-and-kotlin-wasm"},{default:o(()=>[l("Front-end development: Kotlin/WASM and Kotlin/JS 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MiXit","slug":"_2024-mixit","link":"#_2024-mixit","children":[{"level":3,"title":"Agenda","slug":"agenda-3","link":"#agenda-3","children":[]}]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/workshops/README.md"}');export{P as comp,R as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-Bxjju2_F.js b/assets/index.html-Bxjju2_F.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..879dbaab --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-Bxjju2_F.js @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +import{_ as n}from"./kotlin-wasm-webapp-R4_9ho9v.js";import{_ as e,c as s,o as a,a as t}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const l="/learning-kotlin/assets/kotlin-wasm-flag-BKaaN9Pq.png",o="/learning-kotlin/assets/wasm-build-conf-edit-CmamvRv7.png",i="/learning-kotlin/assets/wasm-run-configuration-x_w9-EC1.png",p="/learning-kotlin/assets/compose-multiplaform-web-wH6XfCHb.gif",r="/learning-kotlin/assets/compose-multiplaform-Dfyu_rxB.gif",u={},c=t('

📚 Développement frontend

Kotlin supporte une large sélection de frameworks frontaux sur toutes les plateformes : mobile, desktop et web. Vous trouverez ci-dessous un aperçu des possibilités que vous pouvez faire directement à partir d'IntelliJ :

  • Côté bureau
    • Grâce au support de la JVM, Kotlin supporte JavaFX. 💡 Il existe même un équivalent en Kotlin appelé tornadofx.
    • Compose Multiplatform apporte l'API Jetpack Compose sur le bureau, le web et le mobile.
  • Sur le web
    • Ktor peut utiliser des moteurs de modèles tels que FreeMarker pour créer des pages de serveur.
    • Avec KotlinJS, les développeurs peuvent créer des applications React, nodsjs ou vanilla JS en utilisant Kotlin.
    • Kotlin WASM se compile en Web Assembly. Il peut compléter KotlinJS pour les tâches à forte intensité de calcul.
    • Compose Multiplatform apporte deux options sur le web: Compose web et Compose for Web Canvas.
  • Sur les mobiles

Comme nous pouvons le voir, Kotlin propose plusieurs options. L'option la plus séduisante en terme de partage de code est Compose Multiplatform. Ceci est possible notamment grâce à KMP

KMP

  • KMP (Kotlin Multiplatform) permet de partager une base de code unique sur plusieurs cibles.
  • KMP s'appuie sur Kotlin native et d'autres fonctionnalités de Kotlin pour aider les développeurs à créer des projets destinés à plusieurs plates-formes en utilisant une base de code Kotlin commune.
KMP
KMP
  • De nombreuses combinaisons de cibles et de cas d'utilisation sont possibles :
  • KMM est une ancienne dénomination qui est dépréciée.

Dans la suite de ce chapitre, nous explorerons les différentes possibilités individuellement et on fera un projet KMP dans le chapitre suivant.

Kotlin/JS et Kotlin/WASM

  • Kotlin/JS peut également cibler le web et même utiliser des frameworks web (tels que react) dans Kolitn.
  • Kotlin WASM est une autre possibilité de cibler le web, mais il génère WASM au lieu de code JS pur.
    • Il peut être utilisé par exemple pour développer des bibliothèques à forte intensité de calcul.
  • Nous pourrons peut-être faire encore plus à l'avenir grâce à l'évolution de toutes ces technologies (Kotlin, WASM et Kotlin/WASM). - Par exemple, [WASI] (https://wasi.dev/) permet à WASM de communiquer avec le système d'exploitation. - Cela signifie que je pourrais voir des projets Kotlin/WASM à l'avenir qui peuvent cibler à la fois le navigateur et le système d'exploitation.
  • Continuons à observer 😄.

🧪 Application web Kotlin/WASM

  • Les assistants de création de projet Kotlin/WASM et Kotlin/JS sur IntelliJ fonctionnent de manière similaire:
    • L'IDE génère un fichier Kotlin qui sera compilé par la suite en WASM et/ou JS. Kotlin/JS ne génère que du JS tandis que Kotin/WASM génère à la fois du JS et du WASM.
    • Dans les deux cas, le point d'entrée du code généré est un fichier JS appelé nom_du_module.js.
    • L'IDE génère également dans le dossier des ressources un fichier index.html dont le but est de charger le JS généré (le fichier nom_du_module.js).
    • La tâche wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun ou jsWasmBrowserDevelopmentRun lancera un serveur local qui hébergera à la fois les fichiers index.html et les fichiers JS et WASM générés.
  • Créons une application Kotlin/WASM. Tout d'abord, activez l'assistant Kotlin/WASM en activant kotlin.wasm.wizard dans le registre d'IntelliJ (ouvrez le registre en appuyant deux fois sur shift et en tapant "registry" dans la boîte de recherche). Alternativement, clonez ce projet.
  • Vérifiez qu'on est sur la dernière version de Kotlin dans build.gradle.kts (l'assistant peut le configurer à une version antérieure).
  • Ouvrez src/wasmMain/kotlin/sample.kt et cliquez sur le bouton lancer qui apparaît à côté de la fonction main.
  • Si la compilation échoue parce que l'IDE a utilisé la mauvaise tâche gradle, veuillez la changer en wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun et essayez de l'exécuter à nouveau.

  • Le serveur de développement devrait démarrer et vous pouvez ouvrir votre application web sur http://localhost:8080/
  • ⚠️ Il se peut que vous deviez activer certains drapeaux sur votre navigateur pour que l'application fonctionne. Si vous voyez une page blanche, veuillez lire les journaux du navigateur pour vérifier les instructions.
  • Le fichier wasm généré est disponible dans build/js/packages/nom_du_projet/kotlin
  • WASM étant un format binaire, nous devons d'abord le convertir au format texte.
    • Nous pouvons soit installer [WABT (The WebAssembly Binary Toolkit ou wabbit)] (https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt) et utiliser l'outil wasm2wattool wasm2wat --enable-all -v .\\kotlin-wasm-demo-wasm.wasm -o wasm.wat,
    • ou utiliser un convertisseur en ligne comme celui-ci
    • ❗ Cependant, je n'ai pas réussi à le faire fonctionner

🧪 Application web KotlinJS

L'assistant Kotlin/JS crée une application très similaire à celle de Kotlin/WASM. Dans un prochain PW, nous créerons une application complète avec Ktor et Kotlin/JS.

Compose

Compose multiplatform est une famille de frameworks d'interface utilisateur déclaratifs pour Android (Jetpack Compose), le bureau (Compose Desktop) et le web (Compose Web). Il dispose d'un support expérimental pour iOS et Web Canvas.

Compose multiplatform vs Jetpack Compose

Bien que très similaire, Compose multiplatform est différent de Jetpack Compose car ce dernier n'est compatible qu'avec Android. Google fournit un JetPack compose tutorial pour le développement Android.

Compose Web vs Compose for Web Canvas

  • La surface de l'API de Compose Web est différente des autres cibles de Compose car elle travaille directement avec le DOM.
  • Compose for Web Canvas a la même surface d'API que celle du Desktop, Android et iOS car il dessine sur un Canvas et ne manipule pas le DOM.

Cela signifie que le premier a un meilleur support web et que le second a plus de code réutilisable.

🧪 Compose Web

  • Créez un nouveau projet IntelliJ -> Compose Multiplaform.
  • Choisissez "Single platform" -> "Web" et remplissez les autres champs.
  • Choisissez Finish
  • IntelliJ peut prendre un certain temps pour préparer le projet et peut demander d'installer des plugins supplémentaires.
  • Lancez le serveur de développement de l'application web à l'aide de la commande ./gradlew jsBrowserRun --continuous.
  • Modifiez Main.kt comme suit et lancez l'application.
  • Ouvrez cette adresse : localhost:8080.
fun main() {
+    renderComposable(rootElementId = "root") {
+        Div({ style { padding(25.px) } }) {
+            var expanded by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
+            Button(
+                attrs = {
+                    onClick { expanded = !expanded }
+                }
+            ) { Text("Cliquez sur moi") }
+            Div({ style { display(if (expanded) DisplayStyle.Block else DisplayStyle.None) } }) {
+                Text("Cliquez sur moi !")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
compose multiplatform demo
compose multiplatform demo

🧪 Compose desktop + Android app

  • Créez un nouveau projet sur IntelliJ -> Compose Multiplatform.
  • Choisissez "multiple platforms" et remplissez les autres champs. Choisissez ensuite Finish.
  • IntelliJ commence à préparer le projet et peut demander l'installation de plugins.
  • Une fois le projet prêt, lancez l'application Android en utilisant le bouton vert run.
  • Lancez l'application desktop en exécutant la fonction principale du projet desktop (qui devrait se trouver dans Main.kt).
  • Modifiez App.kt dans le projet principal comme suit et lancez l'application.
@Composable
+fun App() {
+    val platformName = getPlatformName()
+    Card {
+        var expanded by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
+        Column(Modifier.clickable { expanded = !expanded }) {
+            Texte(
+                text="Cliquez sur moi !",
+                style = MaterialTheme.typography.h2
+            )
+            AnimatedVisibility(expanded){
+                Texte(
+                    text = "Bonjour, \${platformName} 🎊",
+                    style = MaterialTheme.typography.h1
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
compose multiplatform demo
compose multiplatform demo

Pour aller plus loin

',35),d=[c];function m(k,f){return a(),s("div",null,d)}const v=e(u,[["render",m],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),h=JSON.parse('{"path":"/fr/front-development/","title":"📚 Développement frontend","lang":"fr-FR","frontmatter":{},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"KMP","slug":"kmp","link":"#kmp","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Kotlin/JS et Kotlin/WASM","slug":"kotlin-js-et-kotlin-wasm","link":"#kotlin-js-et-kotlin-wasm","children":[{"level":3,"title":"🧪 Application web Kotlin/WASM","slug":"🧪-application-web-kotlin-wasm","link":"#🧪-application-web-kotlin-wasm","children":[]},{"level":3,"title":"🧪 Application web KotlinJS","slug":"🧪-application-web-kotlinjs","link":"#🧪-application-web-kotlinjs","children":[]}]},{"level":2,"title":"Compose","slug":"compose","link":"#compose","children":[{"level":3,"title":"🧪 Compose Web","slug":"🧪-compose-web","link":"#🧪-compose-web","children":[]},{"level":3,"title":"🧪 Compose desktop + Android app","slug":"🧪-compose-desktop-android-app","link":"#🧪-compose-desktop-android-app","children":[]}]},{"level":2,"title":"Pour aller plus loin","slug":"pour-aller-plus-loin","link":"#pour-aller-plus-loin","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/front-development/README.md"}');export{v as comp,h as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-CDLKHirq.js b/assets/index.html-CDLKHirq.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a1374e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-CDLKHirq.js @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +import{_ as n,c as e,o as a,a as s}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const t={},i=s(`

📚 Advanced and other Kotlin features

Delegated properties

Kotlin allows to delegate the getter and setter of a property to another object, which is called a delegate. It is a class that defines the getValue and setValue methods.

Kotlin provides standard delegates such lazy properties and observable properties.

▶️ this code illustrates delegate properties.

Concurrency and Coroutines

Kotlin provides a high level concurrency model called Coroutines. The developer can delegated the management of threads to the compiler and runtime and using higher level constructs than threads to express asynchronous operations.

Coroutines in Kotlin revolve around these concepts:

  • A coroutine is an instance of suspendable computation.
    • Kotlin has many methods for creating a coroutine such as launch.
  • A coroutine must exist within a coroutine scope.
    • For example runBlocking creates a coroutine scope whithin which coroutines can be launched.
  • A coroutine can run suspend functions which can suspend the coroutine but do not block the thread.
    • For example: the delay suspend the coroutine but does not block the thread on which it is running.
    • Suspend functions are operations that may take time such http requests and file system calls.
  • The suspend qualifier defines a suspend function. It runs within a coroutine and can call other suspend functions.
  • Flow allows to generate a list of asynchronous values.
  • Deferred and Channel transfer a single value and a stream of values, respectively, between coroutines.

▶️ this code show how to create a coroutine and suspend function and how to use them.

▶️ this code illustrated flows.

▶️ this code illustrates channels and deferred.

Function literal with receiver and Type-safe builders

As seen previously, function extension add behavior to existing classes. Inside the definition of the function extension, we can reference the extension receiver (or this) implicitly.

fun String.countCharacters() = length // or this.length
+println("hello".countCharacters()) // prints 5
+

We can define this extension with a function literal (or lambda) in instead of a named function (declared with fun).

var extFn: String.() -> Int
+extFn = { length } // extFn is a function literal
+println("hello".extFn()) // prints 5
+println(extFn("hello")) // prints 5
+

extFn is a function literal (lambda) that has access to the receiver (this). That's why it's called a function literal with receiver.

extFn("hello") or extFn("hello") call the extension as expected from extension functions.

The type of a function literal with receiver is funName: ReceiverType.(arg1Type, arg2Type, etc.) -> ReturnType and is called with funName(receiverValue, arg1Value, etc.) or receiverValue.funName(arg1Value, etc.). However, this is not the interesting aspect.

The important part is extFn = { length } which can be put as a function argument in a higher order function. The developer that calls the higher order function must define extFn, which in turn has access to the receiver. This allows for a nice style of programming. ▶️ this code shows an example.

Type-safe builders combine well-named builder functions and functions literals with receiver to create type-safe, statically typed builders in Kotlin.

Builder pattern

The builder pattern is a way to construct complex objects.

// StirngBuilder uses the builder pattern
+val text = StringBuilder("Temp")
+  .append(1)
+  .append(true)
+  .append("friend")
+  .toString()
+

This code shows a basic type-safe builder.

Kotlin docs provides an example of an advanced type-safe builder that builds an HTML page.

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 1

  1. open the java-integration-exercise projects in the materials folder.
  2. Have a look at the Java class we provided you in the src/main/java/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin package. (yes, that's the Pokemon class)
  3. Convert that Java class in Kotlin using IntelliJ's awesome copy-pasta tool! (just copy paste the java code in a kotlin file, one is provided at src/main/kotlin/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin)
  4. Have a look at the generated Kotlin code, and note the major differences you spot!
`,28),l=[i];function c(o,p){return a(),e("div",null,l)}const u=n(t,[["render",c],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),g=JSON.parse('{"path":"/en/kotlin-features-advanced/","title":"📚 Advanced and other Kotlin features","lang":"en-US","frontmatter":{},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Delegated properties","slug":"delegated-properties","link":"#delegated-properties","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Concurrency and Coroutines","slug":"concurrency-and-coroutines","link":"#concurrency-and-coroutines","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Function literal with receiver and Type-safe builders","slug":"function-literal-with-receiver-and-type-safe-builders","link":"#function-literal-with-receiver-and-type-safe-builders","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"🧪 Exercises","slug":"🧪-exercises","link":"#🧪-exercises","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"en/kotlin-features-advanced/README.md"}');export{u as comp,g as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-CDbrj19k.js b/assets/index.html-CDbrj19k.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c618c4a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-CDbrj19k.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as e}from"./kmp_codelab-CiTPMWjt.js";import{_ as t,c as a,o,a as r}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const i={},n=r('

🛠 Let's make a cross-plaform app !

By combining KMP and Compose, it is possible to fully develop cross-platform mobile, web and desktop apps using only Kotlin.

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of kotlin development (nullability,inline & lambda functions mainly)
  • Android Studio IDE with latest stable version Giraffe version or above
  • A good connectivity

TIP

For more information about your DEV environment and installs please have a look to jetbrain related docs

_____ 🚀 Start the practical work here 🚀_____

kmp codelab
kmp codelab
',7),l=[n];function s(p,c){return o(),a("div",null,l)}const h=t(i,[["render",s],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),f=JSON.parse(`{"path":"/en/other-technologies/","title":"🛠 Let's make a cross-plaform app !","lang":"en-US","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"en/other-technologies/README.md"}`);export{h as comp,f as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-C_RVdbGD.js b/assets/index.html-C_RVdbGD.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..557a03ec --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-C_RVdbGD.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as e}from"./kmp_codelab-CiTPMWjt.js";import{_ as t,c as n,o as r,a}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const i={},o=a('

🛠 Construisons une app multiplateforme !

En combinant KMP, KMM et Compose, il est possible de développer des applications mobiles et de bureau multiplateformes en utilisant uniquement Kotlin.

Prérequis

  • Connaissance de base du développement en Kotlin (notamment la nullabilité, les fonctions en ligne et les fonctions lambda)
  • IDE Android Studio avec la version stable la plus récente, version Giraffe ou supérieure
  • Une bonne connectivité

TIP

Pour plus d'informations sur votre environnement de développement (DEV) et les installations, veuillez consulter la documentation liée à JetBrains ici.

____ 🚀 Demarrer la session pratique ici 🚀___

kmp codelab
kmp codelab
',7),s=[o];function l(p,c){return r(),n("div",null,s)}const d=t(i,[["render",l],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),f=JSON.parse('{"path":"/fr/other-technologies/","title":"🛠 Construisons une app multiplateforme !","lang":"fr-FR","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/other-technologies/README.md"}');export{d as comp,f as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-CeJwufaG.js b/assets/index.html-CeJwufaG.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65acfd72 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-CeJwufaG.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import{_ as l,c as e,o as I,a}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const g={},c=a(`

📚 Fonctionnalités du langage Kotlin

Kotlin est un langage qui support les paradigmes orienté objet et fonctionnel. Ce chapitre couvre les caractéristiques basiques et intermédiaires. Le chapitre suivant couvrira les fonctionnalités avancées.

Caractéristiques de base

Constructions de base (variables, flux de contrôle)

  • Kotlin est typé statiquement et prend en charge le typage implicite.
    • Typage statique : les types ne peuvent pas changer à l'exécution (c'est l'inverse du typage dynamique).
    • Typage implicite : le compilateur peut inférer le type tant que c'est possible.
  • var crée des variables ré-assignables.
  • val crée des variables qu'on ne peut plus ré-assigner.
  • Les points-virgules sont facultatifs.
  • Kotlin prend en charge la déclaration de haut niveau des variables et des fonctions (elles peuvent être déclarées en dehors des classes).
  • L'interpolation de chaîne de caractères est disponible avec cette syntaxe \${expression}.
  • if et when sont des expressions (elles peuvent renvoyer une valeur).
    • when est équivalent à l'instruction switch des autres langages
    • L'opérateur ternaire n'est pas disponible. L'expression if le remplace.
  • for-each est le seul type de boucle for disponible.
  • La programmation orientée objet est prise en charge comme en Java avec quelques fonctionnalités supplémentaires telles que les extensions.
  • Le compilateur prend en charge la Null Safety. Il permet d'écrire du code sans erreur de pointeur nulle vérifié à la compilation.
  • La programmation fonctionnelle est prise en charge (fonctions d'ordre supérieur et fonctions en tant qu'éléments de 1ère classe, etc.).

Utiliser val par défaut

Utiliser var uniquement si vous réassignez une variable ou argument.

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

Les fonctions

Dans cette section, les termes 'argument' et 'paramètre' sont utilisés de manière interchangeable.

Les fonctions de Kotlin ont les caractéristiques suivantes :

  • Déclaration : fun functionName(arg1 : type1 = defaultvalue1, ...) : retunrType.
  • Appeler une fonction en passant la valeur dans l'ordre de déclaration.
    • Utilisez des étiquettes d'argument pour plus de clarté, cependant, cela permet également un classement arbitraire des arguments.
  • Les arguments optionnels ont une valeur par défaut et peuvent être omis lors de l'appel.
  • Les fonctions sont des éléments de première classe ou citoyens : elles peuvent être affectées à une variable, passées en tant que paramètre de fonction ou renvoyées par une fonction.
    • 💡 Une fonction qui prend une fonction comme argument ou en renvoie une est une fonction d'ordre supérieur.
  • Un type de fonction peut être exprimé comme suit : (typeOfParam1, typeOfParam2, etc) -> returnType (Le type de retour vide est Unit).
  • Les fonctions anonymes utilisent la syntaxe suivante { argName1, argName2, etc. -> // code }
    • Aussi appelées fonctions lambda ou fonctions littérales
  • Le dernier argument de la fonction peut être mis après la fermeture après la parenthèse fermante compute(9, 5) { x, y -> x * y }

▶️ Ce code illustre les fonctions en Kotlin.

La prochaine section abordera le null safety.

Null safety

null safety est une fonctionnalité du compilateur qui élimine la fameuse Null pointer exception ou npe. En effet, le compilateur signale des erreurs et des avertissements lorsque nous manipulons des types nullables (également appelées types optionnels) dès qu'il y a un risque de npe à l'exécution. Ainsi, afin de mettre Voici une liste des fonctionnalités de sécurité null fournies par Kotlin :

  • Tous les types ne sont pas nullables par défaut ; nous ne pouvons pas affecter null à une variable ou à un argument.
    • Par exemple, ce code échoue var s: String = null.
  • Un type peut être rendu nullable en le suffixant avec un ?. Par exemple : var s : chaîne ? = nul.
  • Kotlin interdit d'appeler une méthode ou une propriété de type non nullable, sauf si l'on fait l'une de ces possibilités :
    • Utilisez le chaînage optionnel avec le suffixe ?.
    • Fournissez une valeur par défaut avec l'opérateur elvis ?:.
    • Smart-cast le nullable dans un non-nullable.
    • Utilisez l'opérateur !! qui élimine les vérifications du compilateur. Cela ne devrait jamais être utilisé.

Ne jamais déballer avec !!

Car cela équivaut à désactiver la null safety. Utilisez les autres possibilités à la place.

▶️ ce code illustrate la null safety et les types optionnels.

La classe \`Optional\` de Java ne fournit aucun protection à la compilation

Ce code lance une npe en Java: Optional<String> s = null; s.isPresent();. Le compilateur Java (au moins à la version version 17) ne propose pas d'équivalent à ce que propose Kotlin comme le smart casting.

Énumérations

Les énumérations permettent de travailler avec un groupe de valeurs de façon cadrée. Contrairement aux énumérations Java, les énumérations Kotlin sont des classes. Les enum class de Kotlin fournissent ces fonctionnalités :

  • Les expressions when prennent en charge les énumérations.
  • Une enum class peut définir des méthodes et implémenter des interfaces mais elle ne peut pas dériver d'une classe.
  • Il existe des méthodes pour lister les constantes d'une enum class.
  • Chaque constante d'une énumération a des propriétés pour obtenir son nom et sa position (en commençant par 0).

▶️ ce code illustres les enum en Kotlin de façon succincte. Veuillez consulter la documentation officielle pour aller plus loin.

Exercices

Exercice 1

Veuillez cliquer sur le lien pour consulter l'énoncé

Déplier pour consulter la solution

Solution

Exercise 2

Veuillez cliquer sur le lien pour consulter l'énoncé

Déplier pour consulter la solution

Solution

Fonctionnalités intermédiaires

Programmation orientée objet

Kotlin permet d'écrire du code Orienté Object concis grâce aux caractéristiques suivantes :

  • Concepts disponibles : classes, héritage, interfaces et classes abstraites.
  • Prise en charge possée des propriétés : les getters et les setters sont automatiquement implémentés.
    • On peut les personnaliser les accesseurs en définissant les fonctions get() et set(value) à côté de la déclaration de la propriété.
  • Les arguments du constructeur sont définis à côté du nom de la classe class ClassName(arg1, atg2, )
  • Préfixer les arguments d'un constructeur avec val ou var en fait une propriété (val la rend non ré-assignable).
  • Le nom du constructeur est init et ne nécessite pas de paramètres.
  • Le compilateur vérifie que toutes les propriétés non nullables sont initialisées à la fin du constructeur.
    • ⚠️ Le compilateur ne vérifie pas l'initialisation des propriétés lateinit. Ainsi, y accéder avant alors qu'elles ne sont pas initialisés provoque une exception.
  • Une classe doit être préfixée avec open pour permettre l'héritage.
  • Kotlin utilise le niveau d'accès public par défaut.
  • L'opérateur d'égalité == appelle implicitement la méthode equals() (contrairement à Java qui utilise l'égalité de référence).
  • Un objet compagnon contient des méthodes et des propriétés statiques.
  • Les extensions ajoutent des fonctions et des propriétés aux classes existantes.
    • 💡 Ils remplacent l'héritage dans de nombreuses situations.
    • Par exemple, nous pouvons ajouter des fonctions à la classe String au lieu de créer une nouvelle classe StringUtils.
  • Les classes et interfaces scellées ne peuvent pas être étendues ou implémentées par des tiers.

Ne définir les accesseurs que si vous avez un comportement personnalisé

Kotlin prend en charge les propriétés de façon plus poussée que Java et permet d'ajouter des accesseurs ultérieurement sans refactoriser le code qui appelle ces propriétés. Ainsi, par défaut, il suffit de définir le nom des propriétés sans accesseurs et on peut les utiliser directement.

▶️ ce code illustre la POO en Kotlin.

Data class

Ce sont des classes qui implémentent des méthodes communes:

  • equals(), hashCode(), copy() et toString()
  • componentN() qui est une syntaxe alternative pour récupérer les propriétés.

Cependant, les data class ont des restrictions:

  • Le constructeur principal doit avoir au moins un paramètre.
  • Tous les paramètres du constructeur principal doivent être marqués comme val ou var.
  • Une Data class ne peut pas être abstraite, ouverte à l'héritage, scellée ou interne (💡 mais des extensions sont possibles).

▶️ ce code illustrate les data class.

Programmation fonctionnelle

Concepts généraux

La programmation fonctionnelle s'articule autour de ces concepts : fonctions pures, récursivité, transparence référentielle, variables immuables, fonctions en tant que citoyens de première classe et fonctions d'ordre supérieur.

Expliquons brièvement ces concepts :

  • Les variables immuables signifient qu'on ne peut pas changer la valeur d'une variable ou ses propriétés une fois qu'elle a été créée. Si nous voulons le faire, nous devons créer une nouvelle instance avec la nouvelle valeur.
  • Les fonctions pures sont des fonctions qui n'ont pas d'effets secondaires et renverront donc toujours la même sortie étant donné la même entrée.
  • Les fonctions sont des citoyennes de première classe : elles peuvent être affectées à une variable ou utilisées dans des fonctions d'ordre supérieur (passées en tant qu'un argument de fonction ou retournées dans un fonction).
  • Transparence référentielle : signifie qu'une expression peut être remplacée par son résultat sans modifier le comportement du programme.

💡 Les langages fonctionnels purs fournissent ces fonctionnalités de manière native et les appliquent (au moment de la construction).

Kotlin et programmation fonctionnelle

Kotlin n'est pas un langage fonctionnel pur mais il prend en charge certaines fonctionnalités. En effet, Kotlin ne sait pas dire si une fonction est pures ou non, mais il fournit des collections immuables via la bibliothèque kotlinx.collections.immutable pour nous aider à manipuler des données immuables.

\`listOf\` génère des listes en lecture seule, mais qui sont mutables

Une liste en lecture seule ne peut pas ajouter ou supprimer des éléments, mais elle peut modifier les données sous-jacentes.

@Test
+fun givenReadOnlyList_whenCastToMutableList_checkNewElementsAdded(){
+    val list: List<String> = listOf("This", "Is", "Totally", "Immutable")
+    (list as MutableList<String>)[2] = "Not"
+    assertEquals(listOf("This", "Is", "Not", "Immutable"), list)
+}
+

La librairie Arrow-kt permet d'aller encore plus loin en développement fonctionnel.

Programmation déclarative

La programmation déclarative est un style célèbre dans la programmation fonctionnelle. Il consiste à écrire du code sous la forme d'un enchaînement d'appels de fonction dans ce style val result = f(x).g(y). .... Les fonctions d'ordre supérieur remplacent de nombreuses situations où nous utiliserions des boucles. Cela favorise le code lisible qui est facile à déboguer et à maintenir.

▶️ ce code montre comment manipuler une liste avec la programmation déclarative.

Kotlin and Java interoperability

  • Kotlin is designed with Java interoperability in mind.
  • Kotlin code may require some annotations to be called from Java.
  • It is possible to mix Java and Kotlin in the same project.
  • JetBrain's IntelliJ and Android Studio can convert to Kotlin when pasting java code.
  • Kotlin generates Java records by annotating a data class with @JvmRecord and targeting JVM 16, among other requirement listed here.
  • It is much more easier and natural to call Java from Kotlin.
    • For example: Java accessors are converted to Kotlin properties.

▶️ this code shows how to convert a Kotlin List to a Java ArrayList.

The official documentation provides exhaustive documentation on Kotlin and JVM integration

Exercices

Exercice 3

Voir l'exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 4

Exercice

Solutions(s)

Solution

Exercice 5

Exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 6

Exercice

solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 7

Exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Plus d'exercices et de lecture

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📅 Workshops

(2023) Android makers : Kotlin Beyond Android

am2023 logo
am2023 logo

Workshop link: awl.li/am23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

',7),k=e("li",null,[e("a",{href:"https://worldline.github.io/learning-kotlin-multiplatform/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"},"Front-end development: Cross-platform Quiz App with Compose multiplatform")],-1),g=i('

(2023) JNation : Let's discover the possibilities of Kotlin

Workshop link: awl.li/jnation23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

',5),v=e("li",null,[e("a",{href:"https://worldline.github.io/learning-kotlin-multiplatform/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"},"Front-end development: Cross-platform Quiz App with Compose multiplatform")],-1),b=i('

(2023) Mobile DevOps summit

  • Title: From Android to Multiplatform: leveraging the full potential of Kotlin
  • Link: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

',4),_=i('

(2024) MiXit

  • Titre : Développement front et back en Kotlin. Une visite guidée de KMP
qr code
qr code

Agenda

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📚 Backend development

Many frameworks officially support Kotlin: Spring, Quarkus, Ktor, among others listed here.

In addition to that, Kotlin is theoretically compatible with any framework that targets the JVM or JS. For example, this tutorial shows how to use node.js with Kotlin. However, frameworks that do not officially support Kotlin may require some tweaking to use it.

Ktor

Ktor is a cross-platform Kotlin library for building both HTTP clients and servers. This makes Ktor a useful library to learn for both front-end developers for its HTTP client capabilities and backend-development for its HTTP server capabilities. In the following, we'll create a REST API with Ktor server.

🧪 develop an API with Ktor

  • Create a project on start.ktor.io with the following plugins: Content Negotiation, kotlinx.serialization, and Routing.
  • Click on "Generate project".
  • Download the archive, unzip it, and open the project with IntelliJ.
  • Create a models package and add to it a Customer data class with these immutable properties id: String, firstName: String, lastName: String, email: String.
  • Annotate the class with @Serializable.
  • Create a new package named routes and add to it a file CustomerRoutes.kt that will contain the code for the /customer endpoint.
  • The code below provides the implementation of some endpoints. Please implement the remaining ones.
  • To enable the route call customerRouting() in the routing configuration file located in plugins/Routing.kt.
  • For simplicity, use a global in-memory list of customers val store = mutableListOf<Customer>().
  • Run the server by running the main method.
  • Test the api on the IDE by using an http file or using any other client.
CustomerRoutes.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+fun Route.customerRouting() {
+    route("/customer") {
+        get {
+            call.respond(store)
+        }
+        get("{id?}") {
+            val id = call.parameters["id"] ?: return@get call.respondText(
+                "Missing id",
+                status = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
+            )
+            val customer =
+                store.find { it.id == id } ?: return@get call.respondText(
+                    "No customer with id $id",
+                    status = HttpStatusCode.NotFound
+                )
+            call.respond(customer)
+        }
+        post {
+            val customer = call.receive<Customer>()
+            store.add(customer)
+            call.respondText("Customer stored correctly", status = HttpStatusCode.Created)
+        }
+        delete("{id?}") {
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
plugins/Routing.kt
fun Application.configureRouting() {
+    routing {
+        customerRouting()
+    }
+}
+

return@label

You can specify which level you want to return with an explicit label using return@lambda.

lambdaA {
+    lambdaB {
+        lambdaC {
+            val randomInt = Random.nextInt(0, 100)
+            if (randomInt > 50) return@lambdaC else return@lambdaB
+        }
+        printf("In lambdaB")
+    }
+}
+

This code runs another example.

CustomerTest.http
POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "100",
+  "firstName": "Jane",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "jane.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "200",
+  "firstName": "John",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "john.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "300",
+  "firstName": "Mary",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "mary.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/200
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/100
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+

This page has detailed steps

Spring framework

Spring is a famous framework for developing server-side applications: APIs, server generated web pages, microservices, etc. It relies on the the Java ecosystem to build and run, thus making it compatible with Kotlin. Even better, Spring officially supports Kotlin. It even allows in start a new project with Kotlin and Gradle-Kotlin. In the next section, we'll use this starter to recreate our above REST API with Spring.

🧪 Spring boot part 1 - develop the same API with Spring Boot

  • Create a project on start.spring.io (also called Spring initializr) with the following dependencies: Spring Web and Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Choose Kotlin as the language and Kotlin-Grade as the project manager.
  • Add these dependencies: Spring Web, Spring Boot DevTools, h2 database and Spring Data JPA.
  • Click on "Generate". Download the archive, unzip it, and open the project with IntelliJ (preferably) or VSCode.
  • Create Customer data class in the model package without the @Serializable annotation.
  • Create a controller package that contains a CustomerController class which provides a CRUD using a global list. You can find a skeleton below.
    • 💡 In Spring, Rest controllers serve the purpose of Ktor routes, where a controller defines a REST resource.
  • Define the same endpoints as in the previous PW.
  • Start the REST API server by running .\\gradlew bootRun or from your IDE.
  • Please test the endpoints with a REST client. You can find http files here in JetBrains format or VSCode's REST Client extension
CustomerController.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/customer")
+class CustomerController {
+    @GetMapping
+    fun getAll() = store
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id: String) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+
+    @PostMapping
+    fun addOne(@RequestBody customer: Customer) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+
+    @DeleteMapping("{id}")
+    fun deleteOne(@PathVariable id: String) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+}
+

Models or model package ? plural or not ?

Both are ok as long as you follow the same convention in the project.

🧪 Spring boot part 2 - adding a database

Let's go a little bit further by storing data in a database and writing some tests.

We'll use the H2 in-memory database for the sake of simplicity, since it does not require a server to run. Classes will mapped to database tables with JPA annotations. The database API we'll be using is called JPARepository. It is a lightweight API that provides common CRUD features by just defining an interface.

On the testing side, we'll see two different syntaxes. The default one that is more familiar with Java style and the DSL one which is more readable and more familiar with Kotlin developers.

  • Create a new Spring project using Spring initializr with Kotlin and the following dependencies: Spring Data JPA, H2 Database, Spring Boot DevTools, Spring Web
  • Open the project and add this class in the model package @Entity class Product(@Id @GeneratedValue var id: Long? = null, var name: String, var price: Int). This single defines the class as well as the minimal JPA annotations (@Entity, @Id and @GeneratedValue) to generate the corresponding table.
  • In the repository package, declare the ProductRepository interface as follows interface ProductRepository: JpaRepository<Product, Long>. This is enough for Spring to generate an implementation with common features as we'll see later.
  • Next, create a ProductService class which will contain the business logic. In terms of architecture, the controller calls a service which in turn rely on other services or repositories.
ProductService.kt
@Service
+class ProductService(@Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+    fun getAll() = productRepository.findAll()
+
+    // use findByIdOrNull instad of findById because the latter returns an optional<Product> instead of Product?
+    fun getById(id: Long) = productRepository.findByIdOrNull(id)
+}
+
  • In the controller package, create a ProductController class that is mapped to /product and injects the with @Autowired. Reply to @Get as follows.
ProductController.kt
@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/product")
+class ProductController(@Autowired val productService: ProductService) {
+    @GetMapping fun getAll() = productService.getAll()
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id: Long) =
+        productService.getById(id) ?: throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

Kotlin makes getById(@PathVariable id: Long) more concise

The Elvis operator ?: allows to simplify the code. Here is a longer version as reference.

@GetMapping("{id}")
+fun getById(@PathVariable id: Long): Product {
+    val product = productService.getById(id)
+    if (product != null){
+        return product
+    }
+    throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

In addition to that, Spring provides @ControllerAdvice to change the exception message. You can see an example here.

  • Let's run the project. Before running the project, we need to add a plugin that allows Kotlin classes to generate a default constructor id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10". The plugins should look as follows:
plugins {
+    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10"
+ id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+ id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+ kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+ kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
  • As an exercise, implement these endpoints: POST a single product, DELETE by id (/product/{id}) and GET by id (/product/{id}).
    • Hint: ProductController already provides the necessary methods.
  • Call the different endpoints with a REST client.

🧪 Spring boot part 2 - adding tests

Spring frameworks helps perform different types of tests by providing different classes out of the box:

  • Unit testing of services, repositories and the REST API. This is done through mock utilities such as MockMVC.
  • Integration testing of the REST API using TestRestTemplate. In this situation, a full server is run and tested.

Most, if not all classes provided by Spring provide an elegant syntax for Java developers. Some of them go further by taking advantage of Kotlin specific features. In the following, we're going to focus on parts that provide Kotlin DSLs, namely unit testing the REST API with MockMVC.

  • Create a test class ProductControllerUnitTests with this initial content. MockMvc allows to unit test the REST API. The @AutoConfigureMockMvc annotation allows spring to configure it automatically
@SpringBootTest
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
+class ProductControllerTests(
+    @Autowired val mockMvc: MockMvc,
+    @Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun reset(){
+        productRepository.deleteAll()
+    }
+}
+
  • Add these two tests. The first one uses a classic approach while the second take advantage of Kotlin DSL capabilities. In addition to that, we name using a more readable string literal
`,37),k=n("div",{class:"language-kotlin line-numbers-mode","data-highlighter":"prismjs","data-ext":"kt","data-title":"kt"},[n("pre",null,[n("code",null,[n("span",{class:"line"},[n("span",{class:"token annotation builtin"},"@Test")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[n("span",{class:"token keyword"},"fun"),s(),n("span",{class:"token function"},"testWithClassicApproach"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"{")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" mockMvc"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"perform"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token keyword"},"get"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token string-literal singleline"},[n("span",{class:"token string"},'"/product"')]),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" "),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"andExpect"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token function"},"status"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),s("isOk"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" "),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"andExpect"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token function"},"content"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"string"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token function"},"containsString"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token string-literal singleline"},[n("span",{class:"token string"},'"[]"')]),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"}")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"})])]),n("div",{class:"line-numbers","aria-hidden":"true",style:{"counter-reset":"line-number 0"}},[n("div",{class:"line-number"}),n("div",{class:"line-number"}),n("div",{class:"line-number"}),n("div",{class:"line-number"}),n("div",{class:"line-number"}),n("div",{class:"line-number"})])],-1),m=n("div",{class:"language-kotlin line-numbers-mode","data-highlighter":"prismjs","data-ext":"kt","data-title":"kt"},[n("pre",null,[n("code",null,[n("span",{class:"line"},[n("span",{class:"token annotation builtin"},"@Test")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[n("span",{class:"token keyword"},"fun"),s(),n("span",{class:"token function"},"`test GET a single product`"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),s(),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"{")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" mockMvc"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"get"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token string-literal singleline"},[n("span",{class:"token string"},'"/product/1"')]),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"."),n("span",{class:"token function"},"andExpect"),s(),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"{")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" status "),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"{"),s(),n("span",{class:"token function"},"isOk"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},")"),s(),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"}")]),s(` +`),n("span",{class:"line"},[s(" "),n("span",{class:"token function"},"jsonPath"),n("span",{class:"token punctuation"},"("),n("span",{class:"token string-literal singleline"},[n("span",{class:"token string"},'"$.name"')]),n("span",{class:"token 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  • As an exercise, unit tests for the other endpoints.

The request builder of JpaRepository

Spring repositories implement requests based on the name of their methods. For example, to get all products sorted by name, we can add this method to the interface.

interface ProductRepository: JpaRepository<Product, Long> {
+    fun findAllByOrderByNameAsc(): List<Product>;
+}
+

The official documentation provides more detailed explanations and examples.

node.js

Thanks to Kotlin/JS, we can write apps that target node.js using Kotlin. We can even import npm libraries as long as you declare the JS API surface that you'll be using in Kotlin. This is called external declaration (You can think of it as an equivalent of TypeScript's type definitions) that declares the symbols that we want to access in Kotlin thanks to @JsModule and @JsNonModule annotations.

Defining such external declarations can be a hassle and there seems to be no official automatic generator (dukat has been removed in kotlin 1.8.20). In that case, we have two options, either we write the external declaration ourselves or import it as a dependency if available. Fortunately for express developers, chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express provides declarations for the express library.

There are two gradle plugins that allow to create node.js projects: the kotlin("js") one and the kotlin("multiplatform") one. The difference between the two plugins is that the former only supports JS or WASM while the latter supports more platforms but requires to configure source sets. Thus, the former may seem easier to setup but the latter is better in the long run because it allows us to get more familiar with Kotlin Multiplatform (KMP).

🧪 Getting started with Kotlin/JS and Express

At the time of writing, I didn't find an official wizard or starter project. So we'll create one from scratch using gradle init.

  • Create a new Gradle project using IntelliJ or by running gradle init in a empty folder (see below for the replies to the gradle init command).
gradle init
gradle init
+Starting a Gradle Daemon, 1 incompatible and 1 stopped Daemons could not be reused, use --status for details
+
+Select type of project to generate:
+  1: basic
+  2: application
+  3: library
+  4: Gradle plugin
+Enter selection (default: basic) [1..4] 1
+
+Select build script DSL:
+  1: Kotlin
+  2: Groovy
+Enter selection (default: Kotlin) [1..2] 1
+
+Project name (default: starter): rest-api-kotlin-nodejs
+
+Generate build using new APIs and behavior (some features may change in the next minor release)? (default: no) [yes, no] yes
+
+
+> Task :init
+To learn more about Gradle by exploring our Samples at https://docs.gradle.org/8.3/samples
+
+BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 24s
+2 actionable tasks: 2 executed
+
  • In build.gradle.kts, add and configure the kotlin("multiplatform") plugin. Also add the express and dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express dependencies.
build.gradle.kts
plugins {
+    kotlin("multiplatform") version "1.9.20-Beta"
+}
+
+repositories {
+    mavenCentral()
+}
+
+group = "tech.worldline.demo"
+version = "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
+
+kotlin {
+    js {
+        nodejs {
+        }
+        binaries.executable()
+        useCommonJs()
+    }
+
+    sourceSets {
+        val jsMain by getting {
+            dependencies {
+                implementation(npm("express", "> 4.0.0 < 5.0.0"))
+                implementation("dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express:1.2.0")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+

Some notes on the build file

  • create a main.kt file in src/jsMain/kotlin with the following content:
main.kt
data class Message(val id: Int, val message: String)
+
+val messages = mutableListOf(Message(0, "I love Kotlin/JS"))
+
+fun main() {
+    val app = express.Express()
+
+    // REST API that provides a **GET /hello** endpoint
+    app.get("/hello") { _, res ->
+        res.send(messages)
+    }
+
+    // Create a server that listens to port 3000
+    app.listen(3000) {
+        console.log("server start at port 3000")
+    }
+}
+
  • Run the task jsRun from IntelliJ of from the command line ./gradlew --console=plain jsRun. The server should start running.
  • Open the hello endpoint on http://localhost:3000/hello

Execution failed for task ':kotlinStoreYarnLock'

If you get this error:

Execution failed for task ':kotlinStoreYarnLock'.
+> yarn.lock was changed. Run the \`kotlinUpgradeYarnLock\` task to actualize yarn.lock file
+

Run ./gradlew kotlinUpgradeYarnLock so that yarn.lock is updated

🧪 Adding a post endpoint and an external Kotlin/JS definition

Let's add a post endpoint which reads the body as a json. In order to read the body as json, we must add this possibility to express by importing the npm library body-parser and by calling app.use(bodyParser.json()). Once this setup is complete, req.body will contain the content of the body. However, there is no available external definition for bodyParser as of the time of writing. Thus, we must create or own external definition.

  • First, add the body-parser dependncy in the build file implementation(npm("body-parser", "> 1.0.0 < 2.0.0"))
  • Next, we would write: app.use(bodyparser.json()) to activate the library. Let's guess what a minimal definition of bodyparser can be.
BodyParser.kt
// external means that this class is defined in JS
+external class BodyParser {
+    // we tell Kotlin that we want to use the json() function.
+    fun json(): Any
+    // It is not required to define all the functions of the module
+}
+
+// @JsModule is used to import the module from the NPM registry
+@JsModule("body-parser")
+external val bodyParser: BodyParser
+
  • Finally, we just need to add the BodyParser.kt file into the project and use it in our server.
main.kt
app.use(bodyParser.json())
+app.post("/hello") { req, res ->
+    // Kotlin does not keep the original field name when parsing JSON from JS (you can see it the in get response)
+    if (req.body as? Message == null) {
+        println("failed to get the body from Kotlin")
+    }
+    // Thus, we need to use js() to get the the field by its expected name
+    // js() calls JS from Kotlin
+    println("req.body from JS \${js("req.body.id")} - \${js("req.body.message")}")
+    val id = js("req.body.id") as? Int
+    val message = js("req.body.message") as? String
+    if (message != null && id != null) {
+        messages.add(Message(id, message))
+        res.status(201).end()
+    } else {
+        res.status(400).send(js("{cause : 'error'}") as Any)
+    }
+}
+

🧪 Adding more endpoints

  • Add PUT and DELETE endpoints

🎯 Solutions

📖 Further readings

These official tutorials go even further:

References

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TIP

This training is also available in English / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Anglais

Prerequisites

  • Connaissance de base en language de programmation orienté object comme Java
  • Préparez votre environnement de développement et installez des éléments avant la session (voir la section Outillage)

Liens utiles

',5),l=[a];function s(o,c){return i(),t("div",null,l)}const d=e(r,[["render",s],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),p=JSON.parse(`{"path":"/fr/","title":"","lang":"fr-FR","frontmatter":{"home":true,"heroImage":"./kotlin_logo.png","tagline":"A beginner's guide to a modern programming language","actions":[{"text":"Débuter →","link":"/fr/presentation/","type":"primary"}],"features":[{"title":"Bien commencer avec Kotlin","details":"lorem"},{"title":"Syntaxe de base","details":"lorem"},{"title":"Exemples","details":"lorem"}],"footer":"Worldline, 2021"},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Prerequisites","slug":"prerequisites","link":"#prerequisites","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Liens utiles","slug":"liens-utiles","link":"#liens-utiles","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/index.md"}`);export{d as comp,p as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-DkjVfAMI.js b/assets/index.html-DkjVfAMI.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..83385e91 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-DkjVfAMI.js @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +import{_ as e,c as n,o as s,a}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const t={},c=a(`

📚 Fonctionnalités avancées de Kotlin

Propriétés déléguées

Kotlin permet de déléguer le getter et le setter d'une propriété à un autre objet, appelé délégué. C'est une classe qui définit les méthodes getValue et setValue.

Kotlin fournit des délégués standard tels que des propriétés paresseuses et des propriétés observables.

▶️ this code illustrates delegate properties.

Concurrence et coroutines

Kotlin fournit un modèle de concurrence de haut niveau appelé Coroutines. Le développeur peut déléguer la gestion des threads au compilateur et à l'exécution et utiliser des constructions de niveau supérieur aux threads pour exprimer des opérations asynchrones.

Les coroutines de Kotlin tournent autour de ces concepts :

  • Une coroutine est une instance de calcul suspendable.
    • Kotlin a de nombreuses méthodes pour créer une coroutine telle que launch.
  • Une coroutine doit exister dans une portée de coroutine.
    • Par exemple, runBlocking crée une portée de coroutine dans laquelle les coroutines peuvent être lancées.
  • Une coroutine peut exécuter des fonctions de suspension qui peuvent suspendre la coroutine mais ne bloquent pas le thread.
    • Par exemple : le delay suspend la coroutine mais ne bloque pas le thread sur lequel elle s'exécute.
    • Les fonctions de suspension sont des opérations qui peuvent prendre du temps telles que les requêtes http et les appels au système de fichiers.
  • Le qualificateur suspend définit une fonction de suspension. Il s'exécute dans une coroutine et peut appeler d'autres fonctions de suspension.
  • Flow permet de générer une liste de valeurs asynchrones.
  • Deferred et Channel transfèrent respectivement une valeur unique et un flux de valeurs entre coroutines.

▶️ this code show how to create a coroutine and suspend function and how to use them.

▶️ this code illustrated flows.

▶️ this code illustrates channels and deferred.

Littéral de fonction avec récepteur et constructeurs de type sécurisé

Comme vu précédemment, les extensions de fonctions ajoute du comportement à des classes existantes sans utiliser l'héritage. À l'intérieur de la définition de l'extension de fonction, nous pouvons référencer implicitement le récepteur d'extension (this).

fun String.countCharacters() = length // or this.length
+println("hello".countCharacters()) // prints 5
+

Nous pouvons définir cette extension avec une fonction littérale (ou lambda) au lieu d'une fonction classique (déclarée avec fun).

var extFn: String.() -> Int
+extFn = { length } // extFn is a function literal
+println("hello".extFn()) // prints 5
+println(extFn("hello")) // prints 5
+

extFn est une fonction littérale (lambda) qui a accès au récepteur (this). C'est pourquoi on l'appelle une fonction littérale avec récepteur.

extFn("hello") ou extFn("hello") appelle l'extension comme prévu par les fonctions d'extension.

Le type d'une fonction littérale avec récepteur est funName: ReceiverType.(arg1Type, arg2Type, etc.) -> ReturnType et est appelé avec funName(receiverValue, arg1Value, etc.) ou receiverValue.funName(arg1Value, etc.) .). Cependant, ce n'est pas l'aspect le plus intéressant.

La partie importante est extFn = { length } qui peut être placée comme argument de fonction dans une fonction d'ordre supérieur. Le développeur qui appelle la fonction d'ordre supérieur doit définir extFn, qui à son tour a accès au récepteur. Cela permet un style de programmation assez intéressant.

▶️ ce code montre un example.

Les Type-safe builders combinent les monteurs bien nommées et les fonctions littérales avec récepteur pour créer des monteur avec un typage statique et sécurisé. La syntaxe particulière possible avec technique permet de définir une sorte de sous-langage aussi appelé DSL (domain specific language).

Le pattern monteur (Builder)

Est une technique permettant de construire des objects avec une syntaxe élégante.

// StirngBuilder uses the builder pattern
+val text = StringBuilder("Temp")
+  .append(1)
+  .append(true)
+  .append("friend")
+  .toString()
+

Ce code montre un type-safe builder basique.

Kotlin docs fournit un exemple plus avancé d'un monteur de documents HTML.

Exercises

Exercise 1

  1. open the java-integration-exercise projects in the materials folder.
  2. Have a look at the Java class we provided you in the src/main/java/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin package. (yes, that's the Pokemon class)
  3. Convert that Java class in Kotlin using IntelliJ's awesome copy-pasta tool! (just copy paste the java code in a kotlin file, one is provided at src/main/kotlin/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin)
  4. Have a look at the generated Kotlin code, and note the major differences you spot!
`,29),l=[c];function i(o,p){return s(),n("div",null,l)}const r=e(t,[["render",i],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),d=JSON.parse('{"path":"/fr/kotlin-features-advanced/","title":"📚 Fonctionnalités avancées de Kotlin","lang":"fr-FR","frontmatter":{},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Propriétés déléguées","slug":"proprietes-deleguees","link":"#proprietes-deleguees","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Concurrence et coroutines","slug":"concurrence-et-coroutines","link":"#concurrence-et-coroutines","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Littéral de fonction avec récepteur et constructeurs de type sécurisé","slug":"litteral-de-fonction-avec-recepteur-et-constructeurs-de-type-securise","link":"#litteral-de-fonction-avec-recepteur-et-constructeurs-de-type-securise","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Exercises","slug":"exercises","link":"#exercises","children":[{"level":3,"title":"Exercise 1","slug":"exercise-1","link":"#exercise-1","children":[]}]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"fr/kotlin-features-advanced/README.md"}');export{r as comp,d as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-NwXwu3YI.js b/assets/index.html-NwXwu3YI.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5fc46e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-NwXwu3YI.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as e}from"./logo_worldline-dinT9MYm.js";import{_ as t,c as i,o as n,a}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const r={},l=a('

Welcome

Who we are

avatar
avatar

We design payments technology that powers the growth of millions of businesses around the world. Engineering the next frontiers in payments technology

  • Leader in payment and secured transactions
  • Over 50 billion transactions/year​
  • 7000+ engineers in over 40 countries
  • A huge & diverse tech-stack

TIP

This training is also available in French / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Français

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of object-oriented language like Java
  • Prepare your development environment and install stuff before the session (see Tooling section)
',10),o=[l];function s(d,c){return n(),i("div",null,o)}const u=t(r,[["render",s],["__file","index.html.vue"]]),m=JSON.parse(`{"path":"/en/","title":"Welcome","lang":"en-US","frontmatter":{"home":true,"heroImage":"./kotlin_logo.png","tagline":"A beginner's guide to a modern programming language","actions":[{"text":"Get started →","link":"/en/presentation/","type":"primary"}],"features":[{"title":"Language features","details":"null safety, extensions, lambdas, Java interoperability and more"},{"title":"Backend development","details":"With Ktor, spring and node.js"},{"title":"Frontend development","details":"Compose multiplatform, Kotlin/JS, Kotlin/WASM and JVM frameworks"},{"title":"Cross-platform development","details":"With KMP and Compose multiplatform"},{"title":"Advanced Kotlin","details":"Coroutines, delegates, Function literal with receiver, DSLs and more"},{"title":"Practical exercises and solutions","details":"All chapters have a set of exercises"}],"footer":"Worldline, 2023"},"headers":[{"level":2,"title":"Who we are","slug":"who-we-are","link":"#who-we-are","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Prerequisites","slug":"prerequisites","link":"#prerequisites","children":[]},{"level":2,"title":"Useful links","slug":"useful-links","link":"#useful-links","children":[]}],"git":{"updatedTime":1724774876000,"contributors":[{"name":"yostane","email":"1958676+yostane@users.noreply.github.com","commits":1}]},"filePathRelative":"en/index.md"}`);export{u as comp,m as data}; diff --git a/assets/index.html-xZK9TAru.js b/assets/index.html-xZK9TAru.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..61e67cc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/index.html-xZK9TAru.js @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +import{_ as p,r as i,c,b as a,w as e,a as l,o as r,d as n,e as s}from"./app-DAFlGqDu.js";const u={},d=l(`

📚 Développement du backend

De nombreux frameworks supportent officiellement Kotlin comme Spring, Quarkus et Ktor, parmi d'autres listés ici.

En outre, Kotlin est théoriquement compatible avec tout framework qui cible la JVM ou JS. Cependant, les frameworks qui ne supportent pas officiellement Kotlin peuvent nécessiter quelques ajustements pour l'utiliser.

Ktor

Ktor est une bibliothèque Kotlin multiplateforme permettant de développer des clients et des serveurs HTTP. Cela fait de Ktor une bibliothèque utile à la fois aux développeurs frontend, pour la partie client HTTP, ainsi qu'aux développeurs backend, pour la partie serveur HTTP. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons créer une API REST avec le serveur Ktor.

TP : développer une API avec Ktor

  • Créez un projet sur start.ktor.io avec les plugins suivants : Content Negotiation, kotlinx.serialization, et Routing.
  • Cliquez sur "Generate project".
  • Téléchargez l'archive, décompressez-la et ouvrez le projet avec votre IDE préféré.
  • Créez un package models et ajoutez-y une classe de données Customer avec ces propriétés immuables id : String, firstName : String, lastName : Chaîne, email : Chaîne.
  • Annotez la classe avec @Serializable.
  • Créez un nouveau package nommé routes et ajoutez-y un fichier CustomerRoutes.kt qui contiendra le code pour l'endpoint /customer.
  • Le code ci-dessous fournit l'implémentation de certains endpoints. Veuillez implémenter les autres.
  • Pour activer la route, appelez customerRouting() dans le fichier de configuration du routage situé dans plugins/Routing.kt.
  • Pour plus de simplicité, utilisez une liste globale de clients en mémoire val store = mutableListOf<Customer>().
  • Lancer le serveur en exécutant la méthode main.
  • Tester l'API sur l'IDE en utilisant un fichier http ou en utilisant n'importe quel autre client.
CustomerRoutes.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+fun Route.customerRouting() {
+  route("/customer") {
+    get {
+      call.respond(store)
+    }
+    get("{id?}") {
+      val id = call.parameters["id"] ? : return@get call.respondText(
+        "Missing id",
+        status = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
+      )
+      val customer =
+        store.find { it.id == id } ? : return@get call.respondText(
+          "Pas de client avec l'id $id",
+          status = HttpStatusCode.NotFound
+        )
+      call.respond(customer)
+    }
+    post {
+      val customer = call.receive<Customer>()
+      store.add(customer)
+      call.respondText("Customer stored correctly", status = HttpStatusCode.Created)
+    }
+    delete("{id?}") {
+      // TODO
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
plugins/Routing.kt
fun Application.configureRouting() {
+    routing {
+        customerRouting()
+    }
+}
+

return@label

Vous pouvez spécifier le niveau que vous voulez retourner avec un label explicite en utilisant return@lambda.

lambdaA {
+    lambdaB {
+        lambdaC {
+            val randomInt = Random.nextInt(0, 100)
+            if (randomInt > 50) return@lambdaC else return@lambdaB
+        }
+        printf("In lambdaB")
+    }
+}
+

Ce code exécute un autre exemple.

CustomerTest.http
POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "100",
+  "firstName" : "Jane",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "jane.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "200",
+  "firstName" : "John",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "john.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "300",
+  "firstName" : "Mary",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "mary.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Accept : application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/200
+Accepte : application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+Accepte : application/json
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/100
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+

Cette page contient des étapes détaillées

node.js

Grâce à Kotlin/JS, nous pouvons écrire des applications qui ciblent node.js en utilisant Kotlin.

On peut même importer des librairies npm à condition de déclarer les API JS que l'on va utiliser en Kotlin. C'est ce qu'on appelle une déclaration externe (vous pouvez la considérer comme un équivalent des définitions de type de TypeScript) qui déclare les symboles auxquels nous voulons accéder en Kotlin grâce aux annotations @JsModule et @JsNonModule. Définir de telles déclarations externes peut s'avérer fastidieux et il ne semble pas y avoir de générateur automatique officiel et stable (dukat a été supprimé dans kotlin 1.8.20). Dans ce cas, nous avons deux options, soit écrire la déclaration externe nous-même, soit l'importer en tant que dépendance si elle est disponible.

Heureusement pour nous, le prochain TP utilise la librairie Express pour laquelle nous pouvons trouver une déclaration de type externe.

TP : API Rest avec Kotlin/JS et Express

  • Dans IntelliJ, créer un nouveau projet node.js
  • Une fois le projet chargé, éditer build.gradle.ts comme suit : 
implementation(npm("express", "> 4.0.0 < 5.0.0"));
+implementation("dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express:1.2.0");
+
  • Modifiez main.kt comme suit. Cela crée un serveur API REST qui écoute le port 3000 et fournit une route GET /hello.
data class Message(val id : Int, val message : String)
+
+fun main() {
+    val messages = listOf(Message(0, "I love Kotlin/JS"))
+    val app = express.Express()
+    app.get("/hello") { req, res ->
+        res.send(messages)
+    }
+
+    app.listen(3000) {
+        console.log("server start at port 3000")
+    }
+}
+
  • Exécutez la tâche nodeRun depuis votre IDE ou depuis la ligne de commande (si vous avez installé Gradle).
    • Si vous rencontrez une erreur avec Yarn lock, exécutez la tâche kotlinUpgradeYarnLock puis réessayez.
  • Ajouter des routes en POST, PUT et DELETE
  • En ce qui concerne le corps du POST, Express positionne req.body à undefined à moins que nous ne spécifions un body parser.
    • Pour un corps en JSON, nous devons appeler app.use(bodyParser.json()).
    • bodyParser est une bibliothèque npm et malheureusement, chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express ne fournit pas de définition externe pour bodyParser au moment de l'écriture de ces lignes (chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express en version 1.2.0).
    • Pouvez-vous essayer de la définir vous-même en lisant le code de la bibliothèque ?
    • Vous pouvez trouver une solution ici

Spring framework

Spring est un framework célèbre pour le développement d'applications côté serveur : API REST, pages web générées par le serveur, microservices, etc. Il s'appuie sur l'écosystème Java pour la compilation et l'exécution, ce qui le rend compatible avec Kotlin. Mieux encore, Spring supporte officiellement Kotlin. On peut même démarrer un nouveau projet avec Kotlin et Gradle-Kotlin. Dans la prochaine section, nous utiliserons ce projet pour recréer notre API REST plus haut avec Spring.

TP : Spring boot part 1 - développer la même API avec Spring Boot

  • Créez un projet sur start.spring.io (aussi appelé Spring initializr) avec les dépendances suivantes : Spring Web et Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Choisissez Kotlin comme langage et Kotlin-Grade comme gestionnaire de projet.
  • Ajoutez les dépendances suivantes : Spring Web et Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Cliquez sur Generate. Téléchargez l'archive, décompressez-la et ouvrez le projet avec IntelliJ (de préférence) ou VSCode.
  • Vérifiez que la partie plugins build.gradle.kts utilise la dernière version de Kotlin. Voici à quoi cela devrait ressembler avec Kotlin 1.8.10 :
plugins {
+  id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+  id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+  kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+  kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
  • Créez la data class Customer dans le package model (sans l'annotation @Serializable).
  • Créez un paquetage controller qui contient une classe CustomerController qui fournit un CRUD en utilisant une liste globale.
    • Vous pouvez trouver un squelette ci-dessous.
    • 💡 Dans Spring, les contrôleurs Rest servent de routes Ktor, où un contrôleur définit une ressource REST.
  • Définissez les mêmes routes que dans le TP précédent.
  • Démarrez le serveur de l'API REST en exécutant :
    • Sur Powershell : .\\gradlew.bat bootRun
    • Tout shell Unix : .\\gradlew bootRun
    • Ou bien, vérifiez si votre IDE fournit déjà des configurations d'exécution pour les projets Spring Boot.
  • Veuillez tester les routes avec un client REST. Vous pouvez trouver des fichiers http ici au format JetBrains ou au format de l'extension REST Client de VSCode
CustomerController.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/customer")
+class CustomerController {
+    @GetMapping
+    fun getAll() = store
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id : String) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+
+    @PostMapping
+    fun addOne(@RequestBody customer : Customer) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+
+    @DeleteMapping("{id}")
+    fun deleteOne(@PathVariable id : String) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+}
+

TP : Spring boot partie 2 - ajouter une base de données

Allons un peu plus loin en stockant des données dans une base de données et en écrivant quelques tests.

Nous utiliserons la base de données en mémoire H2 pour des raisons de simplicité, puisqu'elle ne nécessite pas de serveur pour fonctionner. Les classes seront mappées aux tables de la base de données avec des annotations JPA. L'API de base de données que nous utiliserons s'appelle JPARepository. C'est une API légère qui fournit des fonctionnalités CRUD communes à partir d'une simple une interface.

  • Créez un nouveau projet Spring en utilisant Spring initializr avec Kotlin et les dépendances suivantes : Spring Data JPA, H2 Database, Spring Boot DevTools, Spring Web.
  • Ouvrez le projet et ajoutez cette classe dans le package model @Entity class Product(@Id @GeneratedValue var id : Long ? = null, var name : String, var price : Int). Ceci définit la classe ainsi que les annotations JPA minimales (@Entity, @Id et @GeneratedValue) pour générer la table correspondante.
  • Dans le package repository, déclarez l'interface ProductRepository comme suit interface ProductRepository : JpaRepository<Produit, Long>. C'est suffisant pour que Spring génère une implémentation avec des caractéristiques communes comme nous le verrons plus tard.
  • Ensuite, créez une classe ProductService qui contiendra la logique métier. En termes d'architecture, le contrôleur appelle un service qui, à son tour, s'appuie sur d'autres services ou référentiels.
ProductService.kt
@Service
+class ProductService(@Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+    fun getAll() = productRepository.findAll()
+
+    // use findByIdOrNull instad of findById because the latter returns an optional<Product> instead of Product?
+    fun getById(id: Long) = productRepository.findByIdOrNull(id)
+}
+
  • Dans le package controller, créez une classe ProductController qui est mappée à /product et injectée avec @Autowired. Répondez à @Get comme suit.
ProductController.kt
@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/product")
+class ProductController(@Autowired val productService : ProductService) {
+    @GetMapping fun getAll() = productService.getAll()
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id : Long) =
+        productService.getById(id) ? : throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

Kotlin rend getById(@PathVariable id : Long) plus concis

L'opérateur Elvis ?: permet de simplifier le code. Voici une version plus longue en guise de référence.

@GetMapping("{id}")
+fun getById(@PathVariable id : Long) : Produit {
+    val product = productService.getById(id)
+    if (product != null){
+        return product
+    }
+    throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

En outre, Spring fournit @ControllerAdvice pour modifier le message d'exception. Vous pouvez voir un [exemple ici] (https://spring.io/guides/tutorials/rest/).

  • Exécutons le projet. Avant de lancer le projet, nous devons ajouter un plugin qui permet aux classes Kotlin de générer un constructeur par défaut id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10". Les plugins devraient ressembler à ce qui suit :
plugins {
+  id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10"
+  id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+  id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+  kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+  kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
+
  • En guise d'exercice, implémentez ces routes : POST d'un seul produit, DELETE par id (/produit/{id}) et GET par id (/produit/{id}).
    • Indice : ProductController fournit déjà les méthodes nécessaires.
  • Appelez les différents points de terminaison avec un client REST.
  • Tester votre API Rest avec un client HTTP

TP : Spring boot partie 3 - ajouter des tests

Les frameworks Spring permettent d'effectuer différents types de tests en fournissant différentes classes dès le départ :

  • Tests unitaires/de composants des services et de l'API REST. Cela se fait par le biais d'utilitaires de bouchonnage tels que MockMVC.
  • Tests d'intégration de l'API REST en utilisant TestRestTemplate. Dans ce cas, un serveur complet est exécuté et testé.

La plupart des classes fournies par Spring, si ce n'est toutes, offrent une syntaxe élégante pour les développeurs Java. Certaines d'entre elles vont plus loin en tirant parti des caractéristiques spécifiques de Kotlin. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons nous concentrer sur les parties qui fournissent des DSLs Kotlin, à savoir le test unitaire de l'API REST avec MockMVC.

  • Créer une classe de test ProductControllerUnitTests avec le contenu initial ci-dessous. MockMvc permet de tester unitairement l'API REST. L'annotation @AutoConfigureMockMvc permet à Spring de la configurer automatiquement.
@SpringBootTest
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
+classe ProductControllerTests(
+    @Autowired val mockMvc : MockMvc,
+    @Autowired val productRepository : ProductRepository) {
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun reset(){
+        productRepository.deleteAll()
+    }
+}
+
  • Ajoutez les deux tests ci-dessous. Le premier utilise une approche classique tandis que le second tire parti des capacités du DSL de Kotlin. De plus, nous utilisons une chaîne littérale plus lisible.
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  • En guise d'exercice, écrire des tests pour les autres points d'accès.

Le constructeur de requêtes de JpaRepository

Les repository Spring implémentent des requêtes basées sur le nom de leurs méthodes. Par exemple, pour obtenir tous les produits triés par nom, nous pouvons ajouter cette méthode à l'interface.

interface ProductRepository : JpaRepository<Produit, Long> {
+    fun findAllByOrderByNameAsc() : List<Produit> ;
+}
+

La [documentation officielle] (https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/#repositories.query-methods.query-creation) fournit des explications et des exemples plus détaillés.

Projets terminés

Aller plus loin

Ces tutoriels officiels vont encore plus loin :

Lien et références

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Shall I use Kotlin ?
Shall I use Kotlin...
Android
Android
Mobile (Android + iOS)
Mobile (Android + iOS)
Web
Web
Web + Mobile
Web + Mobile
What type
of front project
What type...
Frontend
Frontend
Kotlin is the default Android Language since 2019
Kotlin is the default...
No
No
Yes
Yes
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to generate native code
Do you want...
Java / JVM
Java / JVM
Other
Other
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of project ?
What type...
Yes
Yes
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using a conise language
with null safety and full
interop with Java
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Yes
Yes
No
No
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or WASM or WASI
project ?
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Use Kotlin. In addition to that, Quarkus and Spring officially support Kotlin
Use Kotlin. In addition...
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Use Java or Groo...
Use Flutter or React native
Use Flutter or R...
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Yes
No
No
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Yes
No
No
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views 
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Use KMP with Compose multiplatform
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Yes
Yes
No
No
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use a conise lnguage
with null safety
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Yes
Yes
No
No
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Use other languages
Use other langua...
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Kotlin / Java
Kotlin / Java
C#
C#
Dart
Dart
Rust
Rust
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confortable with
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I want 
I want 
No
No
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to share code
across mobile
and web
Do you want...
Use JS ot TS to develop the webapp
Use JS ot TS to...
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Use Kotlin/JS
Use Blazor
Use Blazor
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User Flutter
Use Yew (or an alternative in Rust)
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b/en/backend-development/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Backend development | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Backend development

Many frameworks officially support Kotlin: Spring, Quarkus, Ktor, among others listed here.

In addition to that, Kotlin is theoretically compatible with any framework that targets the JVM or JS. For example, this tutorial shows how to use node.js with Kotlin. However, frameworks that do not officially support Kotlin may require some tweaking to use it.

Ktor

Ktor is a cross-platform Kotlin library for building both HTTP clients and servers. This makes Ktor a useful library to learn for both front-end developers for its HTTP client capabilities and backend-development for its HTTP server capabilities. In the following, we'll create a REST API with Ktor server.

🧪 develop an API with Ktor

  • Create a project on start.ktor.io with the following plugins: Content Negotiation, kotlinx.serialization, and Routing.
  • Click on "Generate project".
  • Download the archive, unzip it, and open the project with IntelliJ.
  • Create a models package and add to it a Customer data class with these immutable properties id: String, firstName: String, lastName: String, email: String.
  • Annotate the class with @Serializable.
  • Create a new package named routes and add to it a file CustomerRoutes.kt that will contain the code for the /customer endpoint.
  • The code below provides the implementation of some endpoints. Please implement the remaining ones.
  • To enable the route call customerRouting() in the routing configuration file located in plugins/Routing.kt.
  • For simplicity, use a global in-memory list of customers val store = mutableListOf<Customer>().
  • Run the server by running the main method.
  • Test the api on the IDE by using an http file or using any other client.
CustomerRoutes.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+fun Route.customerRouting() {
+    route("/customer") {
+        get {
+            call.respond(store)
+        }
+        get("{id?}") {
+            val id = call.parameters["id"] ?: return@get call.respondText(
+                "Missing id",
+                status = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
+            )
+            val customer =
+                store.find { it.id == id } ?: return@get call.respondText(
+                    "No customer with id $id",
+                    status = HttpStatusCode.NotFound
+                )
+            call.respond(customer)
+        }
+        post {
+            val customer = call.receive<Customer>()
+            store.add(customer)
+            call.respondText("Customer stored correctly", status = HttpStatusCode.Created)
+        }
+        delete("{id?}") {
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
plugins/Routing.kt
fun Application.configureRouting() {
+    routing {
+        customerRouting()
+    }
+}
+

return@label

You can specify which level you want to return with an explicit label using return@lambda.

lambdaA {
+    lambdaB {
+        lambdaC {
+            val randomInt = Random.nextInt(0, 100)
+            if (randomInt > 50) return@lambdaC else return@lambdaB
+        }
+        printf("In lambdaB")
+    }
+}
+

This code runs another example.

CustomerTest.http
POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "100",
+  "firstName": "Jane",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "jane.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "200",
+  "firstName": "John",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "john.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "id": "300",
+  "firstName": "Mary",
+  "lastName": "Smith",
+  "email": "mary.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/200
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/100
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+

This page has detailed steps

Spring framework

Spring is a famous framework for developing server-side applications: APIs, server generated web pages, microservices, etc. It relies on the the Java ecosystem to build and run, thus making it compatible with Kotlin. Even better, Spring officially supports Kotlin. It even allows in start a new project with Kotlin and Gradle-Kotlin. In the next section, we'll use this starter to recreate our above REST API with Spring.

🧪 Spring boot part 1 - develop the same API with Spring Boot

  • Create a project on start.spring.io (also called Spring initializr) with the following dependencies: Spring Web and Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Choose Kotlin as the language and Kotlin-Grade as the project manager.
  • Add these dependencies: Spring Web, Spring Boot DevTools, h2 database and Spring Data JPA.
  • Click on "Generate". Download the archive, unzip it, and open the project with IntelliJ (preferably) or VSCode.
  • Create Customer data class in the model package without the @Serializable annotation.
  • Create a controller package that contains a CustomerController class which provides a CRUD using a global list. You can find a skeleton below.
    • 💡 In Spring, Rest controllers serve the purpose of Ktor routes, where a controller defines a REST resource.
  • Define the same endpoints as in the previous PW.
  • Start the REST API server by running .\gradlew bootRun or from your IDE.
  • Please test the endpoints with a REST client. You can find http files here in JetBrains format or VSCode's REST Client extension
CustomerController.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/customer")
+class CustomerController {
+    @GetMapping
+    fun getAll() = store
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id: String) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+
+    @PostMapping
+    fun addOne(@RequestBody customer: Customer) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+
+    @DeleteMapping("{id}")
+    fun deleteOne(@PathVariable id: String) { /* TODO: implement */ }
+}
+

Models or model package ? plural or not ?

Both are ok as long as you follow the same convention in the project.

🧪 Spring boot part 2 - adding a database

Let's go a little bit further by storing data in a database and writing some tests.

We'll use the H2 in-memory database for the sake of simplicity, since it does not require a server to run. Classes will mapped to database tables with JPA annotations. The database API we'll be using is called JPARepository. It is a lightweight API that provides common CRUD features by just defining an interface.

On the testing side, we'll see two different syntaxes. The default one that is more familiar with Java style and the DSL one which is more readable and more familiar with Kotlin developers.

  • Create a new Spring project using Spring initializr with Kotlin and the following dependencies: Spring Data JPA, H2 Database, Spring Boot DevTools, Spring Web
  • Open the project and add this class in the model package @Entity class Product(@Id @GeneratedValue var id: Long? = null, var name: String, var price: Int). This single defines the class as well as the minimal JPA annotations (@Entity, @Id and @GeneratedValue) to generate the corresponding table.
  • In the repository package, declare the ProductRepository interface as follows interface ProductRepository: JpaRepository<Product, Long>. This is enough for Spring to generate an implementation with common features as we'll see later.
  • Next, create a ProductService class which will contain the business logic. In terms of architecture, the controller calls a service which in turn rely on other services or repositories.
ProductService.kt
@Service
+class ProductService(@Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+    fun getAll() = productRepository.findAll()
+
+    // use findByIdOrNull instad of findById because the latter returns an optional<Product> instead of Product?
+    fun getById(id: Long) = productRepository.findByIdOrNull(id)
+}
+
  • In the controller package, create a ProductController class that is mapped to /product and injects the with @Autowired. Reply to @Get as follows.
ProductController.kt
@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/product")
+class ProductController(@Autowired val productService: ProductService) {
+    @GetMapping fun getAll() = productService.getAll()
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id: Long) =
+        productService.getById(id) ?: throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

Kotlin makes getById(@PathVariable id: Long) more concise

The Elvis operator ?: allows to simplify the code. Here is a longer version as reference.

@GetMapping("{id}")
+fun getById(@PathVariable id: Long): Product {
+    val product = productService.getById(id)
+    if (product != null){
+        return product
+    }
+    throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

In addition to that, Spring provides @ControllerAdvice to change the exception message. You can see an example here.

  • Let's run the project. Before running the project, we need to add a plugin that allows Kotlin classes to generate a default constructor id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10". The plugins should look as follows:
plugins {
+    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10"
+ id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+ id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+ kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+ kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
  • As an exercise, implement these endpoints: POST a single product, DELETE by id (/product/{id}) and GET by id (/product/{id}).
    • Hint: ProductController already provides the necessary methods.
  • Call the different endpoints with a REST client.

🧪 Spring boot part 2 - adding tests

Spring frameworks helps perform different types of tests by providing different classes out of the box:

  • Unit testing of services, repositories and the REST API. This is done through mock utilities such as MockMVC.
  • Integration testing of the REST API using TestRestTemplate. In this situation, a full server is run and tested.

Most, if not all classes provided by Spring provide an elegant syntax for Java developers. Some of them go further by taking advantage of Kotlin specific features. In the following, we're going to focus on parts that provide Kotlin DSLs, namely unit testing the REST API with MockMVC.

  • Create a test class ProductControllerUnitTests with this initial content. MockMvc allows to unit test the REST API. The @AutoConfigureMockMvc annotation allows spring to configure it automatically
@SpringBootTest
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
+class ProductControllerTests(
+    @Autowired val mockMvc: MockMvc,
+    @Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun reset(){
+        productRepository.deleteAll()
+    }
+}
+
  • Add these two tests. The first one uses a classic approach while the second take advantage of Kotlin DSL capabilities. In addition to that, we name using a more readable string literal
@Test
+fun testWithClassicApproach(){
+    mockMvc.perform(get("/product"))
+        .andExpect(status().isOk)
+        .andExpect(content().string(containsString("[]")))
+}
+
@Test
+fun `test GET a single product`() {
+    mockMvc.get("/product/1").andExpect {
+        status { isOk() }
+        jsonPath("$.name") { value("A") }
+        jsonPath("$.price") { value(1) }
+        content { contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) }
+    }
+}
+
  • As an exercise, unit tests for the other endpoints.

The request builder of JpaRepository

Spring repositories implement requests based on the name of their methods. For example, to get all products sorted by name, we can add this method to the interface.

interface ProductRepository: JpaRepository<Product, Long> {
+    fun findAllByOrderByNameAsc(): List<Product>;
+}
+

The official documentation provides more detailed explanations and examples.

node.js

Thanks to Kotlin/JS, we can write apps that target node.js using Kotlin. We can even import npm libraries as long as you declare the JS API surface that you'll be using in Kotlin. This is called external declaration (You can think of it as an equivalent of TypeScript's type definitions) that declares the symbols that we want to access in Kotlin thanks to @JsModule and @JsNonModule annotations.

Defining such external declarations can be a hassle and there seems to be no official automatic generator (dukat has been removed in kotlin 1.8.20). In that case, we have two options, either we write the external declaration ourselves or import it as a dependency if available. Fortunately for express developers, chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express provides declarations for the express library.

There are two gradle plugins that allow to create node.js projects: the kotlin("js") one and the kotlin("multiplatform") one. The difference between the two plugins is that the former only supports JS or WASM while the latter supports more platforms but requires to configure source sets. Thus, the former may seem easier to setup but the latter is better in the long run because it allows us to get more familiar with Kotlin Multiplatform (KMP).

🧪 Getting started with Kotlin/JS and Express

At the time of writing, I didn't find an official wizard or starter project. So we'll create one from scratch using gradle init.

  • Create a new Gradle project using IntelliJ or by running gradle init in a empty folder (see below for the replies to the gradle init command).
gradle init
gradle init
+Starting a Gradle Daemon, 1 incompatible and 1 stopped Daemons could not be reused, use --status for details
+
+Select type of project to generate:
+  1: basic
+  2: application
+  3: library
+  4: Gradle plugin
+Enter selection (default: basic) [1..4] 1
+
+Select build script DSL:
+  1: Kotlin
+  2: Groovy
+Enter selection (default: Kotlin) [1..2] 1
+
+Project name (default: starter): rest-api-kotlin-nodejs
+
+Generate build using new APIs and behavior (some features may change in the next minor release)? (default: no) [yes, no] yes
+
+
+> Task :init
+To learn more about Gradle by exploring our Samples at https://docs.gradle.org/8.3/samples
+
+BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 24s
+2 actionable tasks: 2 executed
+
  • In build.gradle.kts, add and configure the kotlin("multiplatform") plugin. Also add the express and dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express dependencies.
build.gradle.kts
plugins {
+    kotlin("multiplatform") version "1.9.20-Beta"
+}
+
+repositories {
+    mavenCentral()
+}
+
+group = "tech.worldline.demo"
+version = "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
+
+kotlin {
+    js {
+        nodejs {
+        }
+        binaries.executable()
+        useCommonJs()
+    }
+
+    sourceSets {
+        val jsMain by getting {
+            dependencies {
+                implementation(npm("express", "> 4.0.0 < 5.0.0"))
+                implementation("dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express:1.2.0")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+

Some notes on the build file

  • create a main.kt file in src/jsMain/kotlin with the following content:
main.kt
data class Message(val id: Int, val message: String)
+
+val messages = mutableListOf(Message(0, "I love Kotlin/JS"))
+
+fun main() {
+    val app = express.Express()
+
+    // REST API that provides a **GET /hello** endpoint
+    app.get("/hello") { _, res ->
+        res.send(messages)
+    }
+
+    // Create a server that listens to port 3000
+    app.listen(3000) {
+        console.log("server start at port 3000")
+    }
+}
+
  • Run the task jsRun from IntelliJ of from the command line ./gradlew --console=plain jsRun. The server should start running.
  • Open the hello endpoint on http://localhost:3000/hello

Execution failed for task ':kotlinStoreYarnLock'

If you get this error:

Execution failed for task ':kotlinStoreYarnLock'.
+> yarn.lock was changed. Run the `kotlinUpgradeYarnLock` task to actualize yarn.lock file
+

Run ./gradlew kotlinUpgradeYarnLock so that yarn.lock is updated

🧪 Adding a post endpoint and an external Kotlin/JS definition

Let's add a post endpoint which reads the body as a json. In order to read the body as json, we must add this possibility to express by importing the npm library body-parser and by calling app.use(bodyParser.json()). Once this setup is complete, req.body will contain the content of the body. However, there is no available external definition for bodyParser as of the time of writing. Thus, we must create or own external definition.

  • First, add the body-parser dependncy in the build file implementation(npm("body-parser", "> 1.0.0 < 2.0.0"))
  • Next, we would write: app.use(bodyparser.json()) to activate the library. Let's guess what a minimal definition of bodyparser can be.
BodyParser.kt
// external means that this class is defined in JS
+external class BodyParser {
+    // we tell Kotlin that we want to use the json() function.
+    fun json(): Any
+    // It is not required to define all the functions of the module
+}
+
+// @JsModule is used to import the module from the NPM registry
+@JsModule("body-parser")
+external val bodyParser: BodyParser
+
  • Finally, we just need to add the BodyParser.kt file into the project and use it in our server.
main.kt
app.use(bodyParser.json())
+app.post("/hello") { req, res ->
+    // Kotlin does not keep the original field name when parsing JSON from JS (you can see it the in get response)
+    if (req.body as? Message == null) {
+        println("failed to get the body from Kotlin")
+    }
+    // Thus, we need to use js() to get the the field by its expected name
+    // js() calls JS from Kotlin
+    println("req.body from JS ${js("req.body.id")} - ${js("req.body.message")}")
+    val id = js("req.body.id") as? Int
+    val message = js("req.body.message") as? String
+    if (message != null && id != null) {
+        messages.add(Message(id, message))
+        res.status(201).end()
+    } else {
+        res.status(400).send(js("{cause : 'error'}") as Any)
+    }
+}
+

🧪 Adding more endpoints

  • Add PUT and DELETE endpoints

🎯 Solutions

📖 Further readings

These official tutorials go even further:

References

+ + + diff --git a/en/front-development/index.html b/en/front-development/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a602d931 --- /dev/null +++ b/en/front-development/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Frontend development | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Frontend development

Kotlin supports a wide selection of frontend frameworks across all platforms: mobile, desktop and web.

Please find below a glimpse of the possibilities that you can do right from IntelliJ:

  • On the Desktop side
    • Thanks to JVM support, Kotlin supports JavaFX (There was a Kotlin counterpart called tornadofx which is not maintained anymore).
    • Compose Multiplatform brings Jetpack Compose to the desktop, the web and mobile.
  • On the Web
    • Ktor can use templates engines such as FreeMarker to create server pages.
    • With KotlinJS, developers can create React, nodsjs, or vanilla JS Apps using Kotlin.
    • Kotlin WASM compiles into Web Assembly. It can complement KotlinJS for computation intensive tasks.
  • On Mobiles
    • Android developers use the Jetpack Compose UI Framework or the legacy xml layouts. It is experimental on iOS.

Kotlin supports cross platform frontend development thanks to Kotlin MultiPlatform (KMP)

Kotlin Multiplatform (KMP)

"The Kotlin Multiplatform technology is designed to simplify the development of cross-platform projects. It reduces time spent writing and maintaining the same code for different platforms while retaining the flexibility and benefits of native programming." ₁

KMP relies on Kotlin native and other Kotlin features to help developers create projects that target multiple platforms using a common Kotlin code-base.

KMP
KMP

Many combinations of targets and use cases are possible:

Kotlin/JS and Kotlin/WASM

  • Kotlin/JS can also target the web and even use web frameworks (such as react) in Kolitn.
  • Kotlin WASM is another possibility to target the web but this will generate WASM instead of pure JS code.
    • It can be used for example to develop computation intensive libraries.
  • Maybe we can do even more in the future with as all these technologies (Kotlin, WASM and Kotlin/WASM) evolve. - For example, WASI allows WASM to communicate with the operating system. - This means that me may see Kotlin/WASM project projects in the future that can target both the browser and the OS.
  • Let's keep watching 😄.

🧪 Kotlin/WASM web app

  • Let's create a Kotlin/WASM app. By cloning git clone git@github.com:Kotlin/kotlin-wasm-examples.git and opening the browser-example folder in your IDE.
  • Open the project and run the wasmJsBrowserRun task.
  • The development server should start and you can open your WASM powered webapp on http://localhost:8080/
    • ⚠️ You may need to activate some flags on your browser for the app to work. If you see a blank page, please read the browser logs to check for the instructions.
Alt text
Alt text
  • Please check the contents of src/wasmJsMain/kotlin/Simple.kt to understand how the page is coded.
  • Next, let's check the generated wasm file which is available in build/js/packages/project_name/kotlin
    • WASM being a binary format, we need to convert it first to text format.
    • We can either install WABT (The WebAssembly Binary Toolkit or wabbit) and use the wasm2wattool wasm2wat --enable-all -v .\kotlin-wasm-demo-wasm.wasm -o wasm.wat,
    • or use an online converter such as this one
    • ❗ However, I couldn't get it to work (yet).

Kotlin/JS and Kotlin/WASM common points

Both Kotlin/WASM and Kotlin/JS IntelliJ work somewhat similarly.

  • Both rely on the KMP plugin
  • Kotlin/WASM is enabled by adding a wasmjs section in the build.gradle.kts file, while Kotlin/JS is enabled by adding a js section.
  • The Kotlin code will compile to WASM and / or JS. Kotlin/JS generates only JS while Kotin/WASM generates both JS and WASM.
  • In both cases, the entry point of the generated code is a JS file called module_name.js.
  • The index.html in the resources folder loads the generated JS explained above (the one named module_name.js).
  • The task wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun or jsWasmBrowserDevelopmentRun run a local server that hosts both the index.html files and the generated JS and WASM files.

Compose multiplatform

"Compose Multiplatform simplifies and accelerates UI development for Desktop and Web applications, and allows extensive UI code sharing between Android, iOS, Desktop and Web. It's a modern toolkit for building native UI. Quickly bring your app to life with less code, powerful tools, and intuitive Kotlin APIs."

img
img
Button(
+  onClick = {
+    logger.info("Pressed!")
+  }
+) {
+  Text("Hello $platform")
+}
+

It is based on Android Jetpack Compose declarative UI approach ( which is similar also to iOS SwiftUI ) 1

Compose multiplatform vs Jetpack Compose

While very similar, Compose multiplatform is different from Jetpack Compose as the latter is only compatible with Android. Google provides a JetPack compose tutorial for Android development.

Compose HTML is not cross-platform

Compose HTML is UI a library targeting Kotlin/JS which is not compatible with Compose Multiplatform (it is a different API). For cross-platform UI development with Compose Multiplatform, compose Web is the choice.

🧪 Create a Compose multiplatform app

We'll create a multiplatform app using the official template. At the time of writing, this template does not include a compose web target.

  • Please check that your environment is correctly setup as explained here.
    • On Windows and Linux, we don't need to install iOS/macOS related tools but and we won't be able to run iOS/macOS targets.
    • If we don't want to install Android Studio, we need at least to install the Android SDK either through the official installer or from the "Languages and Framework -> Android SDK" menu in the settings.
  • Open the official template and either download a zip or use the "use this template" options on GitHub.
  • Open the downloaded projet. You'll note that it contains these modules:
    • a shared module (or subproject) that contains common code as well as
    • and another module for earch targeted platform: androidApp, iOSApp and desktopApp (When web will be included in the template, we should also see a webApp project). These contain the source code of the apps itself (such as the main activity in Android, the @main App in iOS and the main function in desktopJVM) and well as platform specific resources that cannot be placed in the shared module. Some examples of such files are the AndroidManifest.xml for android and the info.plist in iOS.
  • In order to run the desktopApp, open a terminal on the project root folder and launch this command: ./gradlew desktopApp:run.
  • In order to run the Android App, the simplest way is to launch it from IntelliJ Alt text. It is also possible define a gradle task that installs the app on the device and issues a command to the device to launch it.
  • In order to run the iOS App, the simplest way is to run it on the simulator using IntelliJ. In order to run it on a real device, the TramID needs to be defined as explained here
Alt text
Alt text

🧪 Playing with the Compose multiplatform API

Compose multiplatform is a component based declarative UI framework. Each component is called a Composable and is defined as a function annotated with @Composable.

In compose multiplatform, the main component (the component at the root of the App) is usually found in shared/src/commonMain/Kotlin/App.kt.

  • Take a look at shared/src/commonMain/Kotlin/App.kt, run the app and try to understand how compose works.
  • Let's create a new composable called RandomNumberList.
@Composable
+fun RandomNumberList(){
+    // Generate a list of random numbers
+    val myRandomValues = List(5) { Random.nextInt(0, 30) }
+    // LazyColumn is a vertically scrolling list that renders items on demand
+    LazyColumn {
+        items(myRandomValues.size){
+            Text(text = "$it")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
  • Place this composable below AnimatedVisibility and Button and run the app.
/*
+Button(onClick ...
+AnimatedVisibility(showImage) { ...
+*/
+RandomNumberList()
+
  • Exercise: Make the "Hello, .." button switch between showing the list and and the image.
Hello compose demo
Hello compose demo

🎯 Solutions

📖 Further reading

+ + + diff --git a/en/index.html b/en/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4bdab18d --- /dev/null +++ b/en/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + Welcome | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +
Learning Kotlin

Learning Kotlin

A beginner's guide to a modern programming language

Get started →

Language features

null safety, extensions, lambdas, Java interoperability and more

Backend development

With Ktor, spring and node.js

Frontend development

Compose multiplatform, Kotlin/JS, Kotlin/WASM and JVM frameworks

Cross-platform development

With KMP and Compose multiplatform

Advanced Kotlin

Coroutines, delegates, Function literal with receiver, DSLs and more

Practical exercises and solutions

All chapters have a set of exercises

Welcome

Who we are

avatar
avatar

We design payments technology that powers the growth of millions of businesses around the world. Engineering the next frontiers in payments technology

  • Leader in payment and secured transactions
  • Over 50 billion transactions/year​
  • 7000+ engineers in over 40 countries
  • A huge & diverse tech-stack

TIP

This training is also available in French / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Français

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of object-oriented language like Java
  • Prepare your development environment and install stuff before the session (see Tooling section)
Worldline, 2023
+ + + diff --git a/en/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html b/en/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eab33afe --- /dev/null +++ b/en/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Advanced and other Kotlin features | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Advanced and other Kotlin features

Delegated properties

Kotlin allows to delegate the getter and setter of a property to another object, which is called a delegate. It is a class that defines the getValue and setValue methods.

Kotlin provides standard delegates such lazy properties and observable properties.

▶️ this code illustrates delegate properties.

Concurrency and Coroutines

Kotlin provides a high level concurrency model called Coroutines. The developer can delegated the management of threads to the compiler and runtime and using higher level constructs than threads to express asynchronous operations.

Coroutines in Kotlin revolve around these concepts:

  • A coroutine is an instance of suspendable computation.
    • Kotlin has many methods for creating a coroutine such as launch.
  • A coroutine must exist within a coroutine scope.
    • For example runBlocking creates a coroutine scope whithin which coroutines can be launched.
  • A coroutine can run suspend functions which can suspend the coroutine but do not block the thread.
    • For example: the delay suspend the coroutine but does not block the thread on which it is running.
    • Suspend functions are operations that may take time such http requests and file system calls.
  • The suspend qualifier defines a suspend function. It runs within a coroutine and can call other suspend functions.
  • Flow allows to generate a list of asynchronous values.
  • Deferred and Channel transfer a single value and a stream of values, respectively, between coroutines.

▶️ this code show how to create a coroutine and suspend function and how to use them.

▶️ this code illustrated flows.

▶️ this code illustrates channels and deferred.

Function literal with receiver and Type-safe builders

As seen previously, function extension add behavior to existing classes. Inside the definition of the function extension, we can reference the extension receiver (or this) implicitly.

fun String.countCharacters() = length // or this.length
+println("hello".countCharacters()) // prints 5
+

We can define this extension with a function literal (or lambda) in instead of a named function (declared with fun).

var extFn: String.() -> Int
+extFn = { length } // extFn is a function literal
+println("hello".extFn()) // prints 5
+println(extFn("hello")) // prints 5
+

extFn is a function literal (lambda) that has access to the receiver (this). That's why it's called a function literal with receiver.

extFn("hello") or extFn("hello") call the extension as expected from extension functions.

The type of a function literal with receiver is funName: ReceiverType.(arg1Type, arg2Type, etc.) -> ReturnType and is called with funName(receiverValue, arg1Value, etc.) or receiverValue.funName(arg1Value, etc.). However, this is not the interesting aspect.

The important part is extFn = { length } which can be put as a function argument in a higher order function. The developer that calls the higher order function must define extFn, which in turn has access to the receiver. This allows for a nice style of programming. ▶️ this code shows an example.

Type-safe builders combine well-named builder functions and functions literals with receiver to create type-safe, statically typed builders in Kotlin.

Builder pattern

The builder pattern is a way to construct complex objects.

// StirngBuilder uses the builder pattern
+val text = StringBuilder("Temp")
+  .append(1)
+  .append(true)
+  .append("friend")
+  .toString()
+

This code shows a basic type-safe builder.

Kotlin docs provides an example of an advanced type-safe builder that builds an HTML page.

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 1

  1. open the java-integration-exercise projects in the materials folder.
  2. Have a look at the Java class we provided you in the src/main/java/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin package. (yes, that's the Pokemon class)
  3. Convert that Java class in Kotlin using IntelliJ's awesome copy-pasta tool! (just copy paste the java code in a kotlin file, one is provided at src/main/kotlin/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin)
  4. Have a look at the generated Kotlin code, and note the major differences you spot!
+ + + diff --git a/en/kotlin-features/index.html b/en/kotlin-features/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0687eee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/en/kotlin-features/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Kotlin language features | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Kotlin language features

Kotlin is an object oriented language with functional features. This chapter covers important and relevant features of the language slit into basic and intermediate. Another chapter covers advanced features.

Basic features

Basic constructs (variables, control flow)

  • Kotlin is statically typed and supports implicit typing.
    • Static typing: types cannot change on runtime (it is the opposite of dynamic typing).
    • Implicit typing: the compiler can infer the type whenever possible.
  • var creates mutable variables.
  • val creates immutable variables or constants.
  • Semi-colons are optional.
  • Kotlin supports top level declaration of variables and functions (They can be declared outside of classes).
  • String interpolation is available with this syntax ${expression}.
  • if, and when statements are expressions (they can return a value).
    • when is equivalent to the switch statement of other languages
    • The ternary operator is not available but the if statement replaces-it.
  • for-each is the only type of for loop available.
  • Object oriented programming is supported as in Java with some additional features such as extensions.
  • The compiler supports Null Safety. It allows to write code free from null pointer errors with a compile time guarantee.
  • Functional programming is supported (Higher-order functions and functions as 1st class items, etc.).

Use val by default

Replace by var only if needed.

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

Functions

In the this section, the terms 'argument' and 'parameter' are used interchangeably.

Functions in Kotlin have the following features:

  • Declaration: fun functionName(arg1: type1 = defaultvalue1, ...) : retunrType.
  • Call a function by passing the value in the declaration order.
    • Use argument labels for more clarity, however, it also allows for arbitrary ordering of arguments.
  • Optional arguments have a default value and can be omitted during the call.
  • Functions are first class items or citizen: they can be assigned to a variable, passed as a function parameter, or returned from a function.
    • 💡 A function that takes a function as an argument or returns one is a higher order function.
  • A function type can be expressed as follows: (typeOfParam1, typeOfParam2, etc) -> returnType (The empty return type is Unit).
  • Anonymous functions use the following syntax { argName1, argName2, etc. -> // code }
    • Also called or lambda functions or literal functions
  • The last function argument can be put after the closing after the closing parenthesis compute(9, 5) { x, y -> x * y }

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

The next section talk about null safety.

Null safety

In a nutshell, null safety is a compiler feature that eliminates the infamous Null pointer exception or npe. The Kotlin compiler reports errors and warnings when we manipulate nullable (also called optional) values. Here is a list of null safety features provided by Kotlin:

  • All types are non-nullable by default; we cannot assign null to a variable or an argument.
    • For example, this code fails var s: String = null.
  • A type can be made nullable by suffixing it with a ?. For example: var s: String? = null.
  • Kotlin forbids calling a method or a property of a non-nullable type, unless we do one of these possibilities:
    • Use optional chaining with the ? suffix.
    • Provide a default value with the elvis ?: operator.
    • Smart-cast the nullable into a non-nullable.
    • Use the !! operator that eliminates compiler checks. This should never be used.

Never unwrap with !!

Use other safe techniques instead.

▶️ this code illustrates null safety and how to use optional types.

Java `Optional` does not provide compile time null checks

Optional wrap null values on runtime. The Java compiler (as of version 17) does not provide unwrapping features such as smart casting. It is still possible to have a npe like this: Optional<String> s = null; s.isPresent();

Enumerations

Enumerations allow to work with a group of values in a type-safe fashion. Unlike Java enums, Kotlin enums are classes. Kotlin enum classes provide these features:

  • when statements support enumerations.
  • Enum constants can declare their own anonymous classes with their corresponding methods, as well as with overriding base methods.
  • An enum class can implement an interface but it cannot derive from a class
  • There are methods for listing the defined enum constants and getting an enum constant by its name.
  • Every enum constant has properties for obtaining its name and position (starting with 0).

▶️ this code illustrated the features above. For further reading please consult the official documentation.

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 1

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 2

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Intermediate features

Object oriented programming

Kotlin allows to write concise OOP code and has the following features:

  • Available common features: classes, inheritance, interfaces, and abstract classes.
  • Native support of properties: do not define getters and setters unless needed.
    • Just add get() and set(value) functions next to the property declaration.
  • Constructor arguments are defined next to the class name class ClassName(arg1, atg2, )
  • Prefixing a constructor arguments with val or var makes it a property (val makes it read-only).
  • The constructor name is init and does not require parameters.
  • The compiler checks that all non-nullable properties are initialized by the end of the constructor.
    • ⚠️ The compiler does not check the initialization of lateinit properties. Thus, accessing them before while uninitialized causes an exception.
  • Prefix classes with open to allow inheritance.
  • Kotlin enables the public access level by default.
  • The equality operator == calls equals() (as opposed to Java which uses reference equality).
  • A companion object contains static methods and properties.
  • Extensions add function and properties to existing classes.
    • 💡 They replace inheritance in many situations.
    • For example, we can add functions to the String class instead of creating a new StringUtils class.
  • Sealed classes and interfaces cannot be extended or implemented by third parties.

Do not define accessors unless needed

As opposed to Java, Kotlin supports properties and allows to add accessors later without refactoring the code that calls these properties. Thus, by default, just define the name of properties without accessors and use them directly.

▶️ this code illustrates some features.

Data class

Data classes are final (cannot be inherited from) classes that provide standard functionality:

  • equals() and hashCode()
  • toString() of the form "class(field=value, ...)"
  • componentN() that correspond to the properties in their order of declaration.
  • copy()

However, they have the following constraints:

  • The primary constructor needs to have at least one parameter.
  • All primary constructor parameters need to be marked as val or var.
  • They cannot be abstract, open, sealed, or inner (💡 but extensions are possible).

▶️ this code illustrates some features.

Functional programming

General concepts

Functional programming revolves around these concepts: pure functions, recursion, referential transparency, immutable variables, functions as first-class citizens, and higher-order functions.

Let's briefly explain these concepts:

  • Immutable variables means that we cannot change the value of a variable or its properties once it has been created. If we want to do so, we must create a new instance with the new value.
  • Pure functions are functions that do not have side effects and will thus return always the same output given the same input.
  • Functions are first class citizens: they can be assigned to a variable or used in higher-order functions (passed as a function parameter to another function or returned from a function).
  • Referential transparency: means that an expression can be replaced by its result without changing the behavior of the program. Transparency refers to the fact that the implementation of the expression is irrelevant.

💡 Pure functional languages provide these features natively and enforces them (at build time).

Kotlin and functional programming

Kotlin is not a pure functional languages but it supports some features. For example, Kotlin does not have compile time verification of pure functions, but it provides immutable collections through the kotlinx.collections.immutable library.

listOf generates read-only lists, which are not immutable

A read-only list cannot add or remove elements, but it can change the underlying data.

@Test
+fun givenReadOnlyList_whenCastToMutableList_checkNewElementsAdded(){
+    val list: List<String> = listOf("This", "Is", "Totally", "Immutable")
+    (list as MutableList<String>)[2] = "Not"
+    assertEquals(listOf("This", "Is", "Not", "Immutable"), list)
+}
+

The Arrow-kt library add more functional programming features.

Declarative programming

Declarative programming is a famous style within functional programming. It consists of writing code as a chaining of function calls in this style val result = f(x).g(y). .... Higher order functions replace many situation where we would use loops. This favors readable code which is easy to debug an maintain.

▶️ this code show an example of list manipulation using declarative programming.

Kotlin and Java interoperability

  • Kotlin is designed with Java interoperability in mind.
  • Kotlin code may require some annotations to be called from Java.
  • It is possible to mix Java and Kotlin in the same project.
  • JetBrain's IntelliJ and Android Studio can convert to Kotlin when pasting java code.
  • Kotlin generates Java records by annotating a data class with @JvmRecord and targeting JVM 16, among other requirement listed here.
  • It is much more easier and natural to call Java from Kotlin.
    • For example: Java accessors are converted to Kotlin properties.

▶️ this code shows how to convert a Kotlin List to a Java ArrayList.

The official documentation provides exhaustive documentation on Kotlin and JVM integration

🧪 Exercises

Exercise 3

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 4

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 5

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 6

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

Exercise 7

Please click on this link to view the exercise

Please open to see the solution(s)

Solution

📖 Further reading

+ + + diff --git a/en/other-technologies/index.html b/en/other-technologies/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dac03b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/en/other-technologies/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 🛠 Let's make a cross-plaform app ! | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

🛠 Let's make a cross-plaform app !

By combining KMP and Compose, it is possible to fully develop cross-platform mobile, web and desktop apps using only Kotlin.

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of kotlin development (nullability,inline & lambda functions mainly)
  • Android Studio IDE with latest stable version Giraffe version or above
  • A good connectivity

TIP

For more information about your DEV environment and installs please have a look to jetbrain related docs

_____ 🚀 Start the practical work here 🚀_____

kmp codelab
kmp codelab
+ + + diff --git a/en/presentation/index.html b/en/presentation/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bc5a58a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/en/presentation/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 🚀 Presentation of Kotlin | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

🚀 Presentation of Kotlin

Kotlin is a modern programming language developed by JetBrains.

Some features

  • Kotlin compiles to many targets: the JVM, JS, WASM, Android, iOS, Desktop, native code, etc.
    • Many server frameworks officially support Kotlin such as Spring and Quarkus.
    • It is the first-class language for writing Android.
    • Kotlin can compile to native with Kotlin native or with GraalVM.
    • KMP allows to share code between different platforms.
  • Kotlin can be considered as both fullstack and corss-platform language.
  • Inter-operable with Java.
  • Provides modern features such as compile-time null safety and data classes.
  • Supports Object oriented programming and functional programming.
  • Kotlin KEEP is its open source evolution process.

History

  • February 15, 2016: Kotlin 1.0 was released.
  • January 04, 2017: Spring introduced Kotlin support in Spring 5.
  • At Google I/O 2017, Google announced first-class support for Kotlin on Android.
  • On 7 May 2019, Google announced that Kotlin the preferred language for Android app developers.
  • June 2022: Kotlin 1.7 was released with the version of the new K2 compiler.

Some numbers and facts

Source: Amyra Sheldon

  • As of 2022, Kotlin is used by 7.8% of the industry experts.
  • According to StackOverflow, Kotlin was the 4th most beloved language in 2020 with 62.9% votes.
  • Kotlin is now listed among the top 20 programming languages by Redmonk.
  • Kotlin is among the top 3 languages that most businesses are planning to migrate their apps to in 2022.
  • Kotlin is used by global companies like Google, NetFlix, Amazon, Trello, and more.
  • Pinterest and Uber are among the companies that migrated their apps to Kotlin from Java.
kotlin used for what?
kotlin used for what?

Please find more statics here:

Why switch from Java to Kotlin

Here are some arguments that motivate switching from Java (version 17 LTS at the time of writing) to Kotlin.

  • Kotlin supports more targets than Java.
  • Kotlin has compile time null-safety (Java Optionals are runtime wrappers for nullable values and null annotations have less features).
  • Kotlin strings support interpolation.
  • Casting in Kotlin is smart.
  • Kotlin functional programming features are better. It even allows to define Type-Safe builders and DSLs.
  • Kotlin can be mixed with Java code, thus helping the migration process.

You can read more arguments in these articles:

A decision tree to help you decide if you should use Kotlin

decision tree
decision tree

Prerequisites

  • Recommended: IntelliJ IDEA (Both community or ultimate are OK),
  • or GitPod by opening https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/worldline/learning-kotlin to create a workspace and then browser to the material folder,
  • or VSCode (with Kotlin and Java plugins) + JDK 17 (install via scoop.sh on windows or SDK man on Unix) + gradle

📖 Further reading

+ + + diff --git a/en/workshops/index.html b/en/workshops/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c06a0ef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/en/workshops/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📅 Workshops | Learning Kotlin + + + + + +

📅 Workshops

(2023) Android makers : Kotlin Beyond Android

am2023 logo
am2023 logo

Workshop link: awl.li/am23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

(2023) JNation : Let's discover the possibilities of Kotlin

Workshop link: awl.li/jnation23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

(2023) Mobile DevOps summit

  • Title: From Android to Multiplatform: leveraging the full potential of Kotlin
  • Link: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

(2024) MiXit

  • Titre : Développement front et back en Kotlin. Une visite guidée de KMP
qr code
qr code

Agenda

+ + + diff --git a/favicon.ico b/favicon.ico new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0e4322cb Binary files /dev/null and b/favicon.ico differ diff --git a/fr/backend-development/index.html b/fr/backend-development/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b368f326 --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/backend-development/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Développement du backend | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Développement du backend

De nombreux frameworks supportent officiellement Kotlin comme Spring, Quarkus et Ktor, parmi d'autres listés ici.

En outre, Kotlin est théoriquement compatible avec tout framework qui cible la JVM ou JS. Cependant, les frameworks qui ne supportent pas officiellement Kotlin peuvent nécessiter quelques ajustements pour l'utiliser.

Ktor

Ktor est une bibliothèque Kotlin multiplateforme permettant de développer des clients et des serveurs HTTP. Cela fait de Ktor une bibliothèque utile à la fois aux développeurs frontend, pour la partie client HTTP, ainsi qu'aux développeurs backend, pour la partie serveur HTTP. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons créer une API REST avec le serveur Ktor.

TP : développer une API avec Ktor

  • Créez un projet sur start.ktor.io avec les plugins suivants : Content Negotiation, kotlinx.serialization, et Routing.
  • Cliquez sur "Generate project".
  • Téléchargez l'archive, décompressez-la et ouvrez le projet avec votre IDE préféré.
  • Créez un package models et ajoutez-y une classe de données Customer avec ces propriétés immuables id : String, firstName : String, lastName : Chaîne, email : Chaîne.
  • Annotez la classe avec @Serializable.
  • Créez un nouveau package nommé routes et ajoutez-y un fichier CustomerRoutes.kt qui contiendra le code pour l'endpoint /customer.
  • Le code ci-dessous fournit l'implémentation de certains endpoints. Veuillez implémenter les autres.
  • Pour activer la route, appelez customerRouting() dans le fichier de configuration du routage situé dans plugins/Routing.kt.
  • Pour plus de simplicité, utilisez une liste globale de clients en mémoire val store = mutableListOf<Customer>().
  • Lancer le serveur en exécutant la méthode main.
  • Tester l'API sur l'IDE en utilisant un fichier http ou en utilisant n'importe quel autre client.
CustomerRoutes.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+fun Route.customerRouting() {
+  route("/customer") {
+    get {
+      call.respond(store)
+    }
+    get("{id?}") {
+      val id = call.parameters["id"] ? : return@get call.respondText(
+        "Missing id",
+        status = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
+      )
+      val customer =
+        store.find { it.id == id } ? : return@get call.respondText(
+          "Pas de client avec l'id $id",
+          status = HttpStatusCode.NotFound
+        )
+      call.respond(customer)
+    }
+    post {
+      val customer = call.receive<Customer>()
+      store.add(customer)
+      call.respondText("Customer stored correctly", status = HttpStatusCode.Created)
+    }
+    delete("{id?}") {
+      // TODO
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
plugins/Routing.kt
fun Application.configureRouting() {
+    routing {
+        customerRouting()
+    }
+}
+

return@label

Vous pouvez spécifier le niveau que vous voulez retourner avec un label explicite en utilisant return@lambda.

lambdaA {
+    lambdaB {
+        lambdaC {
+            val randomInt = Random.nextInt(0, 100)
+            if (randomInt > 50) return@lambdaC else return@lambdaB
+        }
+        printf("In lambdaB")
+    }
+}
+

Ce code exécute un autre exemple.

CustomerTest.http
POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "100",
+  "firstName" : "Jane",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "jane.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "200",
+  "firstName" : "John",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "john.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+###
+POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Content-Type : application/json
+
+{
+  "id" : "300",
+  "firstName" : "Mary",
+  "lastName" : "Smith",
+  "email" : "mary.smith@company.com"
+}
+
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer
+Accept : application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/200
+Accepte : application/json
+
+###
+GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+Accepte : application/json
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/100
+
+###
+DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/customer/500
+

Cette page contient des étapes détaillées

node.js

Grâce à Kotlin/JS, nous pouvons écrire des applications qui ciblent node.js en utilisant Kotlin.

On peut même importer des librairies npm à condition de déclarer les API JS que l'on va utiliser en Kotlin. C'est ce qu'on appelle une déclaration externe (vous pouvez la considérer comme un équivalent des définitions de type de TypeScript) qui déclare les symboles auxquels nous voulons accéder en Kotlin grâce aux annotations @JsModule et @JsNonModule. Définir de telles déclarations externes peut s'avérer fastidieux et il ne semble pas y avoir de générateur automatique officiel et stable (dukat a été supprimé dans kotlin 1.8.20). Dans ce cas, nous avons deux options, soit écrire la déclaration externe nous-même, soit l'importer en tant que dépendance si elle est disponible.

Heureusement pour nous, le prochain TP utilise la librairie Express pour laquelle nous pouvons trouver une déclaration de type externe.

TP : API Rest avec Kotlin/JS et Express

  • Dans IntelliJ, créer un nouveau projet node.js
  • Une fois le projet chargé, éditer build.gradle.ts comme suit : 
implementation(npm("express", "> 4.0.0 < 5.0.0"));
+implementation("dev.chriskrueger:kotlin-express:1.2.0");
+
  • Modifiez main.kt comme suit. Cela crée un serveur API REST qui écoute le port 3000 et fournit une route GET /hello.
data class Message(val id : Int, val message : String)
+
+fun main() {
+    val messages = listOf(Message(0, "I love Kotlin/JS"))
+    val app = express.Express()
+    app.get("/hello") { req, res ->
+        res.send(messages)
+    }
+
+    app.listen(3000) {
+        console.log("server start at port 3000")
+    }
+}
+
  • Exécutez la tâche nodeRun depuis votre IDE ou depuis la ligne de commande (si vous avez installé Gradle).
    • Si vous rencontrez une erreur avec Yarn lock, exécutez la tâche kotlinUpgradeYarnLock puis réessayez.
  • Ajouter des routes en POST, PUT et DELETE
  • En ce qui concerne le corps du POST, Express positionne req.body à undefined à moins que nous ne spécifions un body parser.
    • Pour un corps en JSON, nous devons appeler app.use(bodyParser.json()).
    • bodyParser est une bibliothèque npm et malheureusement, chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express ne fournit pas de définition externe pour bodyParser au moment de l'écriture de ces lignes (chrisnkrueger/kotlin-express en version 1.2.0).
    • Pouvez-vous essayer de la définir vous-même en lisant le code de la bibliothèque ?
    • Vous pouvez trouver une solution ici

Spring framework

Spring est un framework célèbre pour le développement d'applications côté serveur : API REST, pages web générées par le serveur, microservices, etc. Il s'appuie sur l'écosystème Java pour la compilation et l'exécution, ce qui le rend compatible avec Kotlin. Mieux encore, Spring supporte officiellement Kotlin. On peut même démarrer un nouveau projet avec Kotlin et Gradle-Kotlin. Dans la prochaine section, nous utiliserons ce projet pour recréer notre API REST plus haut avec Spring.

TP : Spring boot part 1 - développer la même API avec Spring Boot

  • Créez un projet sur start.spring.io (aussi appelé Spring initializr) avec les dépendances suivantes : Spring Web et Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Choisissez Kotlin comme langage et Kotlin-Grade comme gestionnaire de projet.
  • Ajoutez les dépendances suivantes : Spring Web et Spring Boot DevTools.
  • Cliquez sur Generate. Téléchargez l'archive, décompressez-la et ouvrez le projet avec IntelliJ (de préférence) ou VSCode.
  • Vérifiez que la partie plugins build.gradle.kts utilise la dernière version de Kotlin. Voici à quoi cela devrait ressembler avec Kotlin 1.8.10 :
plugins {
+  id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+  id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+  kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+  kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
  • Créez la data class Customer dans le package model (sans l'annotation @Serializable).
  • Créez un paquetage controller qui contient une classe CustomerController qui fournit un CRUD en utilisant une liste globale.
    • Vous pouvez trouver un squelette ci-dessous.
    • 💡 Dans Spring, les contrôleurs Rest servent de routes Ktor, où un contrôleur définit une ressource REST.
  • Définissez les mêmes routes que dans le TP précédent.
  • Démarrez le serveur de l'API REST en exécutant :
    • Sur Powershell : .\gradlew.bat bootRun
    • Tout shell Unix : .\gradlew bootRun
    • Ou bien, vérifiez si votre IDE fournit déjà des configurations d'exécution pour les projets Spring Boot.
  • Veuillez tester les routes avec un client REST. Vous pouvez trouver des fichiers http ici au format JetBrains ou au format de l'extension REST Client de VSCode
CustomerController.kt
val store = mutableListOf<Customer>()
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/customer")
+class CustomerController {
+    @GetMapping
+    fun getAll() = store
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id : String) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+
+    @PostMapping
+    fun addOne(@RequestBody customer : Customer) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+
+    @DeleteMapping("{id}")
+    fun deleteOne(@PathVariable id : String) { /* TODO : implement */ }
+}
+

TP : Spring boot partie 2 - ajouter une base de données

Allons un peu plus loin en stockant des données dans une base de données et en écrivant quelques tests.

Nous utiliserons la base de données en mémoire H2 pour des raisons de simplicité, puisqu'elle ne nécessite pas de serveur pour fonctionner. Les classes seront mappées aux tables de la base de données avec des annotations JPA. L'API de base de données que nous utiliserons s'appelle JPARepository. C'est une API légère qui fournit des fonctionnalités CRUD communes à partir d'une simple une interface.

  • Créez un nouveau projet Spring en utilisant Spring initializr avec Kotlin et les dépendances suivantes : Spring Data JPA, H2 Database, Spring Boot DevTools, Spring Web.
  • Ouvrez le projet et ajoutez cette classe dans le package model @Entity class Product(@Id @GeneratedValue var id : Long ? = null, var name : String, var price : Int). Ceci définit la classe ainsi que les annotations JPA minimales (@Entity, @Id et @GeneratedValue) pour générer la table correspondante.
  • Dans le package repository, déclarez l'interface ProductRepository comme suit interface ProductRepository : JpaRepository<Produit, Long>. C'est suffisant pour que Spring génère une implémentation avec des caractéristiques communes comme nous le verrons plus tard.
  • Ensuite, créez une classe ProductService qui contiendra la logique métier. En termes d'architecture, le contrôleur appelle un service qui, à son tour, s'appuie sur d'autres services ou référentiels.
ProductService.kt
@Service
+class ProductService(@Autowired val productRepository: ProductRepository) {
+    fun getAll() = productRepository.findAll()
+
+    // use findByIdOrNull instad of findById because the latter returns an optional<Product> instead of Product?
+    fun getById(id: Long) = productRepository.findByIdOrNull(id)
+}
+
  • Dans le package controller, créez une classe ProductController qui est mappée à /product et injectée avec @Autowired. Répondez à @Get comme suit.
ProductController.kt
@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/product")
+class ProductController(@Autowired val productService : ProductService) {
+    @GetMapping fun getAll() = productService.getAll()
+
+    @GetMapping("{id}")
+    fun getById(@PathVariable id : Long) =
+        productService.getById(id) ? : throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

Kotlin rend getById(@PathVariable id : Long) plus concis

L'opérateur Elvis ?: permet de simplifier le code. Voici une version plus longue en guise de référence.

@GetMapping("{id}")
+fun getById(@PathVariable id : Long) : Produit {
+    val product = productService.getById(id)
+    if (product != null){
+        return product
+    }
+    throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
+}
+

En outre, Spring fournit @ControllerAdvice pour modifier le message d'exception. Vous pouvez voir un [exemple ici] (https://spring.io/guides/tutorials/rest/).

  • Exécutons le projet. Avant de lancer le projet, nous devons ajouter un plugin qui permet aux classes Kotlin de générer un constructeur par défaut id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10". Les plugins devraient ressembler à ce qui suit :
plugins {
+  id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.jpa") version "1.8.10"
+  id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.0.4"
+  id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.0"
+  kotlin("jvm") version "1.8.10"
+  kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.8.10"
+}
+
+
  • En guise d'exercice, implémentez ces routes : POST d'un seul produit, DELETE par id (/produit/{id}) et GET par id (/produit/{id}).
    • Indice : ProductController fournit déjà les méthodes nécessaires.
  • Appelez les différents points de terminaison avec un client REST.
  • Tester votre API Rest avec un client HTTP

TP : Spring boot partie 3 - ajouter des tests

Les frameworks Spring permettent d'effectuer différents types de tests en fournissant différentes classes dès le départ :

  • Tests unitaires/de composants des services et de l'API REST. Cela se fait par le biais d'utilitaires de bouchonnage tels que MockMVC.
  • Tests d'intégration de l'API REST en utilisant TestRestTemplate. Dans ce cas, un serveur complet est exécuté et testé.

La plupart des classes fournies par Spring, si ce n'est toutes, offrent une syntaxe élégante pour les développeurs Java. Certaines d'entre elles vont plus loin en tirant parti des caractéristiques spécifiques de Kotlin. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons nous concentrer sur les parties qui fournissent des DSLs Kotlin, à savoir le test unitaire de l'API REST avec MockMVC.

  • Créer une classe de test ProductControllerUnitTests avec le contenu initial ci-dessous. MockMvc permet de tester unitairement l'API REST. L'annotation @AutoConfigureMockMvc permet à Spring de la configurer automatiquement.
@SpringBootTest
+@AutoConfigureMockMvc
+classe ProductControllerTests(
+    @Autowired val mockMvc : MockMvc,
+    @Autowired val productRepository : ProductRepository) {
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun reset(){
+        productRepository.deleteAll()
+    }
+}
+
  • Ajoutez les deux tests ci-dessous. Le premier utilise une approche classique tandis que le second tire parti des capacités du DSL de Kotlin. De plus, nous utilisons une chaîne littérale plus lisible.
@Test
+fun testWithClassicApproach(){
+    mockMvc.perform(get("/product"))
+        .andExpect(status().isOk)
+        .andExpect(content().string(containsString("[]")))
+}
+
@Test
+fun `test GET a single product`() {
+    mockMvc.get("/product/1").andExpect {
+        status { isOk() }
+        jsonPath("$.name") { value("A") }
+        jsonPath("$.price") { value(1) }
+        content { contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) }
+    }
+}
+
  • En guise d'exercice, écrire des tests pour les autres points d'accès.

Le constructeur de requêtes de JpaRepository

Les repository Spring implémentent des requêtes basées sur le nom de leurs méthodes. Par exemple, pour obtenir tous les produits triés par nom, nous pouvons ajouter cette méthode à l'interface.

interface ProductRepository : JpaRepository<Produit, Long> {
+    fun findAllByOrderByNameAsc() : List<Produit> ;
+}
+

La [documentation officielle] (https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/#repositories.query-methods.query-creation) fournit des explications et des exemples plus détaillés.

Projets terminés

Aller plus loin

Ces tutoriels officiels vont encore plus loin :

Lien et références

+ + + diff --git a/fr/front-development/index.html b/fr/front-development/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3a7a86dd --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/front-development/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Développement frontend | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Développement frontend

Kotlin supporte une large sélection de frameworks frontaux sur toutes les plateformes : mobile, desktop et web. Vous trouverez ci-dessous un aperçu des possibilités que vous pouvez faire directement à partir d'IntelliJ :

  • Côté bureau
    • Grâce au support de la JVM, Kotlin supporte JavaFX. 💡 Il existe même un équivalent en Kotlin appelé tornadofx.
    • Compose Multiplatform apporte l'API Jetpack Compose sur le bureau, le web et le mobile.
  • Sur le web
    • Ktor peut utiliser des moteurs de modèles tels que FreeMarker pour créer des pages de serveur.
    • Avec KotlinJS, les développeurs peuvent créer des applications React, nodsjs ou vanilla JS en utilisant Kotlin.
    • Kotlin WASM se compile en Web Assembly. Il peut compléter KotlinJS pour les tâches à forte intensité de calcul.
    • Compose Multiplatform apporte deux options sur le web: Compose web et Compose for Web Canvas.
  • Sur les mobiles

Comme nous pouvons le voir, Kotlin propose plusieurs options. L'option la plus séduisante en terme de partage de code est Compose Multiplatform. Ceci est possible notamment grâce à KMP

KMP

  • KMP (Kotlin Multiplatform) permet de partager une base de code unique sur plusieurs cibles.
  • KMP s'appuie sur Kotlin native et d'autres fonctionnalités de Kotlin pour aider les développeurs à créer des projets destinés à plusieurs plates-formes en utilisant une base de code Kotlin commune.
KMP
KMP
  • De nombreuses combinaisons de cibles et de cas d'utilisation sont possibles :
  • KMM est une ancienne dénomination qui est dépréciée.

Dans la suite de ce chapitre, nous explorerons les différentes possibilités individuellement et on fera un projet KMP dans le chapitre suivant.

Kotlin/JS et Kotlin/WASM

  • Kotlin/JS peut également cibler le web et même utiliser des frameworks web (tels que react) dans Kolitn.
  • Kotlin WASM est une autre possibilité de cibler le web, mais il génère WASM au lieu de code JS pur.
    • Il peut être utilisé par exemple pour développer des bibliothèques à forte intensité de calcul.
  • Nous pourrons peut-être faire encore plus à l'avenir grâce à l'évolution de toutes ces technologies (Kotlin, WASM et Kotlin/WASM). - Par exemple, [WASI] (https://wasi.dev/) permet à WASM de communiquer avec le système d'exploitation. - Cela signifie que je pourrais voir des projets Kotlin/WASM à l'avenir qui peuvent cibler à la fois le navigateur et le système d'exploitation.
  • Continuons à observer 😄.

🧪 Application web Kotlin/WASM

  • Les assistants de création de projet Kotlin/WASM et Kotlin/JS sur IntelliJ fonctionnent de manière similaire:
    • L'IDE génère un fichier Kotlin qui sera compilé par la suite en WASM et/ou JS. Kotlin/JS ne génère que du JS tandis que Kotin/WASM génère à la fois du JS et du WASM.
    • Dans les deux cas, le point d'entrée du code généré est un fichier JS appelé nom_du_module.js.
    • L'IDE génère également dans le dossier des ressources un fichier index.html dont le but est de charger le JS généré (le fichier nom_du_module.js).
    • La tâche wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun ou jsWasmBrowserDevelopmentRun lancera un serveur local qui hébergera à la fois les fichiers index.html et les fichiers JS et WASM générés.
  • Créons une application Kotlin/WASM. Tout d'abord, activez l'assistant Kotlin/WASM en activant kotlin.wasm.wizard dans le registre d'IntelliJ (ouvrez le registre en appuyant deux fois sur shift et en tapant "registry" dans la boîte de recherche). Alternativement, clonez ce projet.
  • Vérifiez qu'on est sur la dernière version de Kotlin dans build.gradle.kts (l'assistant peut le configurer à une version antérieure).
  • Ouvrez src/wasmMain/kotlin/sample.kt et cliquez sur le bouton lancer qui apparaît à côté de la fonction main.
  • Si la compilation échoue parce que l'IDE a utilisé la mauvaise tâche gradle, veuillez la changer en wasmBrowserDevelopmentRun et essayez de l'exécuter à nouveau.

  • Le serveur de développement devrait démarrer et vous pouvez ouvrir votre application web sur http://localhost:8080/
  • ⚠️ Il se peut que vous deviez activer certains drapeaux sur votre navigateur pour que l'application fonctionne. Si vous voyez une page blanche, veuillez lire les journaux du navigateur pour vérifier les instructions.
  • Le fichier wasm généré est disponible dans build/js/packages/nom_du_projet/kotlin
  • WASM étant un format binaire, nous devons d'abord le convertir au format texte.
    • Nous pouvons soit installer [WABT (The WebAssembly Binary Toolkit ou wabbit)] (https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt) et utiliser l'outil wasm2wattool wasm2wat --enable-all -v .\kotlin-wasm-demo-wasm.wasm -o wasm.wat,
    • ou utiliser un convertisseur en ligne comme celui-ci
    • ❗ Cependant, je n'ai pas réussi à le faire fonctionner

🧪 Application web KotlinJS

L'assistant Kotlin/JS crée une application très similaire à celle de Kotlin/WASM. Dans un prochain PW, nous créerons une application complète avec Ktor et Kotlin/JS.

Compose

Compose multiplatform est une famille de frameworks d'interface utilisateur déclaratifs pour Android (Jetpack Compose), le bureau (Compose Desktop) et le web (Compose Web). Il dispose d'un support expérimental pour iOS et Web Canvas.

Compose multiplatform vs Jetpack Compose

Bien que très similaire, Compose multiplatform est différent de Jetpack Compose car ce dernier n'est compatible qu'avec Android. Google fournit un JetPack compose tutorial pour le développement Android.

Compose Web vs Compose for Web Canvas

  • La surface de l'API de Compose Web est différente des autres cibles de Compose car elle travaille directement avec le DOM.
  • Compose for Web Canvas a la même surface d'API que celle du Desktop, Android et iOS car il dessine sur un Canvas et ne manipule pas le DOM.

Cela signifie que le premier a un meilleur support web et que le second a plus de code réutilisable.

🧪 Compose Web

  • Créez un nouveau projet IntelliJ -> Compose Multiplaform.
  • Choisissez "Single platform" -> "Web" et remplissez les autres champs.
  • Choisissez Finish
  • IntelliJ peut prendre un certain temps pour préparer le projet et peut demander d'installer des plugins supplémentaires.
  • Lancez le serveur de développement de l'application web à l'aide de la commande ./gradlew jsBrowserRun --continuous.
  • Modifiez Main.kt comme suit et lancez l'application.
  • Ouvrez cette adresse : localhost:8080.
fun main() {
+    renderComposable(rootElementId = "root") {
+        Div({ style { padding(25.px) } }) {
+            var expanded by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
+            Button(
+                attrs = {
+                    onClick { expanded = !expanded }
+                }
+            ) { Text("Cliquez sur moi") }
+            Div({ style { display(if (expanded) DisplayStyle.Block else DisplayStyle.None) } }) {
+                Text("Cliquez sur moi !")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
compose multiplatform demo
compose multiplatform demo

🧪 Compose desktop + Android app

  • Créez un nouveau projet sur IntelliJ -> Compose Multiplatform.
  • Choisissez "multiple platforms" et remplissez les autres champs. Choisissez ensuite Finish.
  • IntelliJ commence à préparer le projet et peut demander l'installation de plugins.
  • Une fois le projet prêt, lancez l'application Android en utilisant le bouton vert run.
  • Lancez l'application desktop en exécutant la fonction principale du projet desktop (qui devrait se trouver dans Main.kt).
  • Modifiez App.kt dans le projet principal comme suit et lancez l'application.
@Composable
+fun App() {
+    val platformName = getPlatformName()
+    Card {
+        var expanded by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
+        Column(Modifier.clickable { expanded = !expanded }) {
+            Texte(
+                text="Cliquez sur moi !",
+                style = MaterialTheme.typography.h2
+            )
+            AnimatedVisibility(expanded){
+                Texte(
+                    text = "Bonjour, ${platformName} 🎊",
+                    style = MaterialTheme.typography.h1
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
compose multiplatform demo
compose multiplatform demo

Pour aller plus loin

+ + + diff --git a/fr/index.html b/fr/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9a6631f --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +
Apprendre Kotlin

Apprendre Kotlin

A beginner's guide to a modern programming language

Débuter →

Bien commencer avec Kotlin

lorem

Syntaxe de base

lorem

Exemples

lorem

TIP

This training is also available in English / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Anglais

Prerequisites

  • Connaissance de base en language de programmation orienté object comme Java
  • Préparez votre environnement de développement et installez des éléments avant la session (voir la section Outillage)

Liens utiles

Worldline, 2021
+ + + diff --git a/fr/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html b/fr/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c1f76c7c --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/kotlin-features-advanced/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Fonctionnalités avancées de Kotlin | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Fonctionnalités avancées de Kotlin

Propriétés déléguées

Kotlin permet de déléguer le getter et le setter d'une propriété à un autre objet, appelé délégué. C'est une classe qui définit les méthodes getValue et setValue.

Kotlin fournit des délégués standard tels que des propriétés paresseuses et des propriétés observables.

▶️ this code illustrates delegate properties.

Concurrence et coroutines

Kotlin fournit un modèle de concurrence de haut niveau appelé Coroutines. Le développeur peut déléguer la gestion des threads au compilateur et à l'exécution et utiliser des constructions de niveau supérieur aux threads pour exprimer des opérations asynchrones.

Les coroutines de Kotlin tournent autour de ces concepts :

  • Une coroutine est une instance de calcul suspendable.
    • Kotlin a de nombreuses méthodes pour créer une coroutine telle que launch.
  • Une coroutine doit exister dans une portée de coroutine.
    • Par exemple, runBlocking crée une portée de coroutine dans laquelle les coroutines peuvent être lancées.
  • Une coroutine peut exécuter des fonctions de suspension qui peuvent suspendre la coroutine mais ne bloquent pas le thread.
    • Par exemple : le delay suspend la coroutine mais ne bloque pas le thread sur lequel elle s'exécute.
    • Les fonctions de suspension sont des opérations qui peuvent prendre du temps telles que les requêtes http et les appels au système de fichiers.
  • Le qualificateur suspend définit une fonction de suspension. Il s'exécute dans une coroutine et peut appeler d'autres fonctions de suspension.
  • Flow permet de générer une liste de valeurs asynchrones.
  • Deferred et Channel transfèrent respectivement une valeur unique et un flux de valeurs entre coroutines.

▶️ this code show how to create a coroutine and suspend function and how to use them.

▶️ this code illustrated flows.

▶️ this code illustrates channels and deferred.

Littéral de fonction avec récepteur et constructeurs de type sécurisé

Comme vu précédemment, les extensions de fonctions ajoute du comportement à des classes existantes sans utiliser l'héritage. À l'intérieur de la définition de l'extension de fonction, nous pouvons référencer implicitement le récepteur d'extension (this).

fun String.countCharacters() = length // or this.length
+println("hello".countCharacters()) // prints 5
+

Nous pouvons définir cette extension avec une fonction littérale (ou lambda) au lieu d'une fonction classique (déclarée avec fun).

var extFn: String.() -> Int
+extFn = { length } // extFn is a function literal
+println("hello".extFn()) // prints 5
+println(extFn("hello")) // prints 5
+

extFn est une fonction littérale (lambda) qui a accès au récepteur (this). C'est pourquoi on l'appelle une fonction littérale avec récepteur.

extFn("hello") ou extFn("hello") appelle l'extension comme prévu par les fonctions d'extension.

Le type d'une fonction littérale avec récepteur est funName: ReceiverType.(arg1Type, arg2Type, etc.) -> ReturnType et est appelé avec funName(receiverValue, arg1Value, etc.) ou receiverValue.funName(arg1Value, etc.) .). Cependant, ce n'est pas l'aspect le plus intéressant.

La partie importante est extFn = { length } qui peut être placée comme argument de fonction dans une fonction d'ordre supérieur. Le développeur qui appelle la fonction d'ordre supérieur doit définir extFn, qui à son tour a accès au récepteur. Cela permet un style de programmation assez intéressant.

▶️ ce code montre un example.

Les Type-safe builders combinent les monteurs bien nommées et les fonctions littérales avec récepteur pour créer des monteur avec un typage statique et sécurisé. La syntaxe particulière possible avec technique permet de définir une sorte de sous-langage aussi appelé DSL (domain specific language).

Le pattern monteur (Builder)

Est une technique permettant de construire des objects avec une syntaxe élégante.

// StirngBuilder uses the builder pattern
+val text = StringBuilder("Temp")
+  .append(1)
+  .append(true)
+  .append("friend")
+  .toString()
+

Ce code montre un type-safe builder basique.

Kotlin docs fournit un exemple plus avancé d'un monteur de documents HTML.

Exercises

Exercise 1

  1. open the java-integration-exercise projects in the materials folder.
  2. Have a look at the Java class we provided you in the src/main/java/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin package. (yes, that's the Pokemon class)
  3. Convert that Java class in Kotlin using IntelliJ's awesome copy-pasta tool! (just copy paste the java code in a kotlin file, one is provided at src/main/kotlin/com/worldline/learning/kotlin/java2kotlin)
  4. Have a look at the generated Kotlin code, and note the major differences you spot!
+ + + diff --git a/fr/kotlin-features/index.html b/fr/kotlin-features/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6db13aef --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/kotlin-features/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📚 Fonctionnalités du langage Kotlin | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

📚 Fonctionnalités du langage Kotlin

Kotlin est un langage qui support les paradigmes orienté objet et fonctionnel. Ce chapitre couvre les caractéristiques basiques et intermédiaires. Le chapitre suivant couvrira les fonctionnalités avancées.

Caractéristiques de base

Constructions de base (variables, flux de contrôle)

  • Kotlin est typé statiquement et prend en charge le typage implicite.
    • Typage statique : les types ne peuvent pas changer à l'exécution (c'est l'inverse du typage dynamique).
    • Typage implicite : le compilateur peut inférer le type tant que c'est possible.
  • var crée des variables ré-assignables.
  • val crée des variables qu'on ne peut plus ré-assigner.
  • Les points-virgules sont facultatifs.
  • Kotlin prend en charge la déclaration de haut niveau des variables et des fonctions (elles peuvent être déclarées en dehors des classes).
  • L'interpolation de chaîne de caractères est disponible avec cette syntaxe ${expression}.
  • if et when sont des expressions (elles peuvent renvoyer une valeur).
    • when est équivalent à l'instruction switch des autres langages
    • L'opérateur ternaire n'est pas disponible. L'expression if le remplace.
  • for-each est le seul type de boucle for disponible.
  • La programmation orientée objet est prise en charge comme en Java avec quelques fonctionnalités supplémentaires telles que les extensions.
  • Le compilateur prend en charge la Null Safety. Il permet d'écrire du code sans erreur de pointeur nulle vérifié à la compilation.
  • La programmation fonctionnelle est prise en charge (fonctions d'ordre supérieur et fonctions en tant qu'éléments de 1ère classe, etc.).

Utiliser val par défaut

Utiliser var uniquement si vous réassignez une variable ou argument.

▶️ this code highlights the above features.

Les fonctions

Dans cette section, les termes 'argument' et 'paramètre' sont utilisés de manière interchangeable.

Les fonctions de Kotlin ont les caractéristiques suivantes :

  • Déclaration : fun functionName(arg1 : type1 = defaultvalue1, ...) : retunrType.
  • Appeler une fonction en passant la valeur dans l'ordre de déclaration.
    • Utilisez des étiquettes d'argument pour plus de clarté, cependant, cela permet également un classement arbitraire des arguments.
  • Les arguments optionnels ont une valeur par défaut et peuvent être omis lors de l'appel.
  • Les fonctions sont des éléments de première classe ou citoyens : elles peuvent être affectées à une variable, passées en tant que paramètre de fonction ou renvoyées par une fonction.
    • 💡 Une fonction qui prend une fonction comme argument ou en renvoie une est une fonction d'ordre supérieur.
  • Un type de fonction peut être exprimé comme suit : (typeOfParam1, typeOfParam2, etc) -> returnType (Le type de retour vide est Unit).
  • Les fonctions anonymes utilisent la syntaxe suivante { argName1, argName2, etc. -> // code }
    • Aussi appelées fonctions lambda ou fonctions littérales
  • Le dernier argument de la fonction peut être mis après la fermeture après la parenthèse fermante compute(9, 5) { x, y -> x * y }

▶️ Ce code illustre les fonctions en Kotlin.

La prochaine section abordera le null safety.

Null safety

null safety est une fonctionnalité du compilateur qui élimine la fameuse Null pointer exception ou npe. En effet, le compilateur signale des erreurs et des avertissements lorsque nous manipulons des types nullables (également appelées types optionnels) dès qu'il y a un risque de npe à l'exécution. Ainsi, afin de mettre Voici une liste des fonctionnalités de sécurité null fournies par Kotlin :

  • Tous les types ne sont pas nullables par défaut ; nous ne pouvons pas affecter null à une variable ou à un argument.
    • Par exemple, ce code échoue var s: String = null.
  • Un type peut être rendu nullable en le suffixant avec un ?. Par exemple : var s : chaîne ? = nul.
  • Kotlin interdit d'appeler une méthode ou une propriété de type non nullable, sauf si l'on fait l'une de ces possibilités :
    • Utilisez le chaînage optionnel avec le suffixe ?.
    • Fournissez une valeur par défaut avec l'opérateur elvis ?:.
    • Smart-cast le nullable dans un non-nullable.
    • Utilisez l'opérateur !! qui élimine les vérifications du compilateur. Cela ne devrait jamais être utilisé.

Ne jamais déballer avec !!

Car cela équivaut à désactiver la null safety. Utilisez les autres possibilités à la place.

▶️ ce code illustrate la null safety et les types optionnels.

La classe `Optional` de Java ne fournit aucun protection à la compilation

Ce code lance une npe en Java: Optional<String> s = null; s.isPresent();. Le compilateur Java (au moins à la version version 17) ne propose pas d'équivalent à ce que propose Kotlin comme le smart casting.

Énumérations

Les énumérations permettent de travailler avec un groupe de valeurs de façon cadrée. Contrairement aux énumérations Java, les énumérations Kotlin sont des classes. Les enum class de Kotlin fournissent ces fonctionnalités :

  • Les expressions when prennent en charge les énumérations.
  • Une enum class peut définir des méthodes et implémenter des interfaces mais elle ne peut pas dériver d'une classe.
  • Il existe des méthodes pour lister les constantes d'une enum class.
  • Chaque constante d'une énumération a des propriétés pour obtenir son nom et sa position (en commençant par 0).

▶️ ce code illustres les enum en Kotlin de façon succincte. Veuillez consulter la documentation officielle pour aller plus loin.

Exercices

Exercice 1

Veuillez cliquer sur le lien pour consulter l'énoncé

Déplier pour consulter la solution

Solution

Exercise 2

Veuillez cliquer sur le lien pour consulter l'énoncé

Déplier pour consulter la solution

Solution

Fonctionnalités intermédiaires

Programmation orientée objet

Kotlin permet d'écrire du code Orienté Object concis grâce aux caractéristiques suivantes :

  • Concepts disponibles : classes, héritage, interfaces et classes abstraites.
  • Prise en charge possée des propriétés : les getters et les setters sont automatiquement implémentés.
    • On peut les personnaliser les accesseurs en définissant les fonctions get() et set(value) à côté de la déclaration de la propriété.
  • Les arguments du constructeur sont définis à côté du nom de la classe class ClassName(arg1, atg2, )
  • Préfixer les arguments d'un constructeur avec val ou var en fait une propriété (val la rend non ré-assignable).
  • Le nom du constructeur est init et ne nécessite pas de paramètres.
  • Le compilateur vérifie que toutes les propriétés non nullables sont initialisées à la fin du constructeur.
    • ⚠️ Le compilateur ne vérifie pas l'initialisation des propriétés lateinit. Ainsi, y accéder avant alors qu'elles ne sont pas initialisés provoque une exception.
  • Une classe doit être préfixée avec open pour permettre l'héritage.
  • Kotlin utilise le niveau d'accès public par défaut.
  • L'opérateur d'égalité == appelle implicitement la méthode equals() (contrairement à Java qui utilise l'égalité de référence).
  • Un objet compagnon contient des méthodes et des propriétés statiques.
  • Les extensions ajoutent des fonctions et des propriétés aux classes existantes.
    • 💡 Ils remplacent l'héritage dans de nombreuses situations.
    • Par exemple, nous pouvons ajouter des fonctions à la classe String au lieu de créer une nouvelle classe StringUtils.
  • Les classes et interfaces scellées ne peuvent pas être étendues ou implémentées par des tiers.

Ne définir les accesseurs que si vous avez un comportement personnalisé

Kotlin prend en charge les propriétés de façon plus poussée que Java et permet d'ajouter des accesseurs ultérieurement sans refactoriser le code qui appelle ces propriétés. Ainsi, par défaut, il suffit de définir le nom des propriétés sans accesseurs et on peut les utiliser directement.

▶️ ce code illustre la POO en Kotlin.

Data class

Ce sont des classes qui implémentent des méthodes communes:

  • equals(), hashCode(), copy() et toString()
  • componentN() qui est une syntaxe alternative pour récupérer les propriétés.

Cependant, les data class ont des restrictions:

  • Le constructeur principal doit avoir au moins un paramètre.
  • Tous les paramètres du constructeur principal doivent être marqués comme val ou var.
  • Une Data class ne peut pas être abstraite, ouverte à l'héritage, scellée ou interne (💡 mais des extensions sont possibles).

▶️ ce code illustrate les data class.

Programmation fonctionnelle

Concepts généraux

La programmation fonctionnelle s'articule autour de ces concepts : fonctions pures, récursivité, transparence référentielle, variables immuables, fonctions en tant que citoyens de première classe et fonctions d'ordre supérieur.

Expliquons brièvement ces concepts :

  • Les variables immuables signifient qu'on ne peut pas changer la valeur d'une variable ou ses propriétés une fois qu'elle a été créée. Si nous voulons le faire, nous devons créer une nouvelle instance avec la nouvelle valeur.
  • Les fonctions pures sont des fonctions qui n'ont pas d'effets secondaires et renverront donc toujours la même sortie étant donné la même entrée.
  • Les fonctions sont des citoyennes de première classe : elles peuvent être affectées à une variable ou utilisées dans des fonctions d'ordre supérieur (passées en tant qu'un argument de fonction ou retournées dans un fonction).
  • Transparence référentielle : signifie qu'une expression peut être remplacée par son résultat sans modifier le comportement du programme.

💡 Les langages fonctionnels purs fournissent ces fonctionnalités de manière native et les appliquent (au moment de la construction).

Kotlin et programmation fonctionnelle

Kotlin n'est pas un langage fonctionnel pur mais il prend en charge certaines fonctionnalités. En effet, Kotlin ne sait pas dire si une fonction est pures ou non, mais il fournit des collections immuables via la bibliothèque kotlinx.collections.immutable pour nous aider à manipuler des données immuables.

`listOf` génère des listes en lecture seule, mais qui sont mutables

Une liste en lecture seule ne peut pas ajouter ou supprimer des éléments, mais elle peut modifier les données sous-jacentes.

@Test
+fun givenReadOnlyList_whenCastToMutableList_checkNewElementsAdded(){
+    val list: List<String> = listOf("This", "Is", "Totally", "Immutable")
+    (list as MutableList<String>)[2] = "Not"
+    assertEquals(listOf("This", "Is", "Not", "Immutable"), list)
+}
+

La librairie Arrow-kt permet d'aller encore plus loin en développement fonctionnel.

Programmation déclarative

La programmation déclarative est un style célèbre dans la programmation fonctionnelle. Il consiste à écrire du code sous la forme d'un enchaînement d'appels de fonction dans ce style val result = f(x).g(y). .... Les fonctions d'ordre supérieur remplacent de nombreuses situations où nous utiliserions des boucles. Cela favorise le code lisible qui est facile à déboguer et à maintenir.

▶️ ce code montre comment manipuler une liste avec la programmation déclarative.

Kotlin and Java interoperability

  • Kotlin is designed with Java interoperability in mind.
  • Kotlin code may require some annotations to be called from Java.
  • It is possible to mix Java and Kotlin in the same project.
  • JetBrain's IntelliJ and Android Studio can convert to Kotlin when pasting java code.
  • Kotlin generates Java records by annotating a data class with @JvmRecord and targeting JVM 16, among other requirement listed here.
  • It is much more easier and natural to call Java from Kotlin.
    • For example: Java accessors are converted to Kotlin properties.

▶️ this code shows how to convert a Kotlin List to a Java ArrayList.

The official documentation provides exhaustive documentation on Kotlin and JVM integration

Exercices

Exercice 3

Voir l'exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 4

Exercice

Solutions(s)

Solution

Exercice 5

Exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 6

Exercice

solution(s)

Solution

Exercice 7

Exercice

Solution(s)

Solution

Plus d'exercices et de lecture

+ + + diff --git a/fr/other-technologies/index.html b/fr/other-technologies/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..206757f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/other-technologies/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 🛠 Construisons une app multiplateforme ! | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

🛠 Construisons une app multiplateforme !

En combinant KMP, KMM et Compose, il est possible de développer des applications mobiles et de bureau multiplateformes en utilisant uniquement Kotlin.

Prérequis

  • Connaissance de base du développement en Kotlin (notamment la nullabilité, les fonctions en ligne et les fonctions lambda)
  • IDE Android Studio avec la version stable la plus récente, version Giraffe ou supérieure
  • Une bonne connectivité

TIP

Pour plus d'informations sur votre environnement de développement (DEV) et les installations, veuillez consulter la documentation liée à JetBrains ici.

____ 🚀 Demarrer la session pratique ici 🚀___

kmp codelab
kmp codelab
+ + + diff --git a/fr/presentation/index.html b/fr/presentation/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c229116c --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/presentation/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 🚀 Présentation de Kotlin | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

🚀 Présentation de Kotlin

Kotlin est un langage de programmation moderne développé par JetBrains.

Certaines fonctionnalités

  • Kotlin est capable de compiler vers différentes cibles : la JVM, JS, Android, iOS, Les OS de bureau, etc.
    • Pris en charge officiellement par de grands frameworks back-end, tels que Spring et Quarkus,
    • Langage préféré pour le développement Android,
    • Kotlin Native compile en code natif,
    • Kotlin peut être considéré comme un langage fullstack
  • Interopérable avec Java.
  • Fournit des fonctionnalités modernes telles que la null safety à la compilation.
  • Prend en charge la programmation orientée objet et la programmation fonctionnelle.
  • Processus d'évolution open source: Kotlin KEEP.

Histoire

  • 15 février 2016 : sortie de Kotlin 1.0.
  • 4 janvier 2017 : Spring a introduit le support de Kotlin dans Spring 5.
  • Lors de Google I/O 2017, Google a annoncé une prise en charge officielle de Kotlin sur Android.
  • Le 7 mai 2019, Google a annoncé que Kotlin était le langage préféré des développeurs d'applications Android.
  • Juin 2022 : Kotlin 1.7 est sorti avec la version du nouveau compilateur K2.

Quelques chiffres et faits

Source : Amyra Sheldon

  • En 2022, Kotlin est utilisé par 7,8 % des experts de l'industrie.
  • Selon StackOverflow, Kotlin était le 4ème langage le plus apprécié en 2020 avec 62,9 % des votes.
  • Kotlin est désormais répertorié parmi les 20 meilleurs langages de programmation par Redmonk.
  • Kotlin fait partie des 3 principaux langages vers lesquels la plupart des entreprises prévoient de migrer leurs applications en 2022.
  • Kotlin est utilisé par des entreprises mondiales telles que Google, Netflix, Amazon, Trello, etc.
  • Plusieurs entreprises dont Google, Pinterest et Uber ont migré leurs applications de Java vers Kotlin.
kotlin utilisé pour quoi ?
kotlin utilisé pour quoi ?

Veuillez trouver plus de statiques ici :

Pourquoi passer de Java à Kotlin

Voici quelques arguments qui motivent le passage de Java (version 17 LTS au moment de la rédaction) à Kotlin.

  • Kotlin prend en charge plus de cibles que Java.
  • Kotlin protège des références null à la compilation (les Optional Java sont ne sont pas de protections à la compilation).
  • Les chaînes de caractères Kotlin prennent en charge l'interpolation.
  • Les fonctionnalités de programmation fonctionnelle de Kotlin sont meilleures. Il permet même de définir des constructeurs et des DSL (Domain Specific Language) dont le typage est sécurisé (type-safe).
  • Kotlin peut être mélangé avec du code Java, facilitant ainsi le processus de migration.

Vous pouvez lire plus d'arguments dans ces articles :

Sources et plus de lecture

+ + + diff --git a/fr/workshops/index.html b/fr/workshops/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4b29fc71 --- /dev/null +++ b/fr/workshops/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + + + + + + 📅 Workshops | Apprendre Kotlin + + + + + +

📅 Workshops

Android makers 2023: Kotlin Beyond Android

am2023 logo
am2023 logo

Liens

Lien du workshop: awl.li/am23-kt

qr code
qr code

Agenda

Mobile DevOps summit 2023

  • Titre: From Android to Multiplatform: leveraging the full potential of Kotlin
  • Lien: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

Devoxx Morocco 2023

  • Titre: Let's discover the amazing possibilities of Kotlin
  • Lien: awl.li/mds23-kt
qr code
qr code

Agenda

(2024) MiXit

  • Titre : Développement front et back en Kotlin. Une visite guidée de KMP
qr code
qr code

Agenda

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Hello

Hello

A beginner's guide to a modern programming language

Get started →

Language features

null safety, extensions, lambdas, Java interoperability and more

Backend development

With Ktor, spring and NodeJS

Frontend development

Compose multiplatform, Kotlin/JS, Kotlin/WASM and JVM frameworks

Cross-platform development

With KMP and Compose multiplatform

Advanced Kotlin

Coroutines, delegates, Function literal with receiver, DSLs and more

Practical exercises and solutions

All chapters have a set of exercises

Welcome

Who we are

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avatar

We design payments technology that powers the growth of millions​ of businesses around the world. Engineering the next frontiers​ in payments technology​

  • Leader in payment and secured transactions
  • Over 50 billion transactions/year​
  • 7000+ engineers in over 40 countries
  • A huge & diverse tech-stack

TIP

This training is also available in French / Cette formation est aussi disponible en Français

Prerequisites

  • Basic knowledge of object-oriented language like Java
  • Prepare your development environment and install stuff before the session (see Tooling section)
Worldline, 2023
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Learn more at https://bit.ly/wb-precache`;console.warn(t)}}}install(t){return w(t,(async()=>{const e=new p;this.strategy.plugins.push(e);for(const[e,s]of this.K){const n=this.T.get(s),i=this.P.get(e),r=new Request(e,{integrity:n,cache:i,credentials:"same-origin"});await Promise.all(this.strategy.handleAll({params:{cacheKey:s},request:r,event:t}))}const{updatedURLs:s,notUpdatedURLs:n}=e;return{updatedURLs:s,notUpdatedURLs:n}}))}activate(t){return w(t,(async()=>{const t=await self.caches.open(this.strategy.cacheName),e=await t.keys(),s=new Set(this.K.values()),n=[];for(const i of e)s.has(i.url)||(await t.delete(i),n.push(i.url));return{deletedURLs:n}}))}getURLsToCacheKeys(){return this.K}getCachedURLs(){return[...this.K.keys()]}getCacheKeyForURL(t){const e=new URL(t,location.href);return this.K.get(e.href)}getIntegrityForCacheKey(t){return this.T.get(t)}async matchPrecache(t){const e=t instanceof Request?t.url:t,s=this.getCacheKeyForURL(e);if(s){return(await self.caches.open(this.strategy.cacheName)).match(s)}}createHandlerBoundToURL(t){const e=this.getCacheKeyForURL(t);if(!e)throw new s("non-precached-url",{url:t});return s=>(s.request=new Request(t),s.params=Object.assign({cacheKey:e},s.params),this.strategy.handle(s))}}let O;const x=()=>(O||(O=new E),O);class N extends i{constructor(t,e){super((({request:s})=>{const n=t.getURLsToCacheKeys();for(const i of function*(t,{ignoreURLParametersMatching:e=[/^utm_/,/^fbclid$/],directoryIndex:s="index.html",cleanURLs:n=!0,urlManipulation:i}={}){const r=new URL(t,location.href);r.hash="",yield r.href;const o=function(t,e=[]){for(const s of[...t.searchParams.keys()])e.some((t=>t.test(s)))&&t.searchParams.delete(s);return t}(r,e);if(yield o.href,s&&o.pathname.endsWith("/")){const t=new URL(o.href);t.pathname+=s,yield t.href}if(n){const t=new URL(o.href);t.pathname+=".html",yield t.href}if(i){const t=i({url:r});for(const e of t)yield e.href}}(s.url,e)){const e=n.get(i);if(e){return{cacheKey:e,integrity:t.getIntegrityForCacheKey(e)}}}}),t.strategy)}}function k(t){const e=x();!function(t,e,n){let o;if("string"==typeof t){const s=new URL(t,location.href);o=new i((({url:t})=>t.href===s.href),e,n)}else if(t instanceof RegExp)o=new r(t,e,n);else if("function"==typeof t)o=new i(t,e,n);else{if(!(t instanceof i))throw new s("unsupported-route-type",{moduleName:"workbox-routing",funcName:"registerRoute",paramName:"capture"});o=t}a().registerRoute(o)}(new N(e,t))}t.cleanupOutdatedCaches=function(){self.addEventListener("activate",(t=>{const e=l();t.waitUntil((async(t,e="-precache-")=>{const s=(await self.caches.keys()).filter((s=>s.includes(e)&&s.includes(self.registration.scope)&&s!==t));return await Promise.all(s.map((t=>self.caches.delete(t)))),s})(e).then((t=>{})))}))},t.clientsClaim=function(){self.addEventListener("activate",(()=>self.clients.claim()))},t.precacheAndRoute=function(t,e){!function(t){x().precache(t)}(t),k(e)}}));