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zgXKtIdVEqrB-26UNk!1l2C}l}KHg7zapH%t$2gNn$@t z;vUyv8E0r=2{4ma1w=)lRVIUU;o?5$$CD*7QX<+Cq&p(stRNEXGvKlcDQ{U* z-c_bp!cyKxMOvsQ@9e|i2T}9Z(MzDTl(DEaYusE=^as``3szh!g|tmrlpPta18drz z4z62env+es3v2pE1tthtd=Obih)4!`NotsGc-1}}2jfN5eWKdITgkTYIFV$|v5cO* z=i1xM6a}R;vP@0%OtXeevxUsUOplVvj8u%Qip;EJo2;s+Or5)|qD-Q4jBJovc9Rcv zphyO)m$S_nHDOy;^lWx%WpMvtwx@T_uuaZQaL!bey--t|pP#CXrPYK4L_iVg!V< z#8g`Q;6V%9TzvX`iWv2LP=kubD~o=N7jaGG*tHeWuNEWLYxN`SPs4~iCifUcqk8IYh+VB9`B4EUuS^10bcs}^`Br8eS*B)H=B!rc*%laOKU5Y$t4gBz3iYZgvZ|`s zSj#)B>K>}GBe)qLnf2iGo*4Yu){qU_j09)>5)t#)?`J`2! ul7G6asyl~%y7m3!L#+0?< + +Hobbes' Internet Timeline - the definitive ARPAnet & Internet history + + + + + + +
+1950s | +1960s | +1970s | +1980s | +1990s | +2000s | +2010s | +Growth | +FAQ | +Sources +
+

+ +

+

Hobbes' Internet Timeline 23

+by

+Robert H'obbes' Zakon

+with support from

+Zakon Group LLC and +OpenConf +

+

+

+

Interested in having Hobbes speak on the history of Internet technology and innovation at your event?
email hobbes –at– zakon.org

+
+Hobbes' Internet Timeline Copyright (c)1993-2016 by Robert H Zakon. +Permission is granted for use of this document in whole or in part for +non-commercial purposes as long as this Copyright notice and a link to +this document, at the archive listed at the end, is included. +A copy of the material the Timeline appears in is requested. +For commercial uses, please contact the author first. +Links to this document are welcome after e-mailing the author with the +document URL where the link will appear. Hosting of the Timeline on +other public Internet sites is not permitted. +

+

+ +

1950s

+
+
1957 +
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, + US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), + the following year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to + establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the + military (:amk:) +
+ +

+

+

+ +

1960s

+
+
1961 +
Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" (May 31) +
    +
  • First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory +
+

+ +

1962 +
J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: "On-Line Man Computer Communication" (August) +
    +
  • Galactic Network concept encompassing distributed social interactions +
+

+ +

1964 +
Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks"
+
    +
  • Packet-switching networks; no single outage point +
+

+ +

1965 +
ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing + computers"
+
    +
  • TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation + (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) via + a dedicated 1200bps phone line; Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) + computer at ARPA later added to form "The Experimental Network" +
+

+ +

1966 +
Lawrence G. Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared + Computers" (October) +
    +
  • First ARPANET plan +
+

+ +

+

1967 +
ARPANET design discussions held by Larry Roberts at ARPA IPTO PI + meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan (April) +

+

ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in Gatlinburg, Tennessee (October)
+
    +
  • First design paper on ARPANET published by Larry Roberts: + "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication +
  • First meeting of the three independent packet network teams + (RAND, NPL, ARPA) +
+

+

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL + Data Network under Donald Watts Davies who coins the term packet. + The NPL network, an experiment in packet-switching, used 768kbps + lines +

+ +

1968 +
PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) +

+

Request for quotation for ARPANET (29 Jul) sent out in August; responses received + in September +

+

University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) awarded Network Measurement + Center contract in October +

+

Network Working Group (NWG), headed by Steve Crocker, loosely organized to + develop host level protocols for communication over the ARPANET. (:vgc:) +

+

Tymnet built as part of Tymshare service (:vgc:) +

+ +

1969 +
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awarded Packet Switch contract + to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) in January +

+

US Senator Edward Kennedy sends a congratulatory telegram to BBN for + its million-dollar ARPA contract to build the "Interfaith" + Message Processor, and thanking them for their ecumenical efforts +

+

ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking +

+

Nodes are stood up as BBN builds each IMP [Honeywell DDP-516 mini + computer with 12K of memory]; AT&T provides lines bundled to 50kbps +

+

Node 1: UCLA (30 August, hooked up 2 September) + +

+

Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (1 October) +
    +
  • Network Information Center (NIC) +
  • SDS940/Genie +
  • Doug Engelbart's project on "Augmentation of Human Intellect" +
+

+

Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) (1 November) +
    +
  • Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics +
  • IBM 360/75, OS/MVT +
+

+

Node 4: University of Utah (December) +
    +
  • Graphics +
  • DEC PDP-10, Tenex +
+

+

Diagram of the 4-node ARPAnet +

+

+

+

First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker (7 April) +

+

RFC 4: Network Timetable +

+

First packets sent by Charley Kline at UCLA as he tried logging + into SRI. The first attempt resulted in the system crashing + as the letter G of LOGIN was entered. (October 29) [ Log entry ] +

+

Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish X.25-based + Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:) +
+ +

+ +

1970s

+ +
+
1970 +
First publication of the original ARPANET Host-Host protocol: + C.S. Carr, S. Crocker, V.G. Cerf, "HOST-HOST Communication + Protocol in the ARPA Network," in AFIPS Proceedings of SJCC + (:vgc:) +

+

First report on ARPANET at AFIPS: "Computer Network Development + to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March) +

+

ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman + Abramson, Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational (July) (:sk2:) +
    +
  • connected to the ARPANET in 1972 +
+

+

ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), + first host-to-host protocol +

+

First cross-country link installed by AT&T between UCLA and BBN + at 56kbps. This line is later replaced by another between + BBN and RAND. A second line is added between MIT and Utah +

+ +

1971 +
15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, + Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames +

+

BBN starts building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316. IMPs + however are limited to 4 host connections, and so BBN develops + a terminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to 64 terminals (September) +

+

Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a + distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: + an intra-machine email program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file + transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:) +

+

Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart with the purpose of making + copyright-free works, including books, electronically available. The + first text is the US Declaration of Independence (:dhr,msh:) +

+ +

1972 +
Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET where it + becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation + keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning + (March) +

+

Larry Roberts writes first email management program (RD) to list, + selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages (July) +

+

International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) at + the Washington D.C. Hilton with demonstration of ARPANET + between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) + organized by Bob Kahn. (October) +

+

First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated + during ICCC, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems + with the Doctor (at BBN). +

+

International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in October as a result + of a meeting at ICCC identifying the need for a combined effort in + advancing networking technologies. Vint Cerf appointed first Chair. + By 1974, INWG became IFIP WG 6.1 (:vgc:) +

+

Louis Pouzin leads the French effort to build its own ARPANET + - CYCLADES +

+

RFC 318: Telnet specification +

+ +

1973 +
First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of + London (England) via NORSAR (Norway) +

+

Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet. The concept was tested on Xerox + PARC's Alto computers, and the first Ethernet network called + the Alto Aloha System (May) (:amk:) +

+

Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts Internetting research program + at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back + of envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby (:vgc:) +

+

Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of + Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:) +

+

RFC 454: File Transfer specification +

+

Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling + conference calls over ARPAnet. (:bb1:) +

+

SRI (NIC) begins publishing ARPANET News in March; number of ARPANET users + estimated at 2,000 +

+

ARPA study shows email composing 75% of all ARPANET traffic +

+

Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast + zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination, causing all other IMPs to + send their traffic to Harvard (25 December) +

+

RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY +

+

RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care +

+ +

1974 +
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network + Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a + Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:) +

+

BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial + version of ARPANET) (:sk2:) +

+ +

1975 +
Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA) +

+

First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created by Steve Walker. + Einar Stefferud soon took over as moderator as the list was not + automated at first. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to + become the most popular unofficial list in the early days +

+

John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive email program + providing replying, forwarding, and filing capabilities. +

+

Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP + tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL +

+

"Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:) +

+

Shockwave Rider by John Brunner (:pds:) +

+ +

1976 +
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email + on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) + in Malvern +

+

UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed + with UNIX one + year later. +

+

Multiprocessing Pluribus IMPs are deployed +

+ +

1977 +
THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing + electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science + (using a locally developed email system over TELENET) +

+

RFC 733: Mail specification +

+

Tymshare spins out Tymnet under pressure from TELENET. Both go on to + develop X.25 protocol standard for virtual circuit style packet + switching (:vgc:) +

+

First demonstration of ARPANET/SF Bay Packet Radio Net/Atlantic SATNET + operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:) +

+ +

1978 +
TCP split into TCP and IP (March) +

+

Possibly the first commercial spam message is sent on 1 May by a DEC marketer + advertising an upcoming presentation of its new DECSYSTEM-20 computers +

+

RFC 748: TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option +

+ +

1979 +
Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, National Science Foundation + (NSF), and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer + Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber). +

+

USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, + Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under + NET.* hierarchy. +

+

First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex +

+

ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) +

+

Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. + Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET + connection via SRI. +

+

On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding + some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for + indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at + the time, emoticons became widely used after Scott Fahlman suggested + the use of :-) and :-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982 +
+ +

+ +

1980s

+
+
1980 +
ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an + accidentally-propagated status-message virus +

+

First C/30-based IMP at BBN +

+ +

1981 +
BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork" +
    +
  • Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, + with the first connection to Yale (:feg:) +
  • Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in reference to + the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM systems +
  • Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute + information, as well as file transfers +
+

+

CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of + computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, + RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by NSF to + provide networking services (especially email) to university + scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known + as the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:) +

+

C/30 IMPs predominate the network; first C/30 TIP at SAC +

+

Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom. +

+

True Names by Vernor Vinge (:pds:) +

+

RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan +

+ +

1982 +
Norway leaves network to become an Internet connection via TCP/IP + over SATNET; UCL does the same +

+

DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and + Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, + for ARPANET. (:vgc:) +
    +
  • This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" + as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, + and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. +
  • DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:) +
+

+

EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email and + USENET services. (:glg:) +
    +
  • original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and UK +
+

+

Exterior Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for + gateways between networks. +

+ +

1983 +
Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users + to know the exact path to other systems +

+

Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January) +

+

No more Honeywell or Pluribus IMPs; TIPs replaced by TACs (terminal + access controller) +

+

Stuttgart and Korea get connected +

+

Movement Information Net (MINET) started early in the year in + Europe, connected to Internet in Sept +

+

CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place +

+

ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated + with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. 68 of the + 113 existing nodes went to MILNET +

+

Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX (4.2 BSD) + which includes IP networking software (:mpc:) +

+

Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing computer + connected to the Internet at each site, to instead connecting entire local + networks +

+

Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB +

+

EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very + similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM-Europe +

+

FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings +

+ +

1984 +
Domain Name System (DNS) introduced +

+

Number of hosts breaks 1,000 +

+

JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP +

+

JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the + Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet +

+

Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*) +

+

Neuromancer by William Gibson +

+

Canada begins a one-year effort to network its universities. The NetNorth Network is connected to BITNET in Ithaca from Toronto (:kf1:) +

+

Kremvax message announcing USSR connectivity to USENET +

+ +

1985 +
Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started +

+

Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility for DNS root + management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations +

+

Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain. + Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, berkeley.edu, ucla.edu, + rutgers.edu, bbn.com (24 Apr); mit.edu (23 May); think.com (24 may); + css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July) +

+

100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross-Canada + railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to NetNorth in a one + year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:) +

+

RFC 968: 'Twas the Night Before Start-up +

+ +

1986 +
NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) +
    +
  • NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing + power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, + Theory Center@Cornell). +
  • This allows an explosion of connections, especially from + universities. +
+

+

NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational (:sw1:) +

+

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task + Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January + at Linkabit in San Diego +

+

The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices + of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program + management assumed by the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) + in 1989 (:sk2,rab:) +

+

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news + performance over TCP/IP. +

+

Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow + non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses. +

+

The first in a series of congestion collapses begin occurring in October. (:jtl:) +

+

The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987. +

+

BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high + speed links. Operational in 1987. +

+

New England gets cut off from the Net as AT&T suffers a fiber optics + cable break between Newark/NJ and White Plains/NY. Yes, all seven + New England ARPANET trunk lines were in the one severed cable. + Outage took place between 1:11 and 12:11 EST on 12 December +

+

.fi is registered by members of the Finnish Unix User Group (FUUG) in Tampere (12 Dec) +

+ +

1987 +
NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with + Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an agreement + with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS. +

+

UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and + Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell +

+

First TCP/IP Interoperability Conference (March), name changed in 1988 + to INTEROP +

+

Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET protocols, with + the first message from China sent on 20 September. (:wz1:) +

+

The concept and plan for a national US research and education network is + proposed by Gordon Bell et al in a report to the Office of Science and + Technology, written in response to a congressional request by Al Gore. + (Nov) It would take four years until the establishment of this network + by Congress (:gb1:) +

+

1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide" +

+

Number of hosts breaks 10,000 +

+

Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000 +

+ +

1988 +
2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 + of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:) +

+

CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to + the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is + the only advisory issued this year. +

+

DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US + Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be + supported by Government purchased products (:gck:) +

+

Los Nettos network created with no federal funding, instead supported + by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI). +

+

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) +

+

CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded + by Susan Estrada. +

+

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established in December + with Jon Postel as its Director. Postel was also the RFC Editor + and US Domain registrar for many years. +

+

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:) +

+

First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ via + Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:) +

+

FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of email + and news (:tp1:) +

+

The first multicast tunnel is established between Stanford and BBN + in the Summer of 1988. +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), France (FR), + Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE) +

+ +

1989 +
Number of hosts breaks 100,000 +

+

RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers) to + ensure the necessary administrative and technical coordination to + allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:) +

+

First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the + Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National Research + Initiative (CNRI), and CompuServe through Ohio State Univ (:jg1,ph1:) +

+

Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed + by merging CSNET into BITNET (August) +

+

AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC and + CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:) +

+

First link between Australia and NSFNET via Hawaii on 23 June. Australia had + been limited to USENET access since the early 1980s +

+

Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a + German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities +

+

UCLA sponsors the Act One symposium to celebrate ARPANET's 20th anniversary and + its decommissioning (August) +

+

RFC 1121: Act One - The Poems +

+

RFC 1097: TELNET SUBLIMINAL-MESSAGE Option +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), + Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), + Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK) +
+ +

+ +

1990s

+
+
1990 +
ARPANET ceases to exist +

+

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor +

+

Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill +

+

Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan) +

+

The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial + provider of Internet dial-up access +

+

ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for + OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to + operate over TCP/IP (:gck:) +

+

CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian backbone + with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:) +

+

The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the Internet, the + Internet Toaster by John Romkey, (controlled via SNMP) makes its debut at + Interop. +

+

Czechoslovakia (.cs) connects to EARN/BitNet (11 Oct); .cs deleted in 1993 +

+

RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers. + Implementation is completed 11 years later by the Bergen Linux Users Group (28 Apr 2001) +

+

RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), + Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), + Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH) +

+ +

1991 +
First connection takes place between Brazil, by Fapesp, and the Internet + at 9600 baud. +

+

Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General + Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), + and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), as NSF lifts restrictions + on the commercial use of the Net (March) (:glg:) +

+

Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, + released by Thinking Machines Corporation +

+

Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from + the Univ of Minnesota +

+

World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:). First Web server is nxoc01.cern.ch, + launched in Nov 1990 and later renamed info.cern.ch. +

+

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:) +

+

US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National + Research and Education Network (NREN) +

+

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) +

+

NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month +

+

Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. + who takes over from SRI on 1 Oct +

+

Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signaled the changeover from + Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. + IP was initially 'tunneled' within X.25. (:gst:) +

+

RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts +

+

RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR) +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), + Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), + Tunisia (TN) +

+ +

1992 +
Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered (January) +

+

IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and becomes + part of the Internet Society +

+

Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 +

+

First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November) +

+

RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide + address registration and coordination services to the European + Internet community (:dk1:) +

+

Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada +

+

World Bank comes on-line +

+

The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly (:jap:); + Brendan Kehoe uses the term "net-surfing" as early as 6 June 1991 in a USENET post (:bt1:) +

+

Zen and the Art of the Internet is published + by Brendan Kehoe (:jap:) +

+

Internet Hunt started by Rick Gates +

+

RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past +

+

RFC 1313: Today's Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), + Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), + Malaysia (MY), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE) +

+ +

1993 +
InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: (:sc1:) +
    +
  • directory and database services (AT&T) +
  • registration services (Network Solutions Inc.) +
  • information services (General Atomics/CERFnet) +
+

+

US White House email comes on-line at whitehouse.gov; + web site launches in 1994 +
    +
  • President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov +
  • Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov +
+

+

Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4), + joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ... +

+

Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:) +

+

United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:) +

+

US National Information Infrastructure Act +

+

Businesses and media begin taking notice of the Internet +

+

.sk (Slovakia) and .cz (Czech Republic) created after split of Czechoslovakia; + .cs decomissioned +

+

InterCon International KK (IIKK) provides Japan's first commercial + Internet connection in September. TWICS, though an IIKK leased + line, begins offering dial-up accounts the following month (:tb1:) +

+

Mosaic takes the Internet by storm (22 Apr); WWW proliferates at a 341,634% + annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%. +

+

RFC 1437: The Extension of MIME Content-Types to a New Medium +

+

RFC 1438: IETF Statements of Boredom (SOBs) +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), + Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya + (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation + (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI) +

+ +

1994 +
ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary +

+

Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet + (Lexington and Cambridge, Mass., USA) +

+

US Senate and House provide information + servers +

+

Shopping malls arrive on the Internet +

+

First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas +

+

The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) suggests that + GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement + (:gck:) +

+

Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email + advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back +

+

NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month +

+

Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut online +

+

WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net + (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution + on NSFNET +

+

Japanese Prime Minister on-line (http://www.kantei.go.jp/) +

+

UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/) +

+

New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line + (http://www.govt.nz/) +

+

First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business +

+

Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock on the Net: + WXYC at Univ of NC, KJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ +

+

IPng recommended by IETF at its Toronto meeting (July) and approved by IESG + in November. Later documented as RFC 1752 +

+

The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They were for Zima + (a beverage) and AT&T +

+

Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is + formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives from 38 + countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERENA's aim is to "promote + and participate in the development of a high quality international + information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit + of research and education" (October) +

+

After noticing that many network software vendors used domain.com in their + documentation examples, Bill Woodcock and Jon Postel register the domain. + Sure enough, after looking at the domain access logs, it was evident that + many users were using the example domain in configuring their applications. +

+

The first web-based machine translation system is developed by this Timeline's + author, supporting 9 languages, and made available the following year to hundreds + of thousands of users on OSIS and Intelink, both US government networks +

+

RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation +

+

RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9 +

+

RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina + Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), + Lithuania (LT), Macao (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia (NC), Nicaragua (NI), + Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), + Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net +

+ +

1995 +
NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now + routed through interconnected network providers +

+

The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone + Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, + SDSC, CTC, PSC +

+

Neda Rayaneh Institute (NRI), Iran's first commercial provider, comes online, + connecting via satellite to Cadvision, a Canadian provider (:rm1:) +

+

Hong Kong police disconnect all but one of the colony's Internet providers + for failure to obtain a license; thousands of users are left without + service (:kf2:) +

+

Sun launches JAVA on May 23 +

+

RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time +

+

Radio HK, the first commercial 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts + broadcasting +

+

WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet + based on packet count, and in April based on byte count +

+

Traditional online dial-up systems (CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy) + begin to provide Internet access +

+

Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") becomes the first person banned from accessing + the Internet by a US District Court judge in Texas +

+

Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients + start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic + cables to melt (30 July) +

+

A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack + with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August) +

+

Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14 September, a + $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. + NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov +

+

The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/) +

+

The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/) +

+

The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret + Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three individuals who + were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone cloning equipment + and electronic devices +

+

Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with + their families back home via the Internet. +

+

Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition, under + the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file security + encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:) +

+

RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas +

+

Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) + Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), + Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia + (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa + (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au +

+

Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines +

+

Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments + (VRML), Collaborative tools +

+

+

Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug) +

+ +

1996 +
Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies + who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years) +

+

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and + Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in an online + interactive chat session on 17 January. +

+

The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US + in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. + A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against + its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it + unconstitutional in 1997. +

+

BackRub, Google's precursor, comes online +

+

9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the InterNIC + drops their name service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee +

+

Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether + they will be able to handle the growing number of users. + AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only) +

+

Domain name tv.com sold to CNET for US$15,000 +

+

New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated + SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600) +

+

MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the + effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. +

+

The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level + Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, .nom. + The IAHC plan also calls for a competing group of domain registrars worldwide. +

+

A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages +

+

The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has + rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are + made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming + (beta) versions. +

+

Internet2 project is kicked off by representatives from 34 universities on 1 Oct (:msb:) +

+

RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths +

+

Restrictions on Internet use around the world: +
    +
  • China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police +
  • Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe +
  • Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals +
  • Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register + with the state +
  • New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored + and seized +
  • source: Human Rights Watch +
+

+ +

Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), + Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), + Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), + French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) + Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), + Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), + Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), + Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force + (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec) +

+

Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone +

+

Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative + tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer) + +

+ +

1997 +
2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" +

+

71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory +

+

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to + handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical + areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. +

+

CA*net II launched in June to provide Canada's next generation Internet + using ATM/SONET +

+

In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, + hacks DNS so users going to www.internic.net end up at www.alternic.net +

+

Domain name business.com sold for US$150,000 +

+

Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the + DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of + systems unreachable. +

+

Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA +

+

101,803 Name Servers in whois database +

+

RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts +

+

Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), + R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), + Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), + Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), + Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), + Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), + Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), + British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), + St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), + Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), + US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), + Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), + Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), + Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), + DR of Congo (CD) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil +

+

Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), + NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov) +

+

Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting +

+

Emerging Technologies: Push + +

+ +

1998 +
Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32 +

+

US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining + its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. This is followed up by a + White Paper on June 5 +

+

La Fête de l'Internet, a country-wide Internet fest, + is held in France 20-21 March +

+

Web size estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q +

+

Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC in order to register their + name under the .tm domain, the English abbreviation for trademark +

+

Internet users get to be judges in a performance by 12 world champion ice skaters + on 27 March, marking the first time a television sport show's outcome is + determined by its viewers. +

+

Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth domain on 4 May +

+

Electronic postal stamps become a reality, with the US Postal Service allowing stamps + to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web. +

+

Canada kicks off CA*net 3, the first national optical internet +

+

CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US law (21 October) +

+

ABCNews.com accidentally posts test US election returns one day early + (2 November) +

+

Indian ISP market is deregulated in November causing a rush for ISP operation + licenses +

+

US DoC enters into an agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned + Numbers (ICANN) to establish a process for transitioning DNS + from US Government management to industry (25 November) +

+

San Francisco sites without off-city mirrors go offline as the + city blacks out on 8 December +

+

Chinese government puts Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of + state power" for providing 30,000 email addresses to a US Internet magazine + (December) [ He is later sentenced to two years in jail ] +

+

French Internet users give up their access on 13 December to boycott France + Telecom's local phone charges (which are in addition to the ISP charge) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Altavista.com (3.3M) to Compaq +

+

Open source software comes of age +

+

RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent +

+

RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp +

+

RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines +

+

RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) +

+

Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) +

+

Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), + Starr Report (11 Sep), Glenn space launch +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, net, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (13 Sep), + China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan) +

+

Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals +

+

Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection +

+ +

1999 +
Internet access becomes available to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January +

+

vBNS sets up an OC48 link between CalREN South and North using Juniper + M40 routers +

+

IBM becomes the first Corporate partner to be approved for Internet2 access +

+

European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs +

+

The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March across Europe, building on the success + of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998 +

+

US State Court rules that domain names are property that may be garnished +

+

MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS provider for NSF, begins upgrading the US backbone to + 2.5Gbps +

+

A forged Web page made to look like a Bloomberg financial news story + raised shares of a small technology company by 31% on 7 April. +

+

ICANN announces the five testbed registrars for the competitive Shared + Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, + Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 additional post-testbed registrars are + also selected on 21 April, followed by 8 on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and + so on for a total of 98 by year's end. The testbed, originally scheduled + to last until 24 June, is extended until 10 September, and then 30 + November. The first registrar to come online is Register.com on 7 June +

+

SETI@Home launches on 17 May and within four weeks its distributed Internet + clients provide more computing power than the most powerful supercomputer of + its time (:par:) +

+

First large-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the war in + Serbia/Kosovo +

+

Abilene, the Internet2 network, reaches across the Atlantic and connects + to NORDUnet and SURFnet +

+

The Web becomes the focal point of British politics as a list of MI6 + agents is released on a UK Web site. Though forced to remove the list + from the site, it was too late as the list had already been replicated + across the Net. (15 May) +

+

Activists Net-wide target the world's financial centers on 18 June, timed + to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little actual impact is reported. +

+

MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS + targeted at smaller educational and research institutions +

+

DoD issues a memo requiring all US military systems to connect via NIPRNET, + and not directly to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug) +

+

Somalia gets its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep) +

+

ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). + Vint Cerf serves as first chair +

+

Free computers are all the rage (as long as you sign a long term contract for + Net service) +

+

Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) +

+

vBNS reaches 101 connections +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: business.com (7.5M on 30 Nov), Wine.com (2.9M), + Autos.com (2.2M), WallStreet.com (1M in Apr) +

+

RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service +

+

RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond +

+

RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III +

+

RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs +

+

RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000) +

+

Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), + E-Bay (13 Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't + (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec) +

+

Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 +

+

Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing +

+

Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June) +

+

+ +

+ +

2000s

+
+
2000 +
The US timekeeper (USNO) and a few other + time services around the world report the new year as 19100 on 1 Jan +

+

A massive denial of service attack is launched against major web sites, + including Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February +

+

Web size estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages +

+

ICANN redelegates the .pn domain, returning it to the Pitcairn Island + community (February) +

+

Internet2 backbone network deploys IPv6 (16 May) +

+

Various domain name hijackings took place in late May and early June, including + internet.com, bali.com, and web.net +

+

A testbed allowing the registration of domain names in Chinese, Japanese, and + Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign + without IETF authorization, only allows the second-level domain to be + non-English, still forcing use of .com, .net, .org. + The Chinese government blocks internal registrations, stating that + registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty right +

+

ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro (16 Nov)
+

+

Mexico's connection to Internet2 becomes fully operational as the California + research network (CalREN-2) is connected with Mexico's Corporación + Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) network. Though connected + in November, the link's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's + President was not until March of 2001. +

+

After months of legal proceedings, the French court rules Yahoo! must block + French users from accessing hate memorabilia in its auction site (Nov). + Given its inability to provide such a block on the Internet, Yahoo! removes + those auctions entirely (Jan 2001). The case is eventually thrown out (Feb 2003). +

+

The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 national research + networks for the development of Géant, Europe's new gigabit research + network meant to enhance the current capability provided by TEN-155 (6 Nov) +

+

Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au domain + to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN signs over control to auDA on 26 Oct 2001. +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: AsSeenOnTV.com (5.1M) +

+

RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite +

+

Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), + Microsoft (Oct) +

+

Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster +

+

Emerging Technologies: Wireless devices, IPv6 +

+

Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May) +

+

Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS +

+ +

2001 +
The first live distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- + over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb +

+

VeriSign extends its multilingual domain testbed to encompass various + European languages (26 Feb), and later the full Unicode character set (5 Apr) + opening up most of the world's languages +

+

Forwarding email in Australia becomes illegal with the passing of the Digital + Agenda Act, as it is seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright + (4 Mar) +

+

Radio stations broadcasting over the Web go silent over actor royalty disputes + (10 Apr) +

+

High schools in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and + Washington) become the first to gain Internet2 access +

+

US Dept of Commerce issues a notice of intent on 6 April to turn over + management for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award + agreement is reached on 29 October. Community colleges will finally be able + to register under .edu +

+

Napster keeps finding itself embroiled in litigation and is eventually + forced to suspend service; it comes back later in the year as a + subscription service +

+

European Council finalizes an international cybercrime treaty on + 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. This is the first treaty + addressing criminal offenses committed over the Internet. +

+

.biz and .info are added to the root server on 27 June with + registrations beginning in July. .biz domain go live on 7 Nov. +

+

Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet access country-wide, including from + Government offices, in an attempt to control content (13 Jul) +

+

Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of web servers and + email accounts, respectively, causing a spike in Internet bandwidth usage + and security breaches (July) +

+

A fire in a train tunnel running through Baltimore, Maryland seriously damages + various fiber-optic cable bundles used by backbone providers, disrupting + Internet traffic in the Mid-Atlantic states and creating a ripple effect + across the US (18 Jul) +

+

Brazil RNP2 is connected to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug) +

+

GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, becomes + operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 network which was closed down (30 Nov) +

+

.museum begins resolving (Nov) +

+

First uncompressed real-time gigabit HDTV transmission across a wide-area + IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). +

+

Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene connect via gigabit ethernet (15 Nov) +

+

.us domain operational responsibility assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16.M in Dec) +

+

RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol +

+

RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo" +

+

RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP) +

+

Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P +

+ +

2002 +
US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the former CIX (11 Jan) +

+

.name begins resolving (15 Jan) +

+

.coop registrations begin (30 Jan) +

+

Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-48 2.4GB + circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GÉANT (18 Feb) +

+

.aero registrations begin 18 March and beings resolving 2 September +

+

Federally recognized US Indian tribes become eligible to register under .gov (26 Apr) +

+

Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest + of proposed song royalty rate increases (1 May) +

+

The highest wi-fi network in the northeast US is deployed by this Timeline's author. + The solar-powered network bridges Mounts Washington and Wildcat in New Hampshire +

+

Abilene (Internet2) backbone deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug) +

+

The 69/8 IP range is allocated to ARIN in August after having been in the bogon + list; users and servers assigned a 69/8 address find themselves blocked + from many Internet sites +

+

Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate, and 40 affiliate members (2 Sep) +

+

Having your own Blog becomes hip +

+

Hundreds of Spain-based web sites take their content offline in protest of a + new law that took effect on 12 Oct requiring all commercial Web sites to + register with the government +

+

A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack struck the 13 DNS root servers + knocking out all but 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national security concerns, + VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one of its two DNS root servers +

+

A new US law creates a kids-safe "dot-kids" domain (kids.us) to be implemented + in 2003 (3 Dec) +

+

The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate virtual wanted posts across + the Web portal's properties (11 Dec) +

+

RFC 3251: Electricity over IP +

+

RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport +

+ +

2003 +
Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. + Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is able to + retain control over .com domains +

+

The first official Swiss online election takes place in Anières (7 Jan) +

+

The registration for domain ogrish.com is deleted (11 Jan) by the German registrar + Joker.com at the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content; + the site however is hosted in the United States and complies with US laws. +

+

The SQL Slammer worm causes one of the largest and fastest spreading DDoS + attacks ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took + down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of thousands of other + servers, and impacted a multitude of systems ranging from (bank) ATM systems + to air traffic control to emergency (911) systems (25 Jan). This is followed + in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the fastest spreading virus ever, and + the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (11 Aug), another one of the most destructive worms ever +

+

k.root-servers.net changes to using nsd vs. bind to increase diversity of + software in the root name server system (19 Feb) +

+

.nl registrations open up to anyone, including individuals and foreigners (29 Jan); + .se also opens up its registration in April. +

+

.af is redelegated on 8 Jan and becomes live once again on 12 Feb with UNDP + technical assistance. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb) +

+

.pro sunrise registration begins 23 Apr under .cpa.pro, .law.pro, .med.pro +

+

Flash mobs, organized over the Net, start in New York and quickly form in cities + worlwide +

+

Taxes make headlines as: larger US Internet retailers begin collecting taxes on all + purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet + companies to collect value added tax (VAT) on digital downloads starting 1 July +

+

The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by government + ministries, and adopts the use of the more French sounding "courriel" (Jul) +

+

KRNIC begins offering Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug) +

+

.kids.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep +

+

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 individuals on 8 Sep + for allegedly distributing copyright music files over peer-to-peer networks +

+

VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .net TLDs + causing much confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign + page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to stop the service, which they comply + with on 4 Oct +

+

Last Abilene segment upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov) +

+

National LambdaRail announced as a new US R&D networking infrastructure + (16 Sep). The first connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing + Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov) +

+

Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) starts + operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring across the northern + hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, + Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the first-ever fiber + network connections across the Russia-China border +

+

RFC 3514: The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit) +

+ +

2004 +
For the first time, there are more instances of DNS root servers outside the US + with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server +

+

Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, upgrade from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed (4 Feb) +

+

Thefacebook launches (4 Feb) +

+

Network Solutions begins offering 100 year domain registration (24 Mar) +

+

One of the .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) causing the other nameserver + to go offline (9 Apr), making the domain inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr +

+

ICANN authorizes new gTLDs: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, and .travel +

+

VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all 13 .com/.net + authoritative name servers in near real-time vs. twice each day (8 Sep) +

+

Lycos Europe releases a screen saver to help fight spam by keeping spam servers + busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued within a few days after + backbone providers block access to the download site and the service causes + some servers to crash. +

+

Verizon begins blocking all email traffic from European ISPs on 22 Dec in an + attempt to abate spam from the region into its US network +

+

CERNET2, the first backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China + Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at + speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: CreditCards.com (2.75M) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Social networking, Web mashups +

+

RFC 3751: Omniscience Protocol Requirements +

+ +

2005 +
.jobs, .mobi, and .travel begin accepting registrations +

+

.se becomes the first ccTLD to implement DNSSEC +

+

Estonia offers Internet voting nationally for local elections +

+

Pakistan suffers a near complete Internet outage as a submarine cable + becomes defective (Jun) +

+

Two feuding providers (Cogent, Level 3) sever their peering connection + resulting in many customers from one provider not being able to access + resources on the other's network (Oct) +

+

Number of Internet users reaches 1 Billion (Oct) +

+

.eu (European Union) launches on 7 Dec +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fish.com (1.02M) +

+

RFC 4041: Requirements for Morality Sections in Routing Area Drafts +

+

RFC 4042: UTF-9 and UTF-18 Efficient Transformation Formats of Unicode +

+ +

2006 +
.cat registrations begin for Catalan-related domains +

+

Zimbabwe looses most of its Internet access after its satellite + connectivity is cut by the provider for non-payment +

+

ICANN lifts price controls on .biz, .info, and .org domain names, after the + same was done for .net in 2005, raising fears of tiered pricing where + popular domains would cost more +

+

US Government prohibits private (anonymized) domain registrations for .us + after 26 Jan +

+

First tweet is sent out by Jack Dorsey (21 Mar) -- "just setting up my twttr" +

+

ICANN board votes against .xxx TLD (10 May), only to approve it five years later +

+

The 6bone, an IPv6 testbed, is phased out after 10 years operation (6 Jun) +

+

.ax (Åland Islands) ccTLD comes into service on 15 Aug +

+

.cm registry implements wildcard domains redirecting all .com typos to its + own page (Aug) +

+

Internet2 connectivity begins switching from Abilene to its new network (Nov) +

+

Internet connectivity to southeast Asia is severely limited after major fiber + optic lines are severely damaged by an earthquake in Taiwan and subsequent + underwater muslides (Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Sex.com (14M?), Diamond.com (7.5M), Vodka.com (3M), + Cameras.com (1.5M) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Cloud computing +

+ +

2007 +
ICANN drops .um domain name (US minor outlying islands) for lack of use (Jan) +

+

Estonia offers the first online national parliamentary elections on 26-28 Feb +

+

ICANN terminates RegisterFly.com's registrar status on 16 Mar (effective 31 Mar) +

+

Internet2 traffic in the Northeast US is disrupted on 1 May when a homeless + man starts a fire under a Boston bridge causing a fiber break +

+

Use of #hashtag proposed by Tweeter user number 1,186, Chris Messina (23 Aug) +

+

Internet2's Abilene network is retired (Sep) as the last connections are + switched over to the new Level 3 network +

+

Internet2 completes US East to West coast span of its 100GB/s network on 9 Oct +

+

.asia sunrise period begins in October +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porn.com (9.5M), Computer.com (2.1M), Seniros.com (1.8M), + Tandberg.com (1.5M), Scores.com, Vista.com (1.25M), Chinese.com (1.12M), + Guy.com (1M), Topix.com (1M) +

+

RFC 4824: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) +

+ +

2008 +
NASA successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled + on the Internet, using the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) software to + transmit images to/from a science spacecraft ~20 million miles above Earth +

+

Google's crawler reaches 1 trillion pages, although only a fraction are + indexed by the search engine. For comparison, Google's original index had + 26 million pages in 1998, and reached 1 billion in 2000 +

+

The Middle East, India, and other parts of Africa and Asia see a major + degradation in Internet service, including outages, after several undersea + cables carrying Internet traffic to the region are cut within 1 week (Jan-Feb) +

+

IPv6 addresses are added for the first time to 6 of the root zone servers (4 Feb) +

+

YouTube becomes unreacheable for a couple of hours after Pakistan Telecom + starts an unauthorized announcement of YouTube's subnet prefix (24 Feb) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fund.com (9.9M), Clothes.com (4.9M), Shopping.de (2.8M), + Kredit.de (1.17M), Cruises.co.uk (1.09M), Invest.com (1.01M) +

+

RFC 5241: Naming Rights in IETF Protocols +

+

RFC 5242: A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections +

+ +

2009 +
DNSSEC becomes operational on .gov (28 Feb), .org (2 Jun), .us (15 Dec) +

+

.tel registrations begin +

+

Bitcoins start being minted +

+

US Department of Commerce relaxes control over ICANN, in favor of a multi-national + oversight group +

+

Domain tasting gets severely curtailed after ICANN raises the 2008-introduced fee for + erroneously registered domains from $0.20 to $6.95; domain kiting however conitnues +

+

Twitter is asked by the US Government to delay planned maintenance of its service on + 15 June as a result of heavy use by Iranian users during unrest in that country +

+

.se domains become unreachable for an hour on 12 Oct after an incorrectly + configured software update modifies all registrations +

+

ICANN opens up applications for internationalized domain names (16 Nov) +

+

Crowdfunding becomes a popular means of raising startup funds; Kickstart founded on April 28 +

+

Emerging Technologies: Location awareness +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16M in Oct), Toys.com (5.1M in Feb), Auction.com (1.7M in Mar), + Candy.com (3M in Jun), Webcam.com (1.02M in Jun), Fly.com (1.76M), Call.com (1.1M in Sep), + Ticket.com (1.53M in Oct), Russia.com (1.5M in Dec) +

+

RFC 5513: IANA Considerations for Three Letter Acronyms +

+

RFC 5514: IPv6 over Social Networks +

+ +

2010s

+ +
2010 +
Astronaut T.J. Creamer inaugurates the new International Space Station direct link to the + Internet (aka Crew Support LAN) with a tweet (22 Jan) -- "Hello Twitterverse! We r now LIVE tweeting + from the International Space Station -- the 1st live tweet from Space! :) More soon, send your ?s" +

+

A Chinese root DNS server is taken offline after disrupting some services in Chile and US (Mar) +

+

Google announces on 22 January that along with 20+ other US companies, it had been the target of a + cyber attack originating in China, and on 22 March stops censoring its services in China +

+

Google+ service launches in public beta on 28 June; surpasses 10M users in Jul 2011, 100M in Feb 2012, + and 400M in Sep 2012 +

+

Root DNS zone digitally signed (DNSSEC) for first time (15 Jul) +

+

Number of registered domain reach 200M (~ Aug) +

+

A BGP experiment between RIPE NCC and Duke U results in a partial Internet outage (27 Aug) +

+

US Senate authorizes US Dept of Homeland Security to seize domains of sites suspected of piracy (Nov) +

+

Myanmar is temporarily taken offline by a denial of service attack (Nov) +

+

Verisign announced DNSSEC deployed to .net (10 Dec) +

+

Photo-sharing sees a renewal with the launch of social-based services such as Pinterest and Instagram +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Poker.org (1M in Feb), Flying.com (1.1M in Apr), Photo.com (1.25M in May), + Dating.com (1.75M in Jun), Slots.com (5.5M in Jun), fb.com (8.5M in Sep), Zip.com (1.6M in Oct), + Sex.com (13M on 17 Nov) +

+

RFC 5841: TCP Option to Denote Packet Mood +

+ +

2011 +
LinkedIn reaches 100M users (Mar); surpasses 200M in Jan 2013 +

+

Egypt shuts down its last ISP on 31 Jan and remains offline for two days +

+

Number Resource Organization (NRO) announces full depletion of available IPv4 addresses free pool (3 Feb) +

+

US Dept of Homeland Defense seizes 10 domains, including mistakenly mooo.com which hosted 84,000 + web sites and remain unavailable for two days (11 Feb) +

+

Internet traffic in Lybia is significantly curtailed for several days in February +

+

APNIC releases last block of IPv4 address in its available pool (14 Apr) +

+

.xxx goes live in root servers (15 Apr) +

+

First non-Latin TLDs (IDN) are inserted into root zone (5 May): مصر (Egypt), السعودية (AlSaudiah), امارات (Emarat) +

+

Millions of .de domains unreachable for hours (12 May) +

+

World IPv6 Day is 8 June +

+

Number of Internet users reaches 2 Billion (Nov) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: DomainName.com (1M in May), Social.com (2.6M in Jul), Box.com (1M in Jul) +

+

RFC 5984: Increasing Throughput in IP Networks with ESP-Based Forwarding: ESPBasedForwarding +

+

RFC 6214: Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6 +

+

RFC 6217: Regional Broadcast Using an Atmospheric Link Layer +

+ +

2012 +
ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domains (gTLDs) on 12 Jan +

+

Facebook reaches 1 billion monthly active users (604M mobile) on 14 Sep @ 12:50pm PT, with 581M daily on average +

+

Amazon becomes the largest hosting location by number of web-facing computers (118k), knocking China Telecom + from first place (116k) +

+

Canadian online sports gambling company Bodog has its .com domain name ceased by US Dept of Homeland Security, + causing fear among international businesses that may be afoul of US laws and whose TLDs have US registries +

+

World IPv6 Launch is 6 June +

+

Minitel shuts down at the end of June +

+

GoDaddy service goes down, making millions of sites inaccessible for several hours (10 Sep) +

+

RIPE NCC distributes last blocks of IPv4 address space from available pool (14 Sep) +

+

Twitter surpasses 200M active users (Dec), and 500M tweets per day (Oct) +

+

NASA's Curiosity Rover checks-in on FourSquare from Mars (3 Oct) +

+

PKNIC is hacked and 284 Pakistani web sites, including apple.pk and google.pk, appear defaced (24 Nov) +

+

Syria is disconnected from the Internet for two days (29 Nov - 1 Dec) +

+

"Gangnam Style" becomes the first YouTube video to reach 1 billion views (21 Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: PersonalLoans.com (1M in Feb), GiftCard.com (4M in Oct), Investing.com (2.45M in Dec) +

+

RFC 6592: The Null Packet +

+

RFC 6593: Service Undiscovery Using Hide-and-Go-Seek for the Domain Pseudonym System (DPS) +

+ +

2013 +
Netflix and YouTube account for over 50% of Internet traffic measured by bytes +

+

New gTLDs added to domain name root zone (24 Oct): شبكة (web), онлайн (online), сайт (site), and 游戏 (game) +

+

US National Security Agency (NSA) is revealed to be collecting considerable more Internet + data than previously thought, including encrypted information from major Internet sites +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: ig.com (4.7M in Sep), 114.com (2.1M in Jul), ebet.com (1.35M in Oct), kk.com (2.4M in Nov) +

+

RFC 6919: Further Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels +

+

RFC 6921: Design Considerations for Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Communication +

+

The number of Internet hosts surpass 1billion (see chart below) +

+ +

2014 +
Most of the Internet traffic in China is redirected to US-based Dynamic Internet Technology for over an hour (21 Jan) +

+

Registration begins for the first few of hundreds new Latin gTLDs, including .guru, + .bike, .clothing, .holdings, .ventures, .singles, and .plumbing (29 Jan) +

+

.py ccTLD hacked -- full whois registry data leaked and domains redirected (e.g., google.com.py) (20 Feb) +

+

The number of Web servers surpass 1billion (see chart below) +

+

ICANN announces that it has begun allocating the remaining IPv4 addresses to the five regional Internet + registries after LACNIC's supply dropped to below 8 million (20 May) +

+

After an EU court ruling requiring Google to honor "requests to be forgotten", 12,000 requests + are submitted in the first day (30 May) +

+

Many networks are taken offline due to a Verizon glitch introducing thousands of new prefixes into the global + routing table, causing popular but unpatched Cisco routers to reach their 512,000 limit and crash (12 Aug) +

+

RFC 7168: The Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol for Tea Efflux Appliances (HTCPCP-TEA) +

+

RFC 7169: The NSA (No Secrecy Afforded) Certificate Extension +

+

Hacks of the Year: Sony Pictures, Home Depot, JP Morgan, eBay +

+

Bugs of the year: Heartbleed (Dec 2011 - 7 Apr), Poodle (Nov 1996 - 14 Oct), Shellshock (Sep 1989 - 24 Sep) +

+

ICANN domain auction sales (US$): .tech (6.76M), .realty (5.59M), .salon (5.1M), .buy (4.6M), .mls (3.359M), + .baby (3.09M), .vip (3M), .spot (2.2M) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: mm.com (1.2M in Jul), sex.xxx (3M in Jun), medicare.com (4.8M in May), + mi.com (3.6M in Apr), 37.com (1.96M in Mar), youxi.com (2.43M in Mar), whisky.com (3.1M in Jan) +

+ +

2015 +
A Georgian scavenging for copper cuts off much of the Internet in neighbouring Armenia when her spade slices a buried cable (28 Mar) +

+

Largest TLDs by zone size as of 2Q: .com, .tk, .de, .net, .cn, .uk, .org, .ru, .nl, .info +

+

Largest ccTLDs by zone size as of 2Q: .tk, .de, .cn, .uk, .ru, .nl, .eu, .br, .au, .fr +

+

HTTP header "X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett" is served by ~84,000 web sites (Jun) 3 months after Sir Pratchett's death +

+

ARIN activates IPv4 Unmet Requests policy, rejecting an IPv4 block request for the first time (1 Jul). ARIN's free pool depletes on 24 Sep. +

+

Out of 100 billion monthly Google searches, those from mobile devices surpass desktops for the first time +

+

1 billion users (1 in 7 people on Earth) access Facebook on a single day (24 Aug) +

+

IANA designates .onion a special use domain for anonymous hidden services on the Tor network (9 Sep) +

+

WordPress powers 25% of web sites as of early November +

+

Most of the internal Internet connectivity in Azerbaijan is lost as a result of a fire in a telecommunications facility (16 Nov) +

+

RFC 7511: Scenic Routing for IPv6 +

+

RFC 7514: Really Explicit Congestion Notification (RECN) +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Office of Personnel Management, Ashley Madison, Anthem, T-Mobile, IRS +

+

ICANN domain auction sales (US$): .app (25M), .hotels (2.2M), .ping (1.5M) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porno.com (8.8M in Feb), PX.com (1M in Sep), 588.com (1M in Sep) + + +
+ +

+
If you enjoy the Timeline or make use of it in some way, please +let me know.
+

+ +

Growth

+

+Early Internet growth: +

+

+   Date       Hosts        |      Date       Hosts     Networks   Domains
+   -----    ---------      +      -----    ---------   --------  ---------
+   12/69            4      |      07/89      130,000        650      3,900
+   06/70            9      |      10/89      159,000        837
+   10/70           11      |      10/90      313,000      2,063      9,300
+   12/70           13      |      01/91      376,000      2,338
+   04/71           23      |      07/91      535,000      3,086     16,000
+   10/72           31      |      10/91      617,000      3,556     18,000
+   01/73           35      |      01/92      727,000      4,526
+   06/74           62      |      04/92      890,000      5,291     20,000
+   03/77          111      |      07/92      992,000      6,569     16,300
+   12/79          188      |      10/92    1,136,000      7,505     18,100
+   08/81          213      |      01/93    1,313,000      8,258     21,000
+   05/82          235      |      04/93    1,486,000      9,722     22,000
+   08/83          562      |      07/93    1,776,000     13,767     26,000
+   10/84        1,024      |      10/93    2,056,000     16,533     28,000
+   10/85        1,961      |      01/94    2,217,000     20,539     30,000
+   02/86        2,308      |      07/94    3,212,000     25,210     46,000
+   11/86        5,089      |      10/94    3,864,000     37,022     56,000
+   12/87       28,174      |      01/95    4,852,000     39,410     71,000
+   07/88       33,000      |      07/95    6,642,000     61,538    120,000
+   10/88       56,000      |      01/96    9,472,000     93,671    240,000
+   01/89       80,000      |      07/96   12,881,000    134,365    488,000
+                           |      01/97   16,146,000               828,000
+                           |      07/97   19,540,000             1,301,000
+
+   Hosts    = a computer system with registered ip address (an A record)
+   Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses
+   Domains  = registered domain name (with name server record)
+
+
+Figure: Internet Domains (1989-1997) [see below for 2000-]
+Internet Domains Chart 1 +

+Figure: Internet Networks
+Internet Networks Chart +

+

+ +Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI +
+           ____# Countries____                         ____# Countries____
+   Date     I   B   U   F   O                  Date     I   B   U   F   O
+   -----   --- --- --- --- ---                 -----   --- --- --- --- ---
+   09/91    31  47  79  49                     02/94    62  51 125  88  31
+   12/91    33  46  78  53                     07/94    75  52 129  89  31
+   02/92    38  46  92  63                     11/94    81  51 133  95  --
+   04/92    40  47  90  66  25                 02/95    86  48 141  98  --
+   08/92    49  46  89  67  26                 06/95    96  47 144  99  --
+   01/93    50  50 101  72  31                 06/96   134  -- 146 108  --
+   04/93    56  51 107  79  31                 07/97   171  -- 147 108  --
+   08/93    59  51 117  84  31
+
+
Figure: Worldwide Networks Growth
Worldwide Networks Growth Chart
+

+ +Domain Name Registrations:

+

+Figure: Domain Name Registrations (2000-)
+Internet Domains Chart 2 +

+

+ +Internet Hosts:

+

+Figure: Internet Hosts
+Internet Hosts Chart +
+click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Internet +

+

+ +WWW Growth: +
Figure: WWW Growth
WWW Growth Chart +
+click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Web +
+
+   Sites = Number of web servers (one host may have multiple sites by using different
+           domains or port numbers)
+
+   Notes on causes of signifant increases/drops:
+   - Feb'09 increase likely due to 20M new Chinese sites served by qq.com
+   - Aug'09 drop likely due to domain expiry at The Planet, including 5M .pl domains
+     served from one IP alleged to be a linkfarm
+   - Jan'10 drop likely due to qq.com blogs no longer being publically listed
+   - Jul-Aug'12 drop caused by removal of several wildcard hostnames with similar content
+   - Sep'12 drop caused by large network of linkfarmed domains disappearing from under the .com TLD
+   - Nov'14-Jan'15 drop largely caused by parked websites, with half attributed to a single IP ceasing to host them
+
+

+ +Facebook Growth:

+

+Figure: Facebook Accounts / Monthly Active Users (MAUs)
+Facebook Accounts chart +

+

+ +USENET Growth: +
+   Date  Sites  ~MB  ~Posts  Groups  |  Date   Sites   ~MB   ~Posts  Groups
+   ----  -----  ---  ------  ------  +  ----  -------  ---   ------  ------
+   1979      3            2       3  |  1987    5,200    2      957     259
+   1980     15           10          |  1988    7,800    4     1933     381
+   1981    150  0.05     20          |  1990   33,000   10    4,500   1,300
+   1982    400           35          |  1991   40,000   25   10,000   1,851
+   1983    600          120          |  1992   63,000   42   17,556   4,302
+   1984    900          225          |  1993  110,000   70   32,325   8,279
+   1985  1,300  1.0     375          |  1994  180,000  157   72,755  10,696
+   1986  2,200  2.0     946     241  |  1995  330,000  586  131,614
+
+      ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day
+
+ +

+Security (CERT/US-CERT) Stats: +

+   Date    Incidents   Advisories   Vulnerabilities   Tech Alerts
+   ----    ---------   ----------   ---------------   -----------
+   1988            6            1
+   1989          132            7
+   1990          252           12
+   1991          406           23
+   1992          773           21
+   1993        1,334           19
+   1994        2,340           15
+   1995        2,412           18               171
+   1996        2,573           27               345
+   1997        2,134           28               311
+   1998        3,734           13               262
+   1999        9,859           17               417
+   2000       21,756           22               774
+   2001       52,658           37             2,437
+   2002       82,094           37             4,129
+   2003      137,529           28             3,784
+   2004                                       3,780            27
+   2005                                       5,990            22
+   2006                                       8,064            39
+   2007                                       7,236            42
+   2008Q1-3                                   6,058            29
+
+ +

+ +

Hobbes' Internet Timeline FAQ

+
+
1. How do I get Hobbes' Internet Timeline? +
The Timeline is archived at http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/. + There are no authorized mirrors for the Timeline. +

+

2. Is the Timeline available in other languages or editions? +
+ +

+ If you are interested in translating to another language or format, email me first +

+

3. Can I re-print the Timeline or use parts of it for ... ? +
Drop me an email. The answer is most likely (though don't assume) 'yes' + for non-profit use, and 'maybe' for for-profit; but to be sure you are not + going to break any copyright laws, drop me an email and wait for a reply. + Also, please note that I get a bunch of requests with improperly formatted + return email addresses. If you don't hear from me in a week (typical turn + around is < 1 hour), check your header and email again. BTW, don't + forget to tell me who you are, your affiliation and how you plans to use + the Timeline; anonymous copyright requests will not be granted. +

+

0. Peddie (Ala Viva!), CWRU (North Side), Amici usque ad aras (PKP OH-EP), + Colégio Andrews (Rio), Gordonstoun (Elgin) +
E-mail me if you know +
+ +

+ +

Sources

+
+Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some
+of the stand-outs being:
+
+Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be."
+This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba.
+Addison-Wesley, 1993.
+
+Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net."  Master's Thesis, School of
+Communications, Grand Valley State University.
+http://w2.eff.org/Net_culture/net.history.txt
+
+Hardy, Ian.  "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley.
+http://www.livinginternet.com/References/Ian%20Hardy%20Email%20Thesis.txt
+
+Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net."
+http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/
+
+Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below)
+
+Quarterman, John. "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems
+Worldwide."  Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990
+
+"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet".  Encyclopedia of
+Communications, Volume 1.  Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent.
+New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991
+
+Internet growth summary compiled from:
+  - Zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at
+    Note: A more accurate host counting mechanism was used starting
+          with 1/98 count.  Now available at: http://www.isc.org
+  - Connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at:
+             ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/
+  - ARPAnet maps published in various sources
+
+Domain name registrations compiled from Verisign reports.
+
+WWW growth summary compiled from:
+  - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT:
+             http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html
+  - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/
+
+USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above,
+and news.lists postings.  Lots of historical USENET postings also provided
+by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com).
+
+CERT growth summary compiled from CERT reports at ftp://ftp.cert.org/
+CERT stats are also now being made available by CERT at
+http://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html
+
+Many of the URLs provided by Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch)
+
+Country-specific Internet Histories:
+  - Australia - "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia " by Roger Clarke
+         http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html
+  - Australia - "It Started with a Ping" by Jennie Sinclair
+         http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Anniv.html
+  - Finland - "History of the Internet in Finland"
+         http://www.isoc.fi/internet/internethistory_finland.html
+  - Russia - "Chronology of the Russian Internet: 1990-1999"
+         http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/
+  - UK - "Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" by Peter Kirstein
+         http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html
+
+Additional books of interest:
+  - "How the Web Was Born - The Story of the World Wide Web"
+         by James Gillies and Robert Cailliau
+  - "Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web
+     by its Inventor"
+         by Tim Berners-Lee
+  - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet"
+         by Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon
+  - "Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet"
+         by Stephen Segaller
+  - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business"
+         by Robert H. Reid
+  - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet"
+         by Michael Hauben et al
+  - "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue"
+         by Carl Malamud
+
+Early works of interest:
+  - "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush, 1945
+         http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
+  - "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider, 1960
+         http://apotheca.hpl.hp.com/ftp/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html
+
+---
+Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the
+contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are:
+
+ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour @ hec.unil.ch)
+amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie @ bbn.com)
+bb1 - Billy Brackenridge (billyb @ microsoft.com)
+bt1 - Brad Templeton (btm @ templetons.com)
+clg - C. Lee Giles (giles @ research.nj.nec.com)
+dhr - David H. Rothman (davidrothman @ yahoo.com)
+dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg @ ripe.net)
+ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric @ enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca)
+esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr @ locke.ccil.org)
+feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell @ is.rice.edu)
+gb1 - Gordon Bell (GBell @ microsoft.com)
+gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat @ sover.net)
+glg - Gail L. Grant (grant @ glgc.com)
+gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall @ unsw.edu.au)
+gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas @ uel.ac.uk)
+irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy @ uclink2.berkeley.edu)
+jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom @ netmom.com)
+jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor @ niherlas.com)
+jtl - Jon Leighton (jtleighton @ aol.com)
+kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler @ hq.canet.ca)
+kf2 - Kinming Fung (kinming @ cuhk.edu.hk)
+lb1 - Larry Backman (backman @ ultranet.com)
+lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl @ cs.wisc.edu)
+mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc @ mitre.org)
+msb - Majorie S. Blumenthal (blumentm @ georgetown.edu)
+msh - Michael S. Hart (hart @ pobox.com)
+par - Pierre A Renaud (yendred @ videotron.ca)
+pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard @ cs.princeton.edu)
+pds - Peter da Silva (peter @ baileynm.com)
+ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman @ ece.nps.navy.mil)
+rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab @ hal.cwru.edu)
+rm1 - Rahi Moosavi (info @ farsi-freelance.com)
+sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc @ is.internic.net)
+sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli @ uwf.bitnet) - see sources section
+sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff @ cisco.com)
+tb1 - Tim Burress (tim @ twics.com)
+tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar @ kumr.lns.com)
+vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf @ isoc.org) - see sources section
+wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn @ ira.uka.de)
+zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj @ uni-lj.si)
+
+

+Archive-name: Hobbes' Internet Timeline
+Version: 23
+Archive-location: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
+Last-updated: 1 January 2016
+Maintainer: Robert H'obbes' Zakon, timeline@Zakon.org, www.Zakon.org
+Description:
+  An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events and technologies
+  that helped shape the Internet as we know it today.
+
+
+ + diff --git a/hobbes/linha-do-tempo-da-internet/_original.html b/hobbes/linha-do-tempo-da-internet/_original.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5349de --- /dev/null +++ b/hobbes/linha-do-tempo-da-internet/_original.html @@ -0,0 +1,2257 @@ + + + +Hobbes' Internet Timeline - the definitive ARPAnet & Internet history + + + + + + +
+1950s | +1960s | +1970s | +1980s | +1990s | +2000s | +2010s | +Growth | +FAQ | +Sources +
+

+ +

+

Hobbes' Internet Timeline 23

+by

+Robert H'obbes' Zakon

+with support from

+Zakon Group LLC and +OpenConf +

+

+

+

Interested in having Hobbes speak on the history of Internet technology and innovation at your event?
email hobbes –at– zakon.org

+
+Hobbes' Internet Timeline Copyright (c)1993-2016 by Robert H Zakon. +Permission is granted for use of this document in whole or in part for +non-commercial purposes as long as this Copyright notice and a link to +this document, at the archive listed at the end, is included. +A copy of the material the Timeline appears in is requested. +For commercial uses, please contact the author first. +Links to this document are welcome after e-mailing the author with the +document URL where the link will appear. Hosting of the Timeline on +other public Internet sites is not permitted. +

+

+ +

1950s

+
+
1957 +
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, + US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), + the following year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to + establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the + military (:amk:) +
+ +

+

+

+ +

1960s

+
+
1961 +
Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" (May 31) +
    +
  • First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory +
+

+ +

1962 +
J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: "On-Line Man Computer Communication" (August) +
    +
  • Galactic Network concept encompassing distributed social interactions +
+

+ +

1964 +
Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks"
+
    +
  • Packet-switching networks; no single outage point +
+

+ +

1965 +
ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing + computers"
+
    +
  • TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation + (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) via + a dedicated 1200bps phone line; Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) + computer at ARPA later added to form "The Experimental Network" +
+

+ +

1966 +
Lawrence G. Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared + Computers" (October) +
    +
  • First ARPANET plan +
+

+ +

+

1967 +
ARPANET design discussions held by Larry Roberts at ARPA IPTO PI + meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan (April) +

+

ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in Gatlinburg, Tennessee (October)
+
    +
  • First design paper on ARPANET published by Larry Roberts: + "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication +
  • First meeting of the three independent packet network teams + (RAND, NPL, ARPA) +
+

+

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL + Data Network under Donald Watts Davies who coins the term packet. + The NPL network, an experiment in packet-switching, used 768kbps + lines +

+ +

1968 +
PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) +

+

Request for quotation for ARPANET (29 Jul) sent out in August; responses received + in September +

+

University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) awarded Network Measurement + Center contract in October +

+

Network Working Group (NWG), headed by Steve Crocker, loosely organized to + develop host level protocols for communication over the ARPANET. (:vgc:) +

+

Tymnet built as part of Tymshare service (:vgc:) +

+ +

1969 +
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awarded Packet Switch contract + to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) in January +

+

US Senator Edward Kennedy sends a congratulatory telegram to BBN for + its million-dollar ARPA contract to build the "Interfaith" + Message Processor, and thanking them for their ecumenical efforts +

+

ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking +

+

Nodes are stood up as BBN builds each IMP [Honeywell DDP-516 mini + computer with 12K of memory]; AT&T provides lines bundled to 50kbps +

+

Node 1: UCLA (30 August, hooked up 2 September) + +

+

Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (1 October) +
    +
  • Network Information Center (NIC) +
  • SDS940/Genie +
  • Doug Engelbart's project on "Augmentation of Human Intellect" +
+

+

Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) (1 November) +
    +
  • Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics +
  • IBM 360/75, OS/MVT +
+

+

Node 4: University of Utah (December) +
    +
  • Graphics +
  • DEC PDP-10, Tenex +
+

+

Diagram of the 4-node ARPAnet +

+

+

+

First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker (7 April) +

+

RFC 4: Network Timetable +

+

First packets sent by Charley Kline at UCLA as he tried logging + into SRI. The first attempt resulted in the system crashing + as the letter G of LOGIN was entered. (October 29) [ Log entry ] +

+

Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish X.25-based + Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:) +
+ +

+ +

1970s

+ +
+
1970 +
First publication of the original ARPANET Host-Host protocol: + C.S. Carr, S. Crocker, V.G. Cerf, "HOST-HOST Communication + Protocol in the ARPA Network," in AFIPS Proceedings of SJCC + (:vgc:) +

+

First report on ARPANET at AFIPS: "Computer Network Development + to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March) +

+

ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman + Abramson, Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational (July) (:sk2:) +
    +
  • connected to the ARPANET in 1972 +
+

+

ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), + first host-to-host protocol +

+

First cross-country link installed by AT&T between UCLA and BBN + at 56kbps. This line is later replaced by another between + BBN and RAND. A second line is added between MIT and Utah +

+ +

1971 +
15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, + Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames +

+

BBN starts building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316. IMPs + however are limited to 4 host connections, and so BBN develops + a terminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to 64 terminals (September) +

+

Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a + distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: + an intra-machine email program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file + transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:) +

+

Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart with the purpose of making + copyright-free works, including books, electronically available. The + first text is the US Declaration of Independence (:dhr,msh:) +

+ +

1972 +
Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET where it + becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation + keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning + (March) +

+

Larry Roberts writes first email management program (RD) to list, + selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages (July) +

+

International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) at + the Washington D.C. Hilton with demonstration of ARPANET + between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) + organized by Bob Kahn. (October) +

+

First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated + during ICCC, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems + with the Doctor (at BBN). +

+

International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in October as a result + of a meeting at ICCC identifying the need for a combined effort in + advancing networking technologies. Vint Cerf appointed first Chair. + By 1974, INWG became IFIP WG 6.1 (:vgc:) +

+

Louis Pouzin leads the French effort to build its own ARPANET + - CYCLADES +

+

RFC 318: Telnet specification +

+ +

1973 +
First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of + London (England) via NORSAR (Norway) +

+

Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet. The concept was tested on Xerox + PARC's Alto computers, and the first Ethernet network called + the Alto Aloha System (May) (:amk:) +

+

Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts Internetting research program + at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back + of envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby (:vgc:) +

+

Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of + Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:) +

+

RFC 454: File Transfer specification +

+

Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling + conference calls over ARPAnet. (:bb1:) +

+

SRI (NIC) begins publishing ARPANET News in March; number of ARPANET users + estimated at 2,000 +

+

ARPA study shows email composing 75% of all ARPANET traffic +

+

Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast + zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination, causing all other IMPs to + send their traffic to Harvard (25 December) +

+

RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY +

+

RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care +

+ +

1974 +
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network + Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a + Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:) +

+

BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial + version of ARPANET) (:sk2:) +

+ +

1975 +
Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA) +

+

First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created by Steve Walker. + Einar Stefferud soon took over as moderator as the list was not + automated at first. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to + become the most popular unofficial list in the early days +

+

John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive email program + providing replying, forwarding, and filing capabilities. +

+

Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP + tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL +

+

"Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:) +

+

Shockwave Rider by John Brunner (:pds:) +

+ +

1976 +
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email + on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) + in Malvern +

+

UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed + with UNIX one + year later. +

+

Multiprocessing Pluribus IMPs are deployed +

+ +

1977 +
THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing + electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science + (using a locally developed email system over TELENET) +

+

RFC 733: Mail specification +

+

Tymshare spins out Tymnet under pressure from TELENET. Both go on to + develop X.25 protocol standard for virtual circuit style packet + switching (:vgc:) +

+

First demonstration of ARPANET/SF Bay Packet Radio Net/Atlantic SATNET + operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:) +

+ +

1978 +
TCP split into TCP and IP (March) +

+

Possibly the first commercial spam message is sent on 1 May by a DEC marketer + advertising an upcoming presentation of its new DECSYSTEM-20 computers +

+

RFC 748: TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option +

+ +

1979 +
Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, National Science Foundation + (NSF), and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer + Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber). +

+

USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, + Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under + NET.* hierarchy. +

+

First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex +

+

ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) +

+

Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. + Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET + connection via SRI. +

+

On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding + some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for + indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at + the time, emoticons became widely used after Scott Fahlman suggested + the use of :-) and :-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982 +
+ +

+ +

1980s

+
+
1980 +
ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an + accidentally-propagated status-message virus +

+

First C/30-based IMP at BBN +

+ +

1981 +
BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork" +
    +
  • Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, + with the first connection to Yale (:feg:) +
  • Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in reference to + the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM systems +
  • Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute + information, as well as file transfers +
+

+

CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of + computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, + RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by NSF to + provide networking services (especially email) to university + scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known + as the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:) +

+

C/30 IMPs predominate the network; first C/30 TIP at SAC +

+

Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom. +

+

True Names by Vernor Vinge (:pds:) +

+

RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan +

+ +

1982 +
Norway leaves network to become an Internet connection via TCP/IP + over SATNET; UCL does the same +

+

DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and + Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, + for ARPANET. (:vgc:) +
    +
  • This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" + as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, + and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. +
  • DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:) +
+

+

EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email and + USENET services. (:glg:) +
    +
  • original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and UK +
+

+

Exterior Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for + gateways between networks. +

+ +

1983 +
Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users + to know the exact path to other systems +

+

Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January) +

+

No more Honeywell or Pluribus IMPs; TIPs replaced by TACs (terminal + access controller) +

+

Stuttgart and Korea get connected +

+

Movement Information Net (MINET) started early in the year in + Europe, connected to Internet in Sept +

+

CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place +

+

ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated + with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. 68 of the + 113 existing nodes went to MILNET +

+

Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX (4.2 BSD) + which includes IP networking software (:mpc:) +

+

Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing computer + connected to the Internet at each site, to instead connecting entire local + networks +

+

Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB +

+

EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very + similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM-Europe +

+

FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings +

+ +

1984 +
Domain Name System (DNS) introduced +

+

Number of hosts breaks 1,000 +

+

JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP +

+

JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the + Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet +

+

Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*) +

+

Neuromancer by William Gibson +

+

Canada begins a one-year effort to network its universities. The NetNorth Network is connected to BITNET in Ithaca from Toronto (:kf1:) +

+

Kremvax message announcing USSR connectivity to USENET +

+ +

1985 +
Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started +

+

Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility for DNS root + management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations +

+

Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain. + Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, berkeley.edu, ucla.edu, + rutgers.edu, bbn.com (24 Apr); mit.edu (23 May); think.com (24 may); + css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July) +

+

100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross-Canada + railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to NetNorth in a one + year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:) +

+

RFC 968: 'Twas the Night Before Start-up +

+ +

1986 +
NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) +
    +
  • NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing + power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, + Theory Center@Cornell). +
  • This allows an explosion of connections, especially from + universities. +
+

+

NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational (:sw1:) +

+

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task + Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January + at Linkabit in San Diego +

+

The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices + of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program + management assumed by the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) + in 1989 (:sk2,rab:) +

+

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news + performance over TCP/IP. +

+

Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow + non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses. +

+

The first in a series of congestion collapses begin occurring in October. (:jtl:) +

+

The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987. +

+

BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high + speed links. Operational in 1987. +

+

New England gets cut off from the Net as AT&T suffers a fiber optics + cable break between Newark/NJ and White Plains/NY. Yes, all seven + New England ARPANET trunk lines were in the one severed cable. + Outage took place between 1:11 and 12:11 EST on 12 December +

+

.fi is registered by members of the Finnish Unix User Group (FUUG) in Tampere (12 Dec) +

+ +

1987 +
NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with + Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an agreement + with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS. +

+

UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and + Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell +

+

First TCP/IP Interoperability Conference (March), name changed in 1988 + to INTEROP +

+

Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET protocols, with + the first message from China sent on 20 September. (:wz1:) +

+

The concept and plan for a national US research and education network is + proposed by Gordon Bell et al in a report to the Office of Science and + Technology, written in response to a congressional request by Al Gore. + (Nov) It would take four years until the establishment of this network + by Congress (:gb1:) +

+

1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide" +

+

Number of hosts breaks 10,000 +

+

Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000 +

+ +

1988 +
2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 + of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:) +

+

CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to + the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is + the only advisory issued this year. +

+

DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US + Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be + supported by Government purchased products (:gck:) +

+

Los Nettos network created with no federal funding, instead supported + by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI). +

+

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) +

+

CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded + by Susan Estrada. +

+

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established in December + with Jon Postel as its Director. Postel was also the RFC Editor + and US Domain registrar for many years. +

+

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:) +

+

First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ via + Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:) +

+

FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of email + and news (:tp1:) +

+

The first multicast tunnel is established between Stanford and BBN + in the Summer of 1988. +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), France (FR), + Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE) +

+ +

1989 +
Number of hosts breaks 100,000 +

+

RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers) to + ensure the necessary administrative and technical coordination to + allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:) +

+

First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the + Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National Research + Initiative (CNRI), and CompuServe through Ohio State Univ (:jg1,ph1:) +

+

Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed + by merging CSNET into BITNET (August) +

+

AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC and + CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:) +

+

First link between Australia and NSFNET via Hawaii on 23 June. Australia had + been limited to USENET access since the early 1980s +

+

Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a + German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities +

+

UCLA sponsors the Act One symposium to celebrate ARPANET's 20th anniversary and + its decommissioning (August) +

+

RFC 1121: Act One - The Poems +

+

RFC 1097: TELNET SUBLIMINAL-MESSAGE Option +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), + Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), + Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK) +
+ +

+ +

1990s

+
+
1990 +
ARPANET ceases to exist +

+

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor +

+

Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill +

+

Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan) +

+

The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial + provider of Internet dial-up access +

+

ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for + OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to + operate over TCP/IP (:gck:) +

+

CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian backbone + with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:) +

+

The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the Internet, the + Internet Toaster by John Romkey, (controlled via SNMP) makes its debut at + Interop. +

+

Czechoslovakia (.cs) connects to EARN/BitNet (11 Oct); .cs deleted in 1993 +

+

RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers. + Implementation is completed 11 years later by the Bergen Linux Users Group (28 Apr 2001) +

+

RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), + Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), + Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH) +

+ +

1991 +
First connection takes place between Brazil, by Fapesp, and the Internet + at 9600 baud. +

+

Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General + Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), + and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), as NSF lifts restrictions + on the commercial use of the Net (March) (:glg:) +

+

Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, + released by Thinking Machines Corporation +

+

Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from + the Univ of Minnesota +

+

World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:). First Web server is nxoc01.cern.ch, + launched in Nov 1990 and later renamed info.cern.ch. +

+

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:) +

+

US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National + Research and Education Network (NREN) +

+

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) +

+

NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month +

+

Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. + who takes over from SRI on 1 Oct +

+

Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signaled the changeover from + Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. + IP was initially 'tunneled' within X.25. (:gst:) +

+

RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts +

+

RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR) +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), + Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), + Tunisia (TN) +

+ +

1992 +
Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered (January) +

+

IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and becomes + part of the Internet Society +

+

Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 +

+

First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November) +

+

RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide + address registration and coordination services to the European + Internet community (:dk1:) +

+

Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada +

+

World Bank comes on-line +

+

The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly (:jap:); + Brendan Kehoe uses the term "net-surfing" as early as 6 June 1991 in a USENET post (:bt1:) +

+

Zen and the Art of the Internet is published + by Brendan Kehoe (:jap:) +

+

Internet Hunt started by Rick Gates +

+

RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past +

+

RFC 1313: Today's Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), + Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), + Malaysia (MY), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE) +

+ +

1993 +
InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: (:sc1:) +
    +
  • directory and database services (AT&T) +
  • registration services (Network Solutions Inc.) +
  • information services (General Atomics/CERFnet) +
+

+

US White House email comes on-line at whitehouse.gov; + web site launches in 1994 +
    +
  • President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov +
  • Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov +
+

+

Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4), + joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ... +

+

Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:) +

+

United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:) +

+

US National Information Infrastructure Act +

+

Businesses and media begin taking notice of the Internet +

+

.sk (Slovakia) and .cz (Czech Republic) created after split of Czechoslovakia; + .cs decomissioned +

+

InterCon International KK (IIKK) provides Japan's first commercial + Internet connection in September. TWICS, though an IIKK leased + line, begins offering dial-up accounts the following month (:tb1:) +

+

Mosaic takes the Internet by storm (22 Apr); WWW proliferates at a 341,634% + annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%. +

+

RFC 1437: The Extension of MIME Content-Types to a New Medium +

+

RFC 1438: IETF Statements of Boredom (SOBs) +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), + Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya + (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation + (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI) +

+ +

1994 +
ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary +

+

Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet + (Lexington and Cambridge, Mass., USA) +

+

US Senate and House provide information + servers +

+

Shopping malls arrive on the Internet +

+

First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas +

+

The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) suggests that + GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement + (:gck:) +

+

Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email + advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back +

+

NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month +

+

Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut online +

+

WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net + (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution + on NSFNET +

+

Japanese Prime Minister on-line (http://www.kantei.go.jp/) +

+

UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/) +

+

New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line + (http://www.govt.nz/) +

+

First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business +

+

Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock on the Net: + WXYC at Univ of NC, KJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ +

+

IPng recommended by IETF at its Toronto meeting (July) and approved by IESG + in November. Later documented as RFC 1752 +

+

The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They were for Zima + (a beverage) and AT&T +

+

Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is + formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives from 38 + countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERENA's aim is to "promote + and participate in the development of a high quality international + information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit + of research and education" (October) +

+

After noticing that many network software vendors used domain.com in their + documentation examples, Bill Woodcock and Jon Postel register the domain. + Sure enough, after looking at the domain access logs, it was evident that + many users were using the example domain in configuring their applications. +

+

The first web-based machine translation system is developed by this Timeline's + author, supporting 9 languages, and made available the following year to hundreds + of thousands of users on OSIS and Intelink, both US government networks +

+

RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation +

+

RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9 +

+

RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY +

+

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina + Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), + Lithuania (LT), Macao (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia (NC), Nicaragua (NI), + Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), + Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net +

+ +

1995 +
NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now + routed through interconnected network providers +

+

The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone + Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, + SDSC, CTC, PSC +

+

Neda Rayaneh Institute (NRI), Iran's first commercial provider, comes online, + connecting via satellite to Cadvision, a Canadian provider (:rm1:) +

+

Hong Kong police disconnect all but one of the colony's Internet providers + for failure to obtain a license; thousands of users are left without + service (:kf2:) +

+

Sun launches JAVA on May 23 +

+

RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time +

+

Radio HK, the first commercial 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts + broadcasting +

+

WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet + based on packet count, and in April based on byte count +

+

Traditional online dial-up systems (CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy) + begin to provide Internet access +

+

Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") becomes the first person banned from accessing + the Internet by a US District Court judge in Texas +

+

Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients + start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic + cables to melt (30 July) +

+

A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack + with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August) +

+

Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14 September, a + $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. + NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov +

+

The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/) +

+

The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/) +

+

The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret + Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three individuals who + were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone cloning equipment + and electronic devices +

+

Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with + their families back home via the Internet. +

+

Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition, under + the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file security + encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:) +

+

RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas +

+

Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) + Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), + Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia + (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa + (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au +

+

Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines +

+

Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments + (VRML), Collaborative tools +

+

+

Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug) +

+ +

1996 +
Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies + who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years) +

+

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and + Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in an online + interactive chat session on 17 January. +

+

The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US + in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. + A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against + its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it + unconstitutional in 1997. +

+

BackRub, Google's precursor, comes online +

+

9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the InterNIC + drops their name service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee +

+

Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether + they will be able to handle the growing number of users. + AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only) +

+

Domain name tv.com sold to CNET for US$15,000 +

+

New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated + SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600) +

+

MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the + effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. +

+

The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level + Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, .nom. + The IAHC plan also calls for a competing group of domain registrars worldwide. +

+

A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages +

+

The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has + rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are + made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming + (beta) versions. +

+

Internet2 project is kicked off by representatives from 34 universities on 1 Oct (:msb:) +

+

RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths +

+

Restrictions on Internet use around the world: +
    +
  • China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police +
  • Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe +
  • Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals +
  • Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register + with the state +
  • New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored + and seized +
  • source: Human Rights Watch +
+

+ +

Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), + Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), + Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), + French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) + Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), + Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), + Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), + Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force + (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec) +

+

Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone +

+

Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative + tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer) + +

+ +

1997 +
2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" +

+

71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory +

+

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to + handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical + areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. +

+

CA*net II launched in June to provide Canada's next generation Internet + using ATM/SONET +

+

In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, + hacks DNS so users going to www.internic.net end up at www.alternic.net +

+

Domain name business.com sold for US$150,000 +

+

Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the + DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of + systems unreachable. +

+

Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA +

+

101,803 Name Servers in whois database +

+

RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts +

+

Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), + R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), + Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), + Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), + Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), + Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), + Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), + British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), + St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), + Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), + US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), + Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), + Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), + Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), + DR of Congo (CD) +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil +

+

Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), + NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov) +

+

Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting +

+

Emerging Technologies: Push + +

+ +

1998 +
Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32 +

+

US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining + its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. This is followed up by a + White Paper on June 5 +

+

La Fête de l'Internet, a country-wide Internet fest, + is held in France 20-21 March +

+

Web size estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q +

+

Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC in order to register their + name under the .tm domain, the English abbreviation for trademark +

+

Internet users get to be judges in a performance by 12 world champion ice skaters + on 27 March, marking the first time a television sport show's outcome is + determined by its viewers. +

+

Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth domain on 4 May +

+

Electronic postal stamps become a reality, with the US Postal Service allowing stamps + to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web. +

+

Canada kicks off CA*net 3, the first national optical internet +

+

CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US law (21 October) +

+

ABCNews.com accidentally posts test US election returns one day early + (2 November) +

+

Indian ISP market is deregulated in November causing a rush for ISP operation + licenses +

+

US DoC enters into an agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned + Numbers (ICANN) to establish a process for transitioning DNS + from US Government management to industry (25 November) +

+

San Francisco sites without off-city mirrors go offline as the + city blacks out on 8 December +

+

Chinese government puts Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of + state power" for providing 30,000 email addresses to a US Internet magazine + (December) [ He is later sentenced to two years in jail ] +

+

French Internet users give up their access on 13 December to boycott France + Telecom's local phone charges (which are in addition to the ISP charge) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Altavista.com (3.3M) to Compaq +

+

Open source software comes of age +

+

RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent +

+

RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp +

+

RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines +

+

RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) +

+

Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) +

+

Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), + Starr Report (11 Sep), Glenn space launch +

+

Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, net, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (13 Sep), + China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan) +

+

Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals +

+

Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection +

+ +

1999 +
Internet access becomes available to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January +

+

vBNS sets up an OC48 link between CalREN South and North using Juniper + M40 routers +

+

IBM becomes the first Corporate partner to be approved for Internet2 access +

+

European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs +

+

The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March across Europe, building on the success + of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998 +

+

US State Court rules that domain names are property that may be garnished +

+

MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS provider for NSF, begins upgrading the US backbone to + 2.5Gbps +

+

A forged Web page made to look like a Bloomberg financial news story + raised shares of a small technology company by 31% on 7 April. +

+

ICANN announces the five testbed registrars for the competitive Shared + Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, + Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 additional post-testbed registrars are + also selected on 21 April, followed by 8 on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and + so on for a total of 98 by year's end. The testbed, originally scheduled + to last until 24 June, is extended until 10 September, and then 30 + November. The first registrar to come online is Register.com on 7 June +

+

SETI@Home launches on 17 May and within four weeks its distributed Internet + clients provide more computing power than the most powerful supercomputer of + its time (:par:) +

+

First large-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the war in + Serbia/Kosovo +

+

Abilene, the Internet2 network, reaches across the Atlantic and connects + to NORDUnet and SURFnet +

+

The Web becomes the focal point of British politics as a list of MI6 + agents is released on a UK Web site. Though forced to remove the list + from the site, it was too late as the list had already been replicated + across the Net. (15 May) +

+

Activists Net-wide target the world's financial centers on 18 June, timed + to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little actual impact is reported. +

+

MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS + targeted at smaller educational and research institutions +

+

DoD issues a memo requiring all US military systems to connect via NIPRNET, + and not directly to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug) +

+

Somalia gets its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep) +

+

ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). + Vint Cerf serves as first chair +

+

Free computers are all the rage (as long as you sign a long term contract for + Net service) +

+

Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) +

+

vBNS reaches 101 connections +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: business.com (7.5M on 30 Nov), Wine.com (2.9M), + Autos.com (2.2M), WallStreet.com (1M in Apr) +

+

RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service +

+

RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond +

+

RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III +

+

RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs +

+

RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000) +

+

Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au +

+

Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), + E-Bay (13 Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't + (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec) +

+

Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 +

+

Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing +

+

Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June) +

+

+ +

+ +

2000s

+
+
2000 +
The US timekeeper (USNO) and a few other + time services around the world report the new year as 19100 on 1 Jan +

+

A massive denial of service attack is launched against major web sites, + including Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February +

+

Web size estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages +

+

ICANN redelegates the .pn domain, returning it to the Pitcairn Island + community (February) +

+

Internet2 backbone network deploys IPv6 (16 May) +

+

Various domain name hijackings took place in late May and early June, including + internet.com, bali.com, and web.net +

+

A testbed allowing the registration of domain names in Chinese, Japanese, and + Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign + without IETF authorization, only allows the second-level domain to be + non-English, still forcing use of .com, .net, .org. + The Chinese government blocks internal registrations, stating that + registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty right +

+

ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro (16 Nov)
+

+

Mexico's connection to Internet2 becomes fully operational as the California + research network (CalREN-2) is connected with Mexico's Corporación + Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) network. Though connected + in November, the link's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's + President was not until March of 2001. +

+

After months of legal proceedings, the French court rules Yahoo! must block + French users from accessing hate memorabilia in its auction site (Nov). + Given its inability to provide such a block on the Internet, Yahoo! removes + those auctions entirely (Jan 2001). The case is eventually thrown out (Feb 2003). +

+

The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 national research + networks for the development of Géant, Europe's new gigabit research + network meant to enhance the current capability provided by TEN-155 (6 Nov) +

+

Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au domain + to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN signs over control to auDA on 26 Oct 2001. +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: AsSeenOnTV.com (5.1M) +

+

RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite +

+

Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), + Microsoft (Oct) +

+

Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster +

+

Emerging Technologies: Wireless devices, IPv6 +

+

Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May) +

+

Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS +

+ +

2001 +
The first live distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- + over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb +

+

VeriSign extends its multilingual domain testbed to encompass various + European languages (26 Feb), and later the full Unicode character set (5 Apr) + opening up most of the world's languages +

+

Forwarding email in Australia becomes illegal with the passing of the Digital + Agenda Act, as it is seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright + (4 Mar) +

+

Radio stations broadcasting over the Web go silent over actor royalty disputes + (10 Apr) +

+

High schools in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and + Washington) become the first to gain Internet2 access +

+

US Dept of Commerce issues a notice of intent on 6 April to turn over + management for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award + agreement is reached on 29 October. Community colleges will finally be able + to register under .edu +

+

Napster keeps finding itself embroiled in litigation and is eventually + forced to suspend service; it comes back later in the year as a + subscription service +

+

European Council finalizes an international cybercrime treaty on + 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. This is the first treaty + addressing criminal offenses committed over the Internet. +

+

.biz and .info are added to the root server on 27 June with + registrations beginning in July. .biz domain go live on 7 Nov. +

+

Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet access country-wide, including from + Government offices, in an attempt to control content (13 Jul) +

+

Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of web servers and + email accounts, respectively, causing a spike in Internet bandwidth usage + and security breaches (July) +

+

A fire in a train tunnel running through Baltimore, Maryland seriously damages + various fiber-optic cable bundles used by backbone providers, disrupting + Internet traffic in the Mid-Atlantic states and creating a ripple effect + across the US (18 Jul) +

+

Brazil RNP2 is connected to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug) +

+

GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, becomes + operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 network which was closed down (30 Nov) +

+

.museum begins resolving (Nov) +

+

First uncompressed real-time gigabit HDTV transmission across a wide-area + IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). +

+

Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene connect via gigabit ethernet (15 Nov) +

+

.us domain operational responsibility assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16.M in Dec) +

+

RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol +

+

RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo" +

+

RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP) +

+

Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P +

+ +

2002 +
US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the former CIX (11 Jan) +

+

.name begins resolving (15 Jan) +

+

.coop registrations begin (30 Jan) +

+

Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-48 2.4GB + circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GÉANT (18 Feb) +

+

.aero registrations begin 18 March and beings resolving 2 September +

+

Federally recognized US Indian tribes become eligible to register under .gov (26 Apr) +

+

Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest + of proposed song royalty rate increases (1 May) +

+

The highest wi-fi network in the northeast US is deployed by this Timeline's author. + The solar-powered network bridges Mounts Washington and Wildcat in New Hampshire +

+

Abilene (Internet2) backbone deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug) +

+

The 69/8 IP range is allocated to ARIN in August after having been in the bogon + list; users and servers assigned a 69/8 address find themselves blocked + from many Internet sites +

+

Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate, and 40 affiliate members (2 Sep) +

+

Having your own Blog becomes hip +

+

Hundreds of Spain-based web sites take their content offline in protest of a + new law that took effect on 12 Oct requiring all commercial Web sites to + register with the government +

+

A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack struck the 13 DNS root servers + knocking out all but 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national security concerns, + VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one of its two DNS root servers +

+

A new US law creates a kids-safe "dot-kids" domain (kids.us) to be implemented + in 2003 (3 Dec) +

+

The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate virtual wanted posts across + the Web portal's properties (11 Dec) +

+

RFC 3251: Electricity over IP +

+

RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport +

+ +

2003 +
Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. + Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is able to + retain control over .com domains +

+

The first official Swiss online election takes place in Anières (7 Jan) +

+

The registration for domain ogrish.com is deleted (11 Jan) by the German registrar + Joker.com at the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content; + the site however is hosted in the United States and complies with US laws. +

+

The SQL Slammer worm causes one of the largest and fastest spreading DDoS + attacks ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took + down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of thousands of other + servers, and impacted a multitude of systems ranging from (bank) ATM systems + to air traffic control to emergency (911) systems (25 Jan). This is followed + in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the fastest spreading virus ever, and + the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (11 Aug), another one of the most destructive worms ever +

+

k.root-servers.net changes to using nsd vs. bind to increase diversity of + software in the root name server system (19 Feb) +

+

.nl registrations open up to anyone, including individuals and foreigners (29 Jan); + .se also opens up its registration in April. +

+

.af is redelegated on 8 Jan and becomes live once again on 12 Feb with UNDP + technical assistance. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb) +

+

.pro sunrise registration begins 23 Apr under .cpa.pro, .law.pro, .med.pro +

+

Flash mobs, organized over the Net, start in New York and quickly form in cities + worlwide +

+

Taxes make headlines as: larger US Internet retailers begin collecting taxes on all + purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet + companies to collect value added tax (VAT) on digital downloads starting 1 July +

+

The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by government + ministries, and adopts the use of the more French sounding "courriel" (Jul) +

+

KRNIC begins offering Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug) +

+

.kids.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep +

+

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 individuals on 8 Sep + for allegedly distributing copyright music files over peer-to-peer networks +

+

VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .net TLDs + causing much confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign + page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to stop the service, which they comply + with on 4 Oct +

+

Last Abilene segment upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov) +

+

National LambdaRail announced as a new US R&D networking infrastructure + (16 Sep). The first connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing + Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov) +

+

Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) starts + operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring across the northern + hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, + Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the first-ever fiber + network connections across the Russia-China border +

+

RFC 3514: The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit) +

+ +

2004 +
For the first time, there are more instances of DNS root servers outside the US + with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server +

+

Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, upgrade from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed (4 Feb) +

+

Thefacebook launches (4 Feb) +

+

Network Solutions begins offering 100 year domain registration (24 Mar) +

+

One of the .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) causing the other nameserver + to go offline (9 Apr), making the domain inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr +

+

ICANN authorizes new gTLDs: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, and .travel +

+

VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all 13 .com/.net + authoritative name servers in near real-time vs. twice each day (8 Sep) +

+

Lycos Europe releases a screen saver to help fight spam by keeping spam servers + busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued within a few days after + backbone providers block access to the download site and the service causes + some servers to crash. +

+

Verizon begins blocking all email traffic from European ISPs on 22 Dec in an + attempt to abate spam from the region into its US network +

+

CERNET2, the first backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China + Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at + speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: CreditCards.com (2.75M) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Social networking, Web mashups +

+

RFC 3751: Omniscience Protocol Requirements +

+ +

2005 +
.jobs, .mobi, and .travel begin accepting registrations +

+

.se becomes the first ccTLD to implement DNSSEC +

+

Estonia offers Internet voting nationally for local elections +

+

Pakistan suffers a near complete Internet outage as a submarine cable + becomes defective (Jun) +

+

Two feuding providers (Cogent, Level 3) sever their peering connection + resulting in many customers from one provider not being able to access + resources on the other's network (Oct) +

+

Number of Internet users reaches 1 Billion (Oct) +

+

.eu (European Union) launches on 7 Dec +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fish.com (1.02M) +

+

RFC 4041: Requirements for Morality Sections in Routing Area Drafts +

+

RFC 4042: UTF-9 and UTF-18 Efficient Transformation Formats of Unicode +

+ +

2006 +
.cat registrations begin for Catalan-related domains +

+

Zimbabwe looses most of its Internet access after its satellite + connectivity is cut by the provider for non-payment +

+

ICANN lifts price controls on .biz, .info, and .org domain names, after the + same was done for .net in 2005, raising fears of tiered pricing where + popular domains would cost more +

+

US Government prohibits private (anonymized) domain registrations for .us + after 26 Jan +

+

First tweet is sent out by Jack Dorsey (21 Mar) -- "just setting up my twttr" +

+

ICANN board votes against .xxx TLD (10 May), only to approve it five years later +

+

The 6bone, an IPv6 testbed, is phased out after 10 years operation (6 Jun) +

+

.ax (Åland Islands) ccTLD comes into service on 15 Aug +

+

.cm registry implements wildcard domains redirecting all .com typos to its + own page (Aug) +

+

Internet2 connectivity begins switching from Abilene to its new network (Nov) +

+

Internet connectivity to southeast Asia is severely limited after major fiber + optic lines are severely damaged by an earthquake in Taiwan and subsequent + underwater muslides (Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Sex.com (14M?), Diamond.com (7.5M), Vodka.com (3M), + Cameras.com (1.5M) +

+

Emerging Technologies: Cloud computing +

+ +

2007 +
ICANN drops .um domain name (US minor outlying islands) for lack of use (Jan) +

+

Estonia offers the first online national parliamentary elections on 26-28 Feb +

+

ICANN terminates RegisterFly.com's registrar status on 16 Mar (effective 31 Mar) +

+

Internet2 traffic in the Northeast US is disrupted on 1 May when a homeless + man starts a fire under a Boston bridge causing a fiber break +

+

Use of #hashtag proposed by Tweeter user number 1,186, Chris Messina (23 Aug) +

+

Internet2's Abilene network is retired (Sep) as the last connections are + switched over to the new Level 3 network +

+

Internet2 completes US East to West coast span of its 100GB/s network on 9 Oct +

+

.asia sunrise period begins in October +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porn.com (9.5M), Computer.com (2.1M), Seniros.com (1.8M), + Tandberg.com (1.5M), Scores.com, Vista.com (1.25M), Chinese.com (1.12M), + Guy.com (1M), Topix.com (1M) +

+

RFC 4824: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) +

+ +

2008 +
NASA successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled + on the Internet, using the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) software to + transmit images to/from a science spacecraft ~20 million miles above Earth +

+

Google's crawler reaches 1 trillion pages, although only a fraction are + indexed by the search engine. For comparison, Google's original index had + 26 million pages in 1998, and reached 1 billion in 2000 +

+

The Middle East, India, and other parts of Africa and Asia see a major + degradation in Internet service, including outages, after several undersea + cables carrying Internet traffic to the region are cut within 1 week (Jan-Feb) +

+

IPv6 addresses are added for the first time to 6 of the root zone servers (4 Feb) +

+

YouTube becomes unreacheable for a couple of hours after Pakistan Telecom + starts an unauthorized announcement of YouTube's subnet prefix (24 Feb) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fund.com (9.9M), Clothes.com (4.9M), Shopping.de (2.8M), + Kredit.de (1.17M), Cruises.co.uk (1.09M), Invest.com (1.01M) +

+

RFC 5241: Naming Rights in IETF Protocols +

+

RFC 5242: A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections +

+ +

2009 +
DNSSEC becomes operational on .gov (28 Feb), .org (2 Jun), .us (15 Dec) +

+

.tel registrations begin +

+

Bitcoins start being minted +

+

US Department of Commerce relaxes control over ICANN, in favor of a multi-national + oversight group +

+

Domain tasting gets severely curtailed after ICANN raises the 2008-introduced fee for + erroneously registered domains from $0.20 to $6.95; domain kiting however conitnues +

+

Twitter is asked by the US Government to delay planned maintenance of its service on + 15 June as a result of heavy use by Iranian users during unrest in that country +

+

.se domains become unreachable for an hour on 12 Oct after an incorrectly + configured software update modifies all registrations +

+

ICANN opens up applications for internationalized domain names (16 Nov) +

+

Crowdfunding becomes a popular means of raising startup funds; Kickstart founded on April 28 +

+

Emerging Technologies: Location awareness +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16M in Oct), Toys.com (5.1M in Feb), Auction.com (1.7M in Mar), + Candy.com (3M in Jun), Webcam.com (1.02M in Jun), Fly.com (1.76M), Call.com (1.1M in Sep), + Ticket.com (1.53M in Oct), Russia.com (1.5M in Dec) +

+

RFC 5513: IANA Considerations for Three Letter Acronyms +

+

RFC 5514: IPv6 over Social Networks +

+ +

2010s

+ +
2010 +
Astronaut T.J. Creamer inaugurates the new International Space Station direct link to the + Internet (aka Crew Support LAN) with a tweet (22 Jan) -- "Hello Twitterverse! We r now LIVE tweeting + from the International Space Station -- the 1st live tweet from Space! :) More soon, send your ?s" +

+

A Chinese root DNS server is taken offline after disrupting some services in Chile and US (Mar) +

+

Google announces on 22 January that along with 20+ other US companies, it had been the target of a + cyber attack originating in China, and on 22 March stops censoring its services in China +

+

Google+ service launches in public beta on 28 June; surpasses 10M users in Jul 2011, 100M in Feb 2012, + and 400M in Sep 2012 +

+

Root DNS zone digitally signed (DNSSEC) for first time (15 Jul) +

+

Number of registered domain reach 200M (~ Aug) +

+

A BGP experiment between RIPE NCC and Duke U results in a partial Internet outage (27 Aug) +

+

US Senate authorizes US Dept of Homeland Security to seize domains of sites suspected of piracy (Nov) +

+

Myanmar is temporarily taken offline by a denial of service attack (Nov) +

+

Verisign announced DNSSEC deployed to .net (10 Dec) +

+

Photo-sharing sees a renewal with the launch of social-based services such as Pinterest and Instagram +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Poker.org (1M in Feb), Flying.com (1.1M in Apr), Photo.com (1.25M in May), + Dating.com (1.75M in Jun), Slots.com (5.5M in Jun), fb.com (8.5M in Sep), Zip.com (1.6M in Oct), + Sex.com (13M on 17 Nov) +

+

RFC 5841: TCP Option to Denote Packet Mood +

+ +

2011 +
LinkedIn reaches 100M users (Mar); surpasses 200M in Jan 2013 +

+

Egypt shuts down its last ISP on 31 Jan and remains offline for two days +

+

Number Resource Organization (NRO) announces full depletion of available IPv4 addresses free pool (3 Feb) +

+

US Dept of Homeland Defense seizes 10 domains, including mistakenly mooo.com which hosted 84,000 + web sites and remain unavailable for two days (11 Feb) +

+

Internet traffic in Lybia is significantly curtailed for several days in February +

+

APNIC releases last block of IPv4 address in its available pool (14 Apr) +

+

.xxx goes live in root servers (15 Apr) +

+

First non-Latin TLDs (IDN) are inserted into root zone (5 May): مصر (Egypt), السعودية (AlSaudiah), امارات (Emarat) +

+

Millions of .de domains unreachable for hours (12 May) +

+

World IPv6 Day is 8 June +

+

Number of Internet users reaches 2 Billion (Nov) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: DomainName.com (1M in May), Social.com (2.6M in Jul), Box.com (1M in Jul) +

+

RFC 5984: Increasing Throughput in IP Networks with ESP-Based Forwarding: ESPBasedForwarding +

+

RFC 6214: Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6 +

+

RFC 6217: Regional Broadcast Using an Atmospheric Link Layer +

+ +

2012 +
ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domains (gTLDs) on 12 Jan +

+

Facebook reaches 1 billion monthly active users (604M mobile) on 14 Sep @ 12:50pm PT, with 581M daily on average +

+

Amazon becomes the largest hosting location by number of web-facing computers (118k), knocking China Telecom + from first place (116k) +

+

Canadian online sports gambling company Bodog has its .com domain name ceased by US Dept of Homeland Security, + causing fear among international businesses that may be afoul of US laws and whose TLDs have US registries +

+

World IPv6 Launch is 6 June +

+

Minitel shuts down at the end of June +

+

GoDaddy service goes down, making millions of sites inaccessible for several hours (10 Sep) +

+

RIPE NCC distributes last blocks of IPv4 address space from available pool (14 Sep) +

+

Twitter surpasses 200M active users (Dec), and 500M tweets per day (Oct) +

+

NASA's Curiosity Rover checks-in on FourSquare from Mars (3 Oct) +

+

PKNIC is hacked and 284 Pakistani web sites, including apple.pk and google.pk, appear defaced (24 Nov) +

+

Syria is disconnected from the Internet for two days (29 Nov - 1 Dec) +

+

"Gangnam Style" becomes the first YouTube video to reach 1 billion views (21 Dec) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: PersonalLoans.com (1M in Feb), GiftCard.com (4M in Oct), Investing.com (2.45M in Dec) +

+

RFC 6592: The Null Packet +

+

RFC 6593: Service Undiscovery Using Hide-and-Go-Seek for the Domain Pseudonym System (DPS) +

+ +

2013 +
Netflix and YouTube account for over 50% of Internet traffic measured by bytes +

+

New gTLDs added to domain name root zone (24 Oct): شبكة (web), онлайн (online), сайт (site), and 游戏 (game) +

+

US National Security Agency (NSA) is revealed to be collecting considerable more Internet + data than previously thought, including encrypted information from major Internet sites +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: ig.com (4.7M in Sep), 114.com (2.1M in Jul), ebet.com (1.35M in Oct), kk.com (2.4M in Nov) +

+

RFC 6919: Further Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels +

+

RFC 6921: Design Considerations for Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Communication +

+

The number of Internet hosts surpass 1billion (see chart below) +

+ +

2014 +
Most of the Internet traffic in China is redirected to US-based Dynamic Internet Technology for over an hour (21 Jan) +

+

Registration begins for the first few of hundreds new Latin gTLDs, including .guru, + .bike, .clothing, .holdings, .ventures, .singles, and .plumbing (29 Jan) +

+

.py ccTLD hacked -- full whois registry data leaked and domains redirected (e.g., google.com.py) (20 Feb) +

+

The number of Web servers surpass 1billion (see chart below) +

+

ICANN announces that it has begun allocating the remaining IPv4 addresses to the five regional Internet + registries after LACNIC's supply dropped to below 8 million (20 May) +

+

After an EU court ruling requiring Google to honor "requests to be forgotten", 12,000 requests + are submitted in the first day (30 May) +

+

Many networks are taken offline due to a Verizon glitch introducing thousands of new prefixes into the global + routing table, causing popular but unpatched Cisco routers to reach their 512,000 limit and crash (12 Aug) +

+

RFC 7168: The Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol for Tea Efflux Appliances (HTCPCP-TEA) +

+

RFC 7169: The NSA (No Secrecy Afforded) Certificate Extension +

+

Hacks of the Year: Sony Pictures, Home Depot, JP Morgan, eBay +

+

Bugs of the year: Heartbleed (Dec 2011 - 7 Apr), Poodle (Nov 1996 - 14 Oct), Shellshock (Sep 1989 - 24 Sep) +

+

ICANN domain auction sales (US$): .tech (6.76M), .realty (5.59M), .salon (5.1M), .buy (4.6M), .mls (3.359M), + .baby (3.09M), .vip (3M), .spot (2.2M) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: mm.com (1.2M in Jul), sex.xxx (3M in Jun), medicare.com (4.8M in May), + mi.com (3.6M in Apr), 37.com (1.96M in Mar), youxi.com (2.43M in Mar), whisky.com (3.1M in Jan) +

+ +

2015 +
A Georgian scavenging for copper cuts off much of the Internet in neighbouring Armenia when her spade slices a buried cable (28 Mar) +

+

Largest TLDs by zone size as of 2Q: .com, .tk, .de, .net, .cn, .uk, .org, .ru, .nl, .info +

+

Largest ccTLDs by zone size as of 2Q: .tk, .de, .cn, .uk, .ru, .nl, .eu, .br, .au, .fr +

+

HTTP header "X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett" is served by ~84,000 web sites (Jun) 3 months after Sir Pratchett's death +

+

ARIN activates IPv4 Unmet Requests policy, rejecting an IPv4 block request for the first time (1 Jul). ARIN's free pool depletes on 24 Sep. +

+

Out of 100 billion monthly Google searches, those from mobile devices surpass desktops for the first time +

+

1 billion users (1 in 7 people on Earth) access Facebook on a single day (24 Aug) +

+

IANA designates .onion a special use domain for anonymous hidden services on the Tor network (9 Sep) +

+

WordPress powers 25% of web sites as of early November +

+

Most of the internal Internet connectivity in Azerbaijan is lost as a result of a fire in a telecommunications facility (16 Nov) +

+

RFC 7511: Scenic Routing for IPv6 +

+

RFC 7514: Really Explicit Congestion Notification (RECN) +

+

Hacks of the Year: US Office of Personnel Management, Ashley Madison, Anthem, T-Mobile, IRS +

+

ICANN domain auction sales (US$): .app (25M), .hotels (2.2M), .ping (1.5M) +

+

US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porno.com (8.8M in Feb), PX.com (1M in Sep), 588.com (1M in Sep) + + +
+ +

+
If you enjoy the Timeline or make use of it in some way, please +let me know.
+

+ +

Growth

+

+Early Internet growth: +

+

+   Date       Hosts        |      Date       Hosts     Networks   Domains
+   -----    ---------      +      -----    ---------   --------  ---------
+   12/69            4      |      07/89      130,000        650      3,900
+   06/70            9      |      10/89      159,000        837
+   10/70           11      |      10/90      313,000      2,063      9,300
+   12/70           13      |      01/91      376,000      2,338
+   04/71           23      |      07/91      535,000      3,086     16,000
+   10/72           31      |      10/91      617,000      3,556     18,000
+   01/73           35      |      01/92      727,000      4,526
+   06/74           62      |      04/92      890,000      5,291     20,000
+   03/77          111      |      07/92      992,000      6,569     16,300
+   12/79          188      |      10/92    1,136,000      7,505     18,100
+   08/81          213      |      01/93    1,313,000      8,258     21,000
+   05/82          235      |      04/93    1,486,000      9,722     22,000
+   08/83          562      |      07/93    1,776,000     13,767     26,000
+   10/84        1,024      |      10/93    2,056,000     16,533     28,000
+   10/85        1,961      |      01/94    2,217,000     20,539     30,000
+   02/86        2,308      |      07/94    3,212,000     25,210     46,000
+   11/86        5,089      |      10/94    3,864,000     37,022     56,000
+   12/87       28,174      |      01/95    4,852,000     39,410     71,000
+   07/88       33,000      |      07/95    6,642,000     61,538    120,000
+   10/88       56,000      |      01/96    9,472,000     93,671    240,000
+   01/89       80,000      |      07/96   12,881,000    134,365    488,000
+                           |      01/97   16,146,000               828,000
+                           |      07/97   19,540,000             1,301,000
+
+   Hosts    = a computer system with registered ip address (an A record)
+   Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses
+   Domains  = registered domain name (with name server record)
+
+
+Figure: Internet Domains (1989-1997) [see below for 2000-]
+Internet Domains Chart 1 +

+Figure: Internet Networks
+Internet Networks Chart +

+

+ +Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI +
+           ____# Countries____                         ____# Countries____
+   Date     I   B   U   F   O                  Date     I   B   U   F   O
+   -----   --- --- --- --- ---                 -----   --- --- --- --- ---
+   09/91    31  47  79  49                     02/94    62  51 125  88  31
+   12/91    33  46  78  53                     07/94    75  52 129  89  31
+   02/92    38  46  92  63                     11/94    81  51 133  95  --
+   04/92    40  47  90  66  25                 02/95    86  48 141  98  --
+   08/92    49  46  89  67  26                 06/95    96  47 144  99  --
+   01/93    50  50 101  72  31                 06/96   134  -- 146 108  --
+   04/93    56  51 107  79  31                 07/97   171  -- 147 108  --
+   08/93    59  51 117  84  31
+
+
Figure: Worldwide Networks Growth
Worldwide Networks Growth Chart
+

+ +Domain Name Registrations:

+

+Figure: Domain Name Registrations (2000-)
+Internet Domains Chart 2 +

+

+ +Internet Hosts:

+

+Figure: Internet Hosts
+Internet Hosts Chart +
+click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Internet +

+

+ +WWW Growth: +
Figure: WWW Growth
WWW Growth Chart +
+click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Web +
+
+   Sites = Number of web servers (one host may have multiple sites by using different
+           domains or port numbers)
+
+   Notes on causes of signifant increases/drops:
+   - Feb'09 increase likely due to 20M new Chinese sites served by qq.com
+   - Aug'09 drop likely due to domain expiry at The Planet, including 5M .pl domains
+     served from one IP alleged to be a linkfarm
+   - Jan'10 drop likely due to qq.com blogs no longer being publically listed
+   - Jul-Aug'12 drop caused by removal of several wildcard hostnames with similar content
+   - Sep'12 drop caused by large network of linkfarmed domains disappearing from under the .com TLD
+   - Nov'14-Jan'15 drop largely caused by parked websites, with half attributed to a single IP ceasing to host them
+
+

+ +Facebook Growth:

+

+Figure: Facebook Accounts / Monthly Active Users (MAUs)
+Facebook Accounts chart +

+

+ +USENET Growth: +
+   Date  Sites  ~MB  ~Posts  Groups  |  Date   Sites   ~MB   ~Posts  Groups
+   ----  -----  ---  ------  ------  +  ----  -------  ---   ------  ------
+   1979      3            2       3  |  1987    5,200    2      957     259
+   1980     15           10          |  1988    7,800    4     1933     381
+   1981    150  0.05     20          |  1990   33,000   10    4,500   1,300
+   1982    400           35          |  1991   40,000   25   10,000   1,851
+   1983    600          120          |  1992   63,000   42   17,556   4,302
+   1984    900          225          |  1993  110,000   70   32,325   8,279
+   1985  1,300  1.0     375          |  1994  180,000  157   72,755  10,696
+   1986  2,200  2.0     946     241  |  1995  330,000  586  131,614
+
+      ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day
+
+ +

+Security (CERT/US-CERT) Stats: +

+   Date    Incidents   Advisories   Vulnerabilities   Tech Alerts
+   ----    ---------   ----------   ---------------   -----------
+   1988            6            1
+   1989          132            7
+   1990          252           12
+   1991          406           23
+   1992          773           21
+   1993        1,334           19
+   1994        2,340           15
+   1995        2,412           18               171
+   1996        2,573           27               345
+   1997        2,134           28               311
+   1998        3,734           13               262
+   1999        9,859           17               417
+   2000       21,756           22               774
+   2001       52,658           37             2,437
+   2002       82,094           37             4,129
+   2003      137,529           28             3,784
+   2004                                       3,780            27
+   2005                                       5,990            22
+   2006                                       8,064            39
+   2007                                       7,236            42
+   2008Q1-3                                   6,058            29
+
+ +

+ +

Hobbes' Internet Timeline FAQ

+
+
1. How do I get Hobbes' Internet Timeline? +
The Timeline is archived at http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/. + There are no authorized mirrors for the Timeline. +

+

2. Is the Timeline available in other languages or editions? +
+ +

+ If you are interested in translating to another language or format, email me first +

+

3. Can I re-print the Timeline or use parts of it for ... ? +
Drop me an email. The answer is most likely (though don't assume) 'yes' + for non-profit use, and 'maybe' for for-profit; but to be sure you are not + going to break any copyright laws, drop me an email and wait for a reply. + Also, please note that I get a bunch of requests with improperly formatted + return email addresses. If you don't hear from me in a week (typical turn + around is < 1 hour), check your header and email again. BTW, don't + forget to tell me who you are, your affiliation and how you plans to use + the Timeline; anonymous copyright requests will not be granted. +

+

0. Peddie (Ala Viva!), CWRU (North Side), Amici usque ad aras (PKP OH-EP), + Colégio Andrews (Rio), Gordonstoun (Elgin) +
E-mail me if you know +
+ +

+ +

Sources

+
+Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some
+of the stand-outs being:
+
+Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be."
+This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba.
+Addison-Wesley, 1993.
+
+Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net."  Master's Thesis, School of
+Communications, Grand Valley State University.
+http://w2.eff.org/Net_culture/net.history.txt
+
+Hardy, Ian.  "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley.
+http://www.livinginternet.com/References/Ian%20Hardy%20Email%20Thesis.txt
+
+Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net."
+http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/
+
+Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below)
+
+Quarterman, John. "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems
+Worldwide."  Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990
+
+"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet".  Encyclopedia of
+Communications, Volume 1.  Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent.
+New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991
+
+Internet growth summary compiled from:
+  - Zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at
+    Note: A more accurate host counting mechanism was used starting
+          with 1/98 count.  Now available at: http://www.isc.org
+  - Connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at:
+             ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/
+  - ARPAnet maps published in various sources
+
+Domain name registrations compiled from Verisign reports.
+
+WWW growth summary compiled from:
+  - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT:
+             http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html
+  - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/
+
+USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above,
+and news.lists postings.  Lots of historical USENET postings also provided
+by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com).
+
+CERT growth summary compiled from CERT reports at ftp://ftp.cert.org/
+CERT stats are also now being made available by CERT at
+http://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html
+
+Many of the URLs provided by Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch)
+
+Country-specific Internet Histories:
+  - Australia - "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia " by Roger Clarke
+         http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html
+  - Australia - "It Started with a Ping" by Jennie Sinclair
+         http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Anniv.html
+  - Finland - "History of the Internet in Finland"
+         http://www.isoc.fi/internet/internethistory_finland.html
+  - Russia - "Chronology of the Russian Internet: 1990-1999"
+         http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/
+  - UK - "Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" by Peter Kirstein
+         http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html
+
+Additional books of interest:
+  - "How the Web Was Born - The Story of the World Wide Web"
+         by James Gillies and Robert Cailliau
+  - "Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web
+     by its Inventor"
+         by Tim Berners-Lee
+  - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet"
+         by Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon
+  - "Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet"
+         by Stephen Segaller
+  - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business"
+         by Robert H. Reid
+  - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet"
+         by Michael Hauben et al
+  - "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue"
+         by Carl Malamud
+
+Early works of interest:
+  - "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush, 1945
+         http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
+  - "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider, 1960
+         http://apotheca.hpl.hp.com/ftp/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html
+
+---
+Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the
+contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are:
+
+ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour @ hec.unil.ch)
+amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie @ bbn.com)
+bb1 - Billy Brackenridge (billyb @ microsoft.com)
+bt1 - Brad Templeton (btm @ templetons.com)
+clg - C. Lee Giles (giles @ research.nj.nec.com)
+dhr - David H. Rothman (davidrothman @ yahoo.com)
+dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg @ ripe.net)
+ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric @ enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca)
+esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr @ locke.ccil.org)
+feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell @ is.rice.edu)
+gb1 - Gordon Bell (GBell @ microsoft.com)
+gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat @ sover.net)
+glg - Gail L. Grant (grant @ glgc.com)
+gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall @ unsw.edu.au)
+gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas @ uel.ac.uk)
+irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy @ uclink2.berkeley.edu)
+jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom @ netmom.com)
+jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor @ niherlas.com)
+jtl - Jon Leighton (jtleighton @ aol.com)
+kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler @ hq.canet.ca)
+kf2 - Kinming Fung (kinming @ cuhk.edu.hk)
+lb1 - Larry Backman (backman @ ultranet.com)
+lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl @ cs.wisc.edu)
+mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc @ mitre.org)
+msb - Majorie S. Blumenthal (blumentm @ georgetown.edu)
+msh - Michael S. Hart (hart @ pobox.com)
+par - Pierre A Renaud (yendred @ videotron.ca)
+pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard @ cs.princeton.edu)
+pds - Peter da Silva (peter @ baileynm.com)
+ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman @ ece.nps.navy.mil)
+rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab @ hal.cwru.edu)
+rm1 - Rahi Moosavi (info @ farsi-freelance.com)
+sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc @ is.internic.net)
+sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli @ uwf.bitnet) - see sources section
+sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff @ cisco.com)
+tb1 - Tim Burress (tim @ twics.com)
+tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar @ kumr.lns.com)
+vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf @ isoc.org) - see sources section
+wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn @ ira.uka.de)
+zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj @ uni-lj.si)
+
+

+Archive-name: Hobbes' Internet Timeline
+Version: 23
+Archive-location: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
+Last-updated: 1 January 2016
+Maintainer: Robert H'obbes' Zakon, timeline@Zakon.org, www.Zakon.org
+Description:
+  An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events and technologies
+  that helped shape the Internet as we know it today.
+
+
+ +