diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index cfeccef7b..542d4c440 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ said, before you being, you'll want to know a few things.
    evil or anything, he's just an idiot.
 2. Nova's code follows the ECMAScript specification. When in doubt, read, copy,
    implement the specification.
-3. Testing is mainly based upon the test262 conformance suit. Updating
+3. Testing is mainly based upon the test262 conformance suite. Updating
    conformance results needs to be done.
 
 More information is found below.
@@ -456,3 +456,14 @@ Some more long-term prospects and/or wild ideas:
     Nightly features). But it would mean that returning a (sort of)
     `Result<Value>` would fit in a register.
 - Consider a register based VM instead of going stack based
+
+# Running the test262 suite
+1. Clone this repository with submodules:
+
+    `git clone --recurse-submodules git@github.com:trynova/nova.git`
+
+2. Execute the test262 runner:
+
+    `cargo build -p nova_cli && cargo run --bin test262`
+
+   **Important:** The test runner executes the compiled `nova_cli` directly. If you have made changes to CLI or VM, ensure that the `nova_cli` target is rebuilt before executing the test runner.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 605e2b333..14a82e87c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,26 +4,26 @@ members = ["nova_cli", "nova_vm", "common", "small_string", "tests"]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 ahash = "0.8.11"
-clap = { version = "4.5.18", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.5.21", features = ["derive"] }
 cliclack = "0.3.5"
 console = "0.15.8"
 ctrlc = "3.4.5"
 fast-float = "0.2.0"
-hashbrown = "0.14.5"
-miette = { version = "7.2.0", features = ["fancy"] }
+hashbrown = "0.15.1"
 num-bigint = "0.4.6"
 num-traits = "0.2.19"
-oxc_allocator = "0.34.0"
-oxc_ast = "0.34.0"
-oxc_diagnostics = "0.34.0"
-oxc_parser = "0.34.0"
-oxc_semantic = "0.34.0"
-oxc_span = "0.34.0"
-oxc_syntax = "0.34.0"
-oxc_ecmascript = "0.34.0"
+oxc_allocator = "0.36.0"
+oxc_ast = "0.36.0"
+oxc_diagnostics = "0.36.0"
+oxc-miette = { version = "1.0.2", features = ["fancy"] }
+oxc_parser = "0.36.0"
+oxc_semantic = "0.36.0"
+oxc_span = "0.36.0"
+oxc_syntax = "0.36.0"
+oxc_ecmascript = "0.36.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 ryu-js = "1.0.1"
-sonic-rs = "0.3.13"
+sonic-rs = "0.3.16"
 unicode-normalization = "0.1.24"
 wtf8 = "0.1"
 fast_float = "0.2.0"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b1b66e7fc..28eda6e46 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ execution model is currently greatly inspired by
 [SerenityOS's LibJS](https://github.com/SerenityOS/serenity). See the code for
 more details.
 
-The core of our team is on our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/RTrgJzXKUM).
+The core of our team is on our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/bwY4TRB8J7).
 
 ## Talks
 
diff --git a/nova_cli/Cargo.toml b/nova_cli/Cargo.toml
index be0258da3..c114c0363 100644
--- a/nova_cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nova_cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ clap = { workspace = true}
 cliclack = { workspace = true }
 ctrlc = { workspace = true }
 console = { workspace = true }
-miette = { workspace = true }
 nova_vm = { path = "../nova_vm" }
 oxc_ast = { workspace = true }
+oxc-miette = { workspace = true }
 oxc_parser = { workspace = true }
 oxc_semantic = { workspace = true }
 oxc_span = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/nova_cli/src/helper.rs b/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
index 875812558..2a74b59e3 100644
--- a/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
+++ b/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, glob
     fn print(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -26,32 +25,36 @@ pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, glob
     // 'readTextFile' function
     fn read_text_file(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         _: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if args.len() != 1 {
-            return Err(agent
-                .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::Error, "Expected 1 argument"));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::Error,
+                "Expected 1 argument",
+            ));
         }
         let Ok(path) = String::try_from(args.get(0)) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::Error,
                 "Expected a string argument",
             ));
         };
 
         let file = std::fs::read_to_string(path.as_str(agent))
-            .map_err(|e| agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::Error, e.to_string()))?;
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, file).into_value())
+            .map_err(|e| agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::Error, e.to_string()))?;
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), file).into_value())
     }
     let function = create_builtin_function(
         agent,
+        gc.nogc(),
         Behaviour::Regular(print),
         BuiltinFunctionArgs::new(1, "print", agent.current_realm_id()),
     );
-    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, "print");
+    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, gc.nogc(), "print");
     global
         .internal_define_own_property(
             agent,
@@ -69,10 +72,11 @@ pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, glob
 
     let function = create_builtin_function(
         agent,
+        gc.nogc(),
         Behaviour::Regular(read_text_file),
         BuiltinFunctionArgs::new(1, "readTextFile", agent.current_realm_id()),
     );
-    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, "readTextFile");
+    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, gc.nogc(), "readTextFile");
     global
         .internal_define_own_property(
             agent,
diff --git a/nova_cli/src/main.rs b/nova_cli/src/main.rs
index b985c7f4f..5ff76d7aa 100644
--- a/nova_cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/nova_cli/src/main.rs
@@ -146,9 +146,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                     |agent, mut gc| -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
                         let file = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)?;
-                        let source_text = JsString::from_string(agent, file);
-                        let script = match parse_script(agent, source_text, realm, !no_strict, None)
-                        {
+                        let source_text = JsString::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), file);
+                        let script = match parse_script(
+                            agent,
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            source_text,
+                            realm,
+                            !no_strict,
+                            None,
+                        ) {
                             Ok(script) => script,
                             Err(errors) => {
                                 // Borrow the string data from the Agent
@@ -228,13 +234,14 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                 placeholder = input.to_string();
                 agent.run_in_realm(&realm, |agent, mut gc| {
                     let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
-                    let source_text = JsString::from_string(agent, input);
-                    let script = match parse_script(agent, source_text, realm, true, None) {
-                        Ok(script) => script,
-                        Err(errors) => {
-                            exit_with_parse_errors(errors, "<stdin>", &placeholder);
-                        }
-                    };
+                    let source_text = JsString::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), input);
+                    let script =
+                        match parse_script(agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, true, None) {
+                            Ok(script) => script,
+                            Err(errors) => {
+                                exit_with_parse_errors(errors, "<stdin>", &placeholder);
+                            }
+                        };
                     let result = script_evaluation(agent, gc.reborrow(), script);
                     match result {
                         Ok(result) => {
diff --git a/nova_vm/build.rs b/nova_vm/build.rs
index 9bff77a0b..1193dcd3f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/build.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/build.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn gen_builtin_strings() -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
         output.push_str("    /// ```\n");
         output.push_str("    pub r#");
         output.push_str(&replace_invalid_key_characters(string));
-        output.push_str(": String,\n");
+        output.push_str(": String<'static>,\n");
     }
     output.push_str("}\n\npub const BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY: BuiltinStrings = BuiltinStrings {\n");
     let mut i: u32 = 0;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
index d10f6f4b0..592b68bd2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ pub(crate) struct IteratorRecord {
 pub(crate) fn get_iterator_from_method(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     obj: Value,
     method: Function,
 ) -> JsResult<IteratorRecord> {
@@ -47,8 +46,9 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator_from_method(
     let iterator = call(agent, gc.reborrow(), method.into(), obj, None)?;
 
     // 2. If iterator is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-    let Ok(iterator) = to_object(agent, iterator) else {
+    let Ok(iterator) = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), iterator) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Iterator is not an object",
         ));
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator_from_method(
 pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     obj: Value,
     is_async: bool,
 ) -> JsResult<IteratorRecord> {
@@ -105,6 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
             else {
                 // ii. If syncMethod is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "No iterator on object",
                 ));
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
     // 3. If method is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(method) = method else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Iterator method cannot be undefined",
         ));
@@ -151,7 +152,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_next(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     value: Option<Value>,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_next(
     result
         .try_into()
         .or(Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "The iterator result was not an object",
         )))
@@ -187,7 +188,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_next(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_complete(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iter_result: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. Return ToBoolean(? Get(iterResult, "done")).
@@ -208,7 +208,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_complete(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iter_result: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Return ? Get(iterResult, "value").
@@ -235,7 +234,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_value(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_step(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
     // 1. Let result be ? IteratorNext(iteratorRecord).
@@ -264,7 +262,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_step_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iterator_record: &mut IteratorRecord,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
     // 1. Let result be Completion(IteratorNext(iteratorRecord)).
@@ -336,7 +333,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step_value(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_close<T>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     completion: JsResult<T>,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
@@ -376,6 +372,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_close<T>(
     // 7. If innerResult.[[Value]] is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
     if !inner_result.is_object() {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Invalid iterator 'return' method return value",
         ));
@@ -392,7 +389,6 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_close<T>(
 pub(crate) fn if_abrupt_close_iterator<T>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     value: JsResult<T>,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
@@ -416,7 +412,6 @@ pub(crate) fn if_abrupt_close_iterator<T>(
 pub(crate) fn async_iterator_close(
     _agent: &mut Agent,
     _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     _iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     _completion: JsResult<Value>,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -469,7 +464,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_iter_result_object(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value, done: b
 pub(crate) fn create_list_iterator_record(
     _agent: &mut Agent,
     _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     _list: &[Value],
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Let closure be a new Abstract Closure with no parameters that captures list and performs the following steps when called:
@@ -489,7 +483,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_list_iterator_record(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_to_list(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let values be a new empty List.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
index 8e87eb8eb..26a40fe1d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use super::{
     testing_and_comparison::{is_callable, require_object_coercible, same_value},
     type_conversion::{to_length, to_object, to_property_key},
 };
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::operations_on_iterator_objects::iterator_step_value,
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ pub(crate) fn make_basic_object(_agent: &mut Agent, _internal_slots_list: ()) ->
 pub(crate) fn get(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: impl IntoObject,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -90,12 +89,11 @@ pub(crate) fn get(
 pub(crate) fn get_v(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     v: Value,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(V).
-    let o = to_object(agent, v)?;
+    let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), v)?;
     // 2. Return ? O.[[Get]](P, V).
     o.internal_get(agent, gc, p, o.into())
 }
@@ -109,18 +107,18 @@ pub(crate) fn get_v(
 /// value for the property.
 pub(crate) fn set(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     o: Object,
     p: PropertyKey,
     v: Value,
     throw: bool,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. Let success be ? O.[[Set]](P, V, O).
-    let success = o.internal_set(agent, gc, p, v, o.into_value())?;
+    let success = o.internal_set(agent, gc.reborrow(), p, v, o.into_value())?;
     // 2. If success is false and Throw is true, throw a TypeError exception.
     if !success && throw {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             format!("Could not set property '{}'.", p.as_display(agent)),
         ));
@@ -144,7 +142,6 @@ pub(crate) fn set(
 pub(crate) fn create_data_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: impl InternalMethods,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
@@ -171,15 +168,15 @@ pub(crate) fn create_data_property(
 /// exception if the requested property update cannot be performed.
 pub(crate) fn create_data_property_or_throw(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     object: impl InternalMethods,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
-    let success = create_data_property(agent, gc, object, property_key, value)?;
+    let success = create_data_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), object, property_key, value)?;
     if !success {
         Err(agent.throw_exception(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             format!(
                 "Could not create property '{}'.",
@@ -201,17 +198,17 @@ pub(crate) fn create_data_property_or_throw(
 /// cannot be performed.
 pub(crate) fn define_property_or_throw(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     object: impl InternalMethods,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     desc: PropertyDescriptor,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. Let success be ? O.[[DefineOwnProperty]](P, desc).
-    let success = object.internal_define_own_property(agent, gc, property_key, desc)?;
+    let success = object.internal_define_own_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key, desc)?;
     // 2. If success is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     if !success {
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Failed to defined property on object",
         ))
@@ -229,16 +226,16 @@ pub(crate) fn define_property_or_throw(
 /// of an object. It throws an exception if the property is not configurable.
 pub(crate) fn delete_property_or_throw(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     o: Object,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. Let success be ? O.[[Delete]](P).
-    let success = o.internal_delete(agent, gc, p)?;
+    let success = o.internal_delete(agent, gc.reborrow(), p)?;
     // 2. If success is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     if !success {
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Failed to delete property",
         ))
@@ -258,13 +255,12 @@ pub(crate) fn delete_property_or_throw(
 
 pub(crate) fn get_method(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     v: Value,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Function>> {
     // 1. Let func be ? GetV(V, P).
-    let func = get_v(agent, gc, v, p)?;
+    let func = get_v(agent, gc.reborrow(), v, p)?;
     // 2. If func is either undefined or null, return undefined.
     if func.is_undefined() || func.is_null() {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -273,6 +269,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_method(
     let func = is_callable(func);
     if func.is_none() {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Not a callable object",
         ));
@@ -291,7 +288,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_method(
 pub(crate) fn has_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -308,7 +304,6 @@ pub(crate) fn has_property(
 pub(crate) fn has_own_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     p: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -333,7 +328,6 @@ pub(crate) fn has_own_property(
 pub(crate) fn call(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: Value,
     v: Value,
     arguments_list: Option<ArgumentsList>,
@@ -343,11 +337,17 @@ pub(crate) fn call(
     // 2. If IsCallable(F) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     match is_callable(f) {
         None => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Not a callable object",
         )),
         // 3. Return ? F.[[Call]](V, argumentsList).
-        Some(f) => f.internal_call(agent, gc, v, arguments_list),
+        Some(f) => {
+            let current_stack_size = agent.stack_refs.borrow().len();
+            let result = f.internal_call(agent, gc, v, arguments_list);
+            agent.stack_refs.borrow_mut().truncate(current_stack_size);
+            result
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -385,7 +385,6 @@ pub(crate) mod integrity {
 pub(crate) fn set_integrity_level<T: Level>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. Let status be ? O.[[PreventExtensions]]().
@@ -455,7 +454,6 @@ pub(crate) fn set_integrity_level<T: Level>(
 pub(crate) fn test_integrity_level<T: Level>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. Let extensible be ? IsExtensible(O).
@@ -495,10 +493,14 @@ pub(crate) fn test_integrity_level<T: Level>(
 /// The abstract operation CreateArrayFromList takes argument elements (a List
 /// of ECMAScript language values) and returns an Array. It is used to create
 /// an Array whose elements are provided by elements.
-pub(crate) fn create_array_from_list(agent: &mut Agent, elements: &[Value]) -> Array {
+pub(crate) fn create_array_from_list(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
+    elements: &[Value],
+) -> Array {
     let len = elements.len();
     // 1. Let array be ! ArrayCreate(0).
-    let array = array_create(agent, len, len, None).unwrap();
+    let array = array_create(agent, gc, len, len, None).unwrap();
     let array_elements = agent[array].elements;
     agent[array_elements]
         .copy_from_slice(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&[Value], &[Option<Value>]>(elements) });
@@ -519,7 +521,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_array_from_list(agent: &mut Agent, elements: &[Value]) -> A
 pub(crate) fn length_of_array_like(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     obj: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<i64> {
     // NOTE: Fast path for Array objects.
@@ -550,7 +551,6 @@ pub(crate) fn length_of_array_like(
 pub(crate) fn create_list_from_array_like(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     obj: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     match obj {
@@ -586,10 +586,11 @@ pub(crate) fn create_list_from_array_like(
             Ok(list)
         }
         // 2. If obj is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-        _ => {
-            Err(agent
-                .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Not an object"))
-        }
+        _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "Not an object",
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -597,19 +598,20 @@ pub(crate) fn create_list_from_array_like(
 pub(crate) fn call_function(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: Function,
     v: Value,
     arguments_list: Option<ArgumentsList>,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let arguments_list = arguments_list.unwrap_or_default();
-    f.internal_call(agent, gc, v, arguments_list)
+    let current_stack_size = agent.stack_refs.borrow().len();
+    let result = f.internal_call(agent, gc, v, arguments_list);
+    agent.stack_refs.borrow_mut().truncate(current_stack_size);
+    result
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn construct(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: Function,
     arguments_list: Option<ArgumentsList>,
     new_target: Option<Function>,
@@ -634,7 +636,6 @@ pub(crate) fn construct(
 pub(crate) fn invoke(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     v: Value,
     p: PropertyKey,
     arguments_list: Option<ArgumentsList>,
@@ -657,7 +658,6 @@ pub(crate) fn invoke(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_instance(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     c: impl TryInto<Function>,
     o: impl IntoValue,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -682,6 +682,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_instance(
     // 5. If P is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Ok(p) = Object::try_from(p) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Non-object prototype found",
         ));
@@ -743,7 +744,6 @@ pub(crate) mod enumerable_properties_kind {
 pub(crate) fn enumerable_own_properties<Kind: EnumerablePropertiesKind>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let ownKeys be ? O.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ pub(crate) fn enumerable_own_properties<Kind: EnumerablePropertiesKind>(
                 }
                 PropertyKey::Integer(int) => {
                     let int = int.into_i64();
-                    String::from_string(agent, format!("{}", int))
+                    String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), format!("{}", int))
                 }
                 PropertyKey::SmallString(str) => str.into(),
                 PropertyKey::String(str) => str.into(),
@@ -797,13 +797,14 @@ pub(crate) fn enumerable_own_properties<Kind: EnumerablePropertiesKind>(
                     }
                     PropertyKey::Integer(int) => {
                         let int = int.into_i64();
-                        String::from_string(agent, format!("{}", int))
+                        String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), format!("{}", int))
                     }
                     PropertyKey::SmallString(str) => str.into(),
                     PropertyKey::String(str) => str.into(),
                 };
                 // ii. Let entry be CreateArrayFromList(« key, value »).
-                let entry = create_array_from_list(agent, &[key_value.into_value(), value]);
+                let entry =
+                    create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &[key_value.into_value(), value]);
                 // iii. Append entry to results.
                 results.push(entry.into_value());
             }
@@ -857,7 +858,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_function_realm(
 pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target: OrdinaryObject,
     source: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
         return Ok(());
     }
     // 2. Let from be ! ToObject(source).
-    let from = to_object(agent, source).unwrap();
+    let from = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), source).unwrap();
 
     // 3. Let keys be ? from.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
     let keys = from.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -913,7 +913,6 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
 pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties_into_object(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     source: impl IntoObject,
     excluded_items: &AHashSet<PropertyKey>,
 ) -> JsResult<OrdinaryObject> {
@@ -962,7 +961,6 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties_into_object(
 pub(crate) fn initialize_instance_elements(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     constructor: BuiltinConstructorFunction,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -1065,16 +1063,16 @@ pub(crate) struct GroupByRecord<K: Copy + Into<Value>> {
 pub(crate) fn group_by_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     items: Value,
     callback_fn: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<GroupByRecord<PropertyKey>>> {
     // 1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(iterable).
-    require_object_coercible(agent, items)?;
+    require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), items)?;
 
     // 2. If IsCallable(callback) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Callback is not callable",
         ));
@@ -1096,6 +1094,7 @@ pub(crate) fn group_by_property(
         if k >= u32::MAX as usize {
             // i. Let error be ThrowCompletion(a newly created TypeError object).
             let error = agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Maximum array size of 2**53-1 exceeded",
             );
@@ -1158,16 +1157,16 @@ pub(crate) fn group_by_property(
 pub(crate) fn group_by_collection(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     items: Value,
     callback_fn: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<GroupByRecord<Value>>> {
     // 1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(iterable).
-    require_object_coercible(agent, items)?;
+    require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), items)?;
 
     // 2. If IsCallable(callback) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Callback is not callable",
         ));
@@ -1189,6 +1188,7 @@ pub(crate) fn group_by_collection(
         if k >= u32::MAX as usize {
             // i. Let error be ThrowCompletion(a newly created TypeError object).
             let error = agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Maximum array size of 2**53-1 exceeded",
             );
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/testing_and_comparison.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/testing_and_comparison.rs
index 43f51ff42..fdedd8eb4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/testing_and_comparison.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/testing_and_comparison.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 //! ## [7.2 Testing and Comparison Operations](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-testing-and-comparison-operations)
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::type_conversion::to_numeric,
@@ -25,9 +25,14 @@ use super::type_conversion::{string_to_big_int, to_number, to_primitive, Preferr
 /// containing an ECMAScript language value or a throw completion. It throws an
 /// error if argument is a value that cannot be converted to an Object using
 /// ToObject. It is defined by [Table 14](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#table-requireobjectcoercible-results):
-pub(crate) fn require_object_coercible(agent: &mut Agent, argument: Value) -> JsResult<Value> {
+pub(crate) fn require_object_coercible(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
+    argument: Value,
+) -> JsResult<Value> {
     if argument.is_undefined() || argument.is_null() {
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Argument cannot be converted into an object",
         ))
@@ -125,7 +130,6 @@ pub(crate) fn is_same_type<V1: Copy + Into<Value>, V2: Copy + Into<Value>>(x: V1
 pub(crate) fn is_integral_number(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     argument: impl Copy + Into<Value>,
 ) -> bool {
     let argument = argument.into();
@@ -264,7 +268,6 @@ pub(crate) fn same_value_non_number<T: Copy + Into<Value>>(
 pub(crate) fn is_less_than<const LEFT_FIRST: bool>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     x: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
     y: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<bool>> {
@@ -386,7 +389,6 @@ pub(crate) fn is_less_than<const LEFT_FIRST: bool>(
 pub(crate) fn is_loosely_equal(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     x: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
     y: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -445,15 +447,13 @@ pub(crate) fn is_loosely_equal(
 
     // 9. If x is a Boolean, return ! IsLooselyEqual(! ToNumber(x), y).
     if let Ok(x) = bool::try_from(x) {
-        // TODO: We know GC cannot be triggered here.
-        let x = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), x).unwrap();
+        let x = if x { 1 } else { 0 };
         return Ok(is_loosely_equal(agent, gc, x, y).unwrap());
     }
 
     // 10. If y is a Boolean, return ! IsLooselyEqual(x, ! ToNumber(y)).
     if let Ok(y) = bool::try_from(y) {
-        // TODO: We know GC cannot be triggered here.
-        let y = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), y).unwrap();
+        let y = if y { 1 } else { 0 };
         return Ok(is_loosely_equal(agent, gc, x, y).unwrap());
     }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
index 488dc44c8..0a84868b3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 
 use num_bigint::Sign;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::ecmascript::types::IntoPrimitive;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         builtins::{
@@ -63,11 +64,10 @@ pub enum PreferredType {
 pub(crate) fn to_primitive(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
-    input: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
+    input: impl IntoValue,
     preferred_type: Option<PreferredType>,
 ) -> JsResult<Primitive> {
-    let input: Value = input.into();
+    let input = input.into_value();
     // 1. If input is an Object, then
     if let Ok(input) = Object::try_from(input) {
         // a. Let exoticToPrim be ? GetMethod(input, @@toPrimitive).
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_primitive(
             // iv. Let result be ? Call(exoticToPrim, input, « hint »).
             let result: Value = call_function(
                 agent,
-                gc,
+                gc.reborrow(),
                 exotic_to_prim,
                 input.into(),
                 Some(ArgumentsList(&[hint.into()])),
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_primitive(
             Primitive::try_from(result).map_err(|_| {
                 // vi. Throw a TypeError exception.
                 agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Invalid toPrimitive return value",
                 )
@@ -123,6 +124,63 @@ pub(crate) fn to_primitive(
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn to_primitive_object(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    input: impl IntoObject,
+    preferred_type: Option<PreferredType>,
+) -> JsResult<Primitive> {
+    let input = input.into_object();
+    // a. Let exoticToPrim be ? GetMethod(input, @@toPrimitive).
+    let exotic_to_prim = get_method(
+        agent,
+        gc.reborrow(),
+        input.into_value(),
+        PropertyKey::Symbol(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToPrimitive.into()),
+    )?;
+    // b. If exoticToPrim is not undefined, then
+    if let Some(exotic_to_prim) = exotic_to_prim {
+        let hint = match preferred_type {
+            // i. If preferredType is not present, then
+            // 1. Let hint be "default".
+            None => BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.default,
+            // ii. Else if preferredType is STRING, then
+            // 1. Let hint be "string".
+            Some(PreferredType::String) => BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.string,
+            // iii. Else,
+            // 1. Assert: preferredType is NUMBER.
+            // 2. Let hint be "number".
+            Some(PreferredType::Number) => BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.number,
+        };
+        // iv. Let result be ? Call(exoticToPrim, input, « hint »).
+        let result: Value = call_function(
+            agent,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+            exotic_to_prim,
+            input.into(),
+            Some(ArgumentsList(&[hint.into()])),
+        )?;
+        // v. If result is not an Object, return result.
+        Primitive::try_from(result).map_err(|_| {
+            // vi. Throw a TypeError exception.
+            agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                "Invalid toPrimitive return value",
+            )
+        })
+    } else {
+        // c. If preferredType is not present, let preferredType be NUMBER.
+        // d. Return ? OrdinaryToPrimitive(input, preferredType).
+        ordinary_to_primitive(
+            agent,
+            gc,
+            input,
+            preferred_type.unwrap_or(PreferredType::Number),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 /// ### [7.1.1.1 OrdinaryToPrimitive ( O, hint )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ordinarytoprimitive)
 ///
 /// The abstract operation OrdinaryToPrimitive takes arguments O (an Object)
@@ -131,7 +189,6 @@ pub(crate) fn to_primitive(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_to_primitive(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     hint: PreferredType,
 ) -> JsResult<Primitive> {
@@ -165,6 +222,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_to_primitive(
     }
     // 4. Throw a TypeError exception.
     Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+        gc.nogc(),
         ExceptionType::TypeError,
         "Could not convert to primitive",
     ))
@@ -199,8 +257,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_boolean(agent: &Agent, argument: Value) -> bool {
 pub(crate) fn to_numeric(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
-    value: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
+    value: impl IntoValue,
 ) -> JsResult<Numeric> {
     // 1. Let primValue be ? ToPrimitive(value, number).
     let prim_value = to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), value, Some(PreferredType::Number))?;
@@ -211,51 +268,75 @@ pub(crate) fn to_numeric(
     }
 
     // 3. Return ? ToNumber(primValue).
-    to_number(agent, gc, value).map(|n| n.into_numeric())
+    to_number_primitive(agent, gc.nogc(), prim_value).map(|n| n.into_numeric())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn try_to_number(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    argument: impl IntoValue,
+) -> Option<JsResult<Number>> {
+    let argument = argument.into_value();
+    if let Ok(argument) = Primitive::try_from(argument) {
+        Some(to_number_primitive(agent, gc, argument))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
 }
 
 /// ### [7.1.4 ToNumber ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tonumber)
 pub(crate) fn to_number(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
-    argument: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
+    argument: impl IntoValue,
 ) -> JsResult<Number> {
-    let argument: Value = argument.into();
+    let argument = argument.into_value();
+    if let Ok(argument) = Primitive::try_from(argument) {
+        to_number_primitive(agent, gc.into_nogc(), argument)
+    } else {
+        // 7. Assert: argument is an Object.
+        let argument = Object::try_from(argument).unwrap();
+        // 8. Let primValue be ? ToPrimitive(argument, number).
+        let prim_value =
+            to_primitive_object(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument, Some(PreferredType::Number))?;
+        // 9. Assert: primValue is not an Object.
+        // 10. Return ? ToNumber(primValue).
+        to_number(agent, gc, prim_value)
+    }
+}
 
+/// ### [7.1.4 ToNumber ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tonumber)
+pub(crate) fn to_number_primitive(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    argument: Primitive,
+) -> JsResult<Number> {
     match argument {
         // 3. If argument is undefined, return NaN.
-        Value::Undefined => Ok(Number::nan()),
+        Primitive::Undefined => Ok(Number::nan()),
         // 4. If argument is either null or false, return +0𝔽.
-        Value::Null | Value::Boolean(false) => Ok(Number::from(0)),
+        Primitive::Null | Primitive::Boolean(false) => Ok(Number::from(0)),
         // 5. If argument is true, return 1𝔽.
-        Value::Boolean(true) => Ok(Number::from(1)),
+        Primitive::Boolean(true) => Ok(Number::from(1)),
         // 6. If argument is a String, return StringToNumber(argument).
-        Value::String(str) => Ok(string_to_number(agent, str.into())),
-        Value::SmallString(str) => Ok(string_to_number(agent, str.into())),
+        Primitive::String(str) => Ok(string_to_number(agent, str.into())),
+        Primitive::SmallString(str) => Ok(string_to_number(agent, str.into())),
         // 2. If argument is either a Symbol or a BigInt, throw a TypeError exception.
-        Value::Symbol(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+        Primitive::Symbol(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "cannot convert symbol to number",
         )),
         // 1. If argument is a Number, return argument.
-        Value::Number(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
-        Value::Integer(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
-        Value::SmallF64(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
-        Value::BigInt(_) | Value::SmallBigInt(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
-            ExceptionType::TypeError,
-            "cannot convert bigint to number",
-        )),
-        _ => {
-            // 7. Assert: argument is an Object.
-            let argument = Object::try_from(argument).unwrap();
-            // 8. Let primValue be ? ToPrimitive(argument, number).
-            let prim_value =
-                to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument, Some(PreferredType::Number))?;
-            // 9. Assert: primValue is not an Object.
-            // 10. Return ? ToNumber(primValue).
-            to_number(agent, gc, prim_value)
-        }
+        Primitive::Number(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
+        Primitive::Integer(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
+        Primitive::SmallF64(idx) => Ok(idx.into()),
+        Primitive::BigInt(_) | Primitive::SmallBigInt(_) => Err(agent
+            .throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
+                ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                "cannot convert bigint to number",
+            )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -336,7 +417,6 @@ fn string_to_number(agent: &mut Agent, str: String) -> Number {
 pub(crate) fn to_integer_or_infinity(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     argument: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Number> {
     // Fast path: A safe integer is already an integer.
@@ -365,6 +445,53 @@ pub(crate) fn to_integer_or_infinity(
     Ok(number.truncate(agent))
 }
 
+/// ### [7.1.5 ToIntegerOrInfinity ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tointegerorinfinity)
+// TODO: Should we add another [`Value`] newtype for IntegerOrInfinity?
+//
+// This version of the abstract operation attempts to convert the argument
+// Value into an integer or infinity without calling any JavaScript code. If
+// that cannot be done, `None` is returned. Note that the method can throw an
+// error without calling any JavaScript code.
+pub(crate) fn try_to_integer_or_infinity(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    argument: Value,
+) -> Option<JsResult<Number>> {
+    // Fast path: A safe integer is already an integer.
+    if let Value::Integer(int) = argument {
+        return Some(Ok(int.into()));
+    }
+    // 1. Let number be ? ToNumber(argument).
+    let Ok(argument) = Primitive::try_from(argument) else {
+        // Converting to Number would require calling into JavaScript code.
+        return None;
+    };
+    let number = match to_number_primitive(agent, gc, argument) {
+        Ok(number) => number,
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Some(Err(err));
+        }
+    };
+
+    // 2. If number is one of NaN, +0𝔽, or -0𝔽, return 0.
+    if number.is_nan(agent) || number.is_pos_zero(agent) || number.is_neg_zero(agent) {
+        return Some(Ok(Number::pos_zero()));
+    }
+
+    // 3. If number is +∞𝔽, return +∞.
+    if number.is_pos_infinity(agent) {
+        return Some(Ok(Number::pos_inf()));
+    }
+
+    // 4. If number is -∞𝔽, return -∞.
+    if number.is_neg_infinity(agent) {
+        return Some(Ok(Number::neg_inf()));
+    }
+
+    // 5. Return truncate(ℝ(number)).
+    Some(Ok(number.truncate(agent)))
+}
+
 /// ### [7.1.6 ToInt32 ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-toint32)
 pub(crate) fn to_int32(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value) -> JsResult<i32> {
     if let Value::Integer(int) = argument {
@@ -584,7 +711,6 @@ pub(crate) fn to_uint8(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value)
 pub(crate) fn to_uint8_clamp(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     argument: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<u8> {
     if let Value::Integer(int) = argument {
@@ -639,20 +765,21 @@ pub(crate) fn to_uint8_clamp(
 #[inline(always)]
 pub(crate) fn to_big_int(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     argument: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
     // 1. Let prim be ? ToPrimitive(argument, number).
-    let prim = to_primitive(agent, gc, argument, Some(PreferredType::Number))?;
+    let prim = to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument, Some(PreferredType::Number))?;
 
     // 2. Return the value that prim corresponds to in Table 12.
     match prim {
         Primitive::Undefined => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Invalid primitive 'undefined'",
         )),
         Primitive::Null => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Invalid primitive 'null'",
         )),
@@ -667,6 +794,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_big_int(
             let result = string_to_big_int(agent, idx.into());
             let Some(result) = result else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Invalid BigInt string",
                 ));
@@ -677,6 +805,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_big_int(
             let result = string_to_big_int(agent, data.into());
             let Some(result) = result else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Invalid BigInt string",
                 ));
@@ -684,11 +813,13 @@ pub(crate) fn to_big_int(
             Ok(result)
         }
         Primitive::Symbol(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Cannot convert Symbol to BigInt",
         )),
         Primitive::Number(_) | Primitive::Integer(_) | Primitive::SmallF64(_) => Err(agent
             .throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Cannot convert Number to BigInt",
             )),
@@ -780,21 +911,53 @@ pub(crate) fn to_big_uint64(
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn try_to_string<'gc>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    argument: impl IntoValue,
+) -> Option<JsResult<String<'gc>>> {
+    let argument = argument.into_value();
+    if let Ok(argument) = Primitive::try_from(argument) {
+        Some(to_string_primitive(agent, gc, argument))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 /// ### [7.1.17 ToString ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tostring)
-pub(crate) fn to_string(
+pub(crate) fn to_string<'gc>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    argument: impl IntoValue,
+) -> JsResult<String<'gc>> {
+    let argument = argument.into_value();
+    // 1. If argument is a String, return argument.
+    if let Ok(argument) = Primitive::try_from(argument) {
+        to_string_primitive(agent, gc.into_nogc(), argument)
+    } else {
+        // 9. Assert: argument is an Object.
+        assert!(Object::try_from(argument).is_ok());
+        // 10. Let primValue be ? ToPrimitive(argument, string).
+        let prim_value = to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument, Some(PreferredType::String))?;
+        // 11. Assert: primValue is not an Object.
+        // 12. Return ? ToString(primValue).
+        to_string(agent, gc, prim_value)
+    }
+}
 
-    argument: impl Into<Value> + Copy,
-) -> JsResult<String> {
-    let argument: Value = argument.into();
+/// ### [7.1.17 ToString ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tostring)
+pub(crate) fn to_string_primitive<'gc>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    argument: Primitive,
+) -> JsResult<String<'gc>> {
     // 1. If argument is a String, return argument.
     match argument {
         // 3. If argument is undefined, return "undefined".
-        Value::Undefined => Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.undefined),
+        Primitive::Undefined => Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.undefined),
         // 4. If argument is null, return "null".
-        Value::Null => Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.null),
-        Value::Boolean(value) => {
+        Primitive::Null => Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.null),
+        Primitive::Boolean(value) => {
             if value {
                 // 5. If argument is true, return "true".
                 Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#true)
@@ -803,30 +966,21 @@ pub(crate) fn to_string(
                 Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#false)
             }
         }
-        Value::String(idx) => Ok(String::String(idx)),
-        Value::SmallString(data) => Ok(String::SmallString(data)),
+        Primitive::String(idx) => Ok(String::String(idx)),
+        Primitive::SmallString(data) => Ok(String::SmallString(data)),
         // 2. If argument is a Symbol, throw a TypeError exception.
-        Value::Symbol(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+        Primitive::Symbol(_) => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Cannot turn Symbol into string",
         )),
         // 7. If argument is a Number, return Number::toString(argument, 10).
-        Value::Number(_) | Value::Integer(_) | Value::SmallF64(_) => Ok(
-            Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, Number::try_from(argument).unwrap()),
-        ),
-        // 8. If argument is a BigInt, return BigInt::toString(argument, 10).
-        Value::BigInt(_) | Value::SmallBigInt(_) => {
-            BigInt::to_string_radix_10(agent, BigInt::try_from(argument).unwrap())
+        Primitive::Number(_) | Primitive::Integer(_) | Primitive::SmallF64(_) => {
+            Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc, Number::try_from(argument).unwrap()).unbind())
         }
-        _ => {
-            // 9. Assert: argument is an Object.
-            assert!(Object::try_from(argument).is_ok());
-            // 10. Let primValue be ? ToPrimitive(argument, string).
-            let prim_value =
-                to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument, Some(PreferredType::String))?;
-            // 11. Assert: primValue is not an Object.
-            // 12. Return ? ToString(primValue).
-            to_string(agent, gc, prim_value)
+        // 8. If argument is a BigInt, return BigInt::toString(argument, 10).
+        Primitive::BigInt(_) | Primitive::SmallBigInt(_) => {
+            Ok(BigInt::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc, BigInt::try_from(argument).unwrap()).unbind())
         }
     }
 }
@@ -837,9 +991,10 @@ pub(crate) fn to_string(
 /// language value) and returns either a normal completion containing an Object
 /// or a throw completion. It converts argument to a value of type Object
 /// according to [Table 13](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#table-toobject-conversions):
-pub(crate) fn to_object(agent: &mut Agent, argument: Value) -> JsResult<Object> {
+pub(crate) fn to_object(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, argument: Value) -> JsResult<Object> {
     match argument {
         Value::Undefined | Value::Null => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Argument cannot be converted into an object",
         )),
@@ -919,7 +1074,6 @@ pub(crate) fn to_object(agent: &mut Agent, argument: Value) -> JsResult<Object>
 pub(crate) fn to_property_key(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     argument: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<PropertyKey> {
     // Note: Fast path and non-standard special case combined. Usually the
@@ -1057,8 +1211,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_length(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value)
 /// ### [7.1.21 CanonicalNumericIndexString ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-canonicalnumericindexstring)
 pub(crate) fn canonical_numeric_index_string(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
     argument: String,
 ) -> Option<Number> {
     // 1. If argument is "-0", return -0𝔽.
@@ -1067,10 +1220,10 @@ pub(crate) fn canonical_numeric_index_string(
     }
 
     // 2. Let n be ! ToNumber(argument).
-    let n = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument).unwrap();
+    let n = to_number_primitive(agent, gc, argument.into_primitive()).unwrap();
 
     // 3. If ! ToString(n) is argument, return n.
-    if to_string(agent, gc, n).unwrap() == argument {
+    if to_string_primitive(agent, gc, n.into_primitive()).unwrap() == argument {
         return Some(n);
     }
 
@@ -1079,12 +1232,17 @@ pub(crate) fn canonical_numeric_index_string(
 }
 
 /// ### [7.1.22 ToIndex ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-toindex)
-pub(crate) fn to_index(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value) -> JsResult<i64> {
+pub(crate) fn to_index(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    argument: Value,
+) -> JsResult<i64> {
     // Fast path: A safe integer is already an integer.
     if let Value::Integer(integer) = argument {
         let integer = integer.into_i64();
         if !(0..=(SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER)).contains(&integer) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Index is out of range",
             ));
@@ -1094,13 +1252,14 @@ pub(crate) fn to_index(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value)
     // TODO: This can be heavily optimized by inlining `to_integer_or_infinity`.
 
     // 1. Let integer be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(value).
-    let integer = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc, argument)?;
+    let integer = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), argument)?;
 
     // 2. If integer is not in the inclusive interval from 0 to 2**53 - 1, throw a RangeError exception.
     let integer = if let Number::Integer(n) = integer {
         let integer = n.into_i64();
         if !(0..=(SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER)).contains(&integer) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Index is out of range",
             ));
@@ -1109,6 +1268,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_index(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, argument: Value)
     } else {
         // to_integer_or_infinity returns +0, +Infinity, -Infinity, or an integer.
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::RangeError,
             "Index is out of range",
         ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
index ef6c758ba..63e43008b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub struct CreatorLength(u8);
 pub struct NoName;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CreatorName(String);
+pub struct CreatorName(String<'static>);
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct NoBehaviour;
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'agent, P, L, B, Pr> BuiltinFunctionBuilder<'agent, P, L, NoName, B, Pr> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn with_name(
         self,
-        name: String,
+        name: String<'static>,
     ) -> BuiltinFunctionBuilder<'agent, P, L, CreatorName, B, Pr> {
         BuiltinFunctionBuilder {
             agent: self.agent,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
index 67c82f10c..a502c7b7f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ use super::ordinary::ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics;
 pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     arguments_list: &[Value],
 ) -> Object {
     // 1. Let len be the number of elements in argumentsList.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
index 445e6af52..2cb4f2da1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ mod data;
 use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut, RangeInclusive};
 
 use super::{array_set_length, ordinary::ordinary_define_own_property};
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ impl Array {
     /// This is equal to the [CreateArrayFromList](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-createarrayfromlist)
     /// abstract operation.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn from_slice(agent: &mut Agent, elements: &[Value]) -> Self {
-        create_array_from_list(agent, elements)
+    pub fn from_slice(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, elements: &[Value]) -> Self {
+        create_array_from_list(agent, gc, elements)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_index(self) -> usize {
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ impl Array {
         agent[*self].elements.len()
     }
 
+    pub fn length_writable(&self, agent: &impl Index<Array, Output = ArrayHeapData>) -> bool {
+        agent[*self].elements.len_writable
+    }
+
     pub fn is_empty(&self, agent: &impl Index<Array, Output = ArrayHeapData>) -> bool {
         agent[*self].elements.len() == 0
     }
@@ -99,7 +103,6 @@ impl Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -223,7 +226,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         if let PropertyKey::Integer(index) = property_key {
@@ -277,7 +279,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -363,7 +364,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let has_own = self.internal_get_own_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key)?;
@@ -388,7 +388,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -444,7 +443,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         if property_key == PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
index a5c9c8ebd..7bc32c4fd 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ use super::{data::SealableElementsVector, Array, ArrayHeapData};
 /// It is used to specify the creation of new Arrays.
 pub fn array_create(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     length: usize,
     capacity: usize,
     proto: Option<Object>,
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ pub fn array_create(
     // 1. If length > 2**32 - 1, throw a RangeError exception.
     if length > (2usize.pow(32) - 1) {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::RangeError,
             "invalid array length",
         ));
@@ -90,7 +92,6 @@ pub fn array_create(
 pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     original_array: Object,
     length: usize,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
     let original_is_array = is_array(agent, original_array.into_value())?;
     // 2. If isArray is false, return ? ArrayCreate(length).
     if !original_is_array {
-        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None)?;
+        let new_array = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), length, length, None)?;
         return Ok(new_array.into_object());
     }
     // 3. Let C be ? Get(originalArray, "constructor").
@@ -138,13 +139,16 @@ pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
     }
     // 6. If C is undefined, return ? ArrayCreate(length).
     if c.is_undefined() {
-        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None)?;
+        let new_array = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), length, length, None)?;
         return Ok(new_array.into_object());
     }
     // 7. If IsConstructor(C) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(c) = is_constructor(agent, c) else {
-        return Err(agent
-            .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Not a constructor"));
+        return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "Not a constructor",
+        ));
     };
     // 8. Return ? Construct(C, « 𝔽(length) »).
     let length = Value::from_f64(agent, length as f64);
@@ -157,7 +161,6 @@ pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
 pub fn array_set_length(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     a: Array,
     desc: PropertyDescriptor,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -191,10 +194,11 @@ pub fn array_set_length(
     // 3. Let newLen be ? ToUint32(Desc.[[Value]]).
     let new_len = to_uint32(agent, gc.reborrow(), desc_value)?;
     // 4. Let numberLen be ? ToNumber(Desc.[[Value]]).
-    let number_len = to_number(agent, gc, desc_value)?;
+    let number_len = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), desc_value)?;
     // 5. If SameValueZero(newLen, numberLen) is false, throw a RangeError exception.
     if !Number::same_value_zero(agent, number_len, new_len.into()) {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::RangeError,
             "invalid array length",
         ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer/abstract_operations.rs
index a37396782..cc6cbef77 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use super::{ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferHeapData};
 use crate::ecmascript::types::Viewable;
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::get,
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) enum Ordering {
 /// completion. It is used to create an ArrayBuffer.
 pub(crate) fn allocate_array_buffer(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     // TODO: Verify that constructor is %ArrayBuffer% and if not,
     // create the `ObjectHeapData` for obj.
     _constructor: Function,
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ pub(crate) fn allocate_array_buffer(
         // a. If byteLength > maxByteLength, throw a RangeError exception.
         if byte_length > max_byte_length.unwrap() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Byte length is over maximumm byte length",
             ));
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ pub(crate) fn allocate_array_buffer(
     //      a. If it is not possible to create a Data Block block consisting of maxByteLength bytes, throw a RangeError exception.
     //      b. NOTE: Resizable ArrayBuffers are designed to be implementable with in-place growth. Implementations may throw if, for example, virtual memory cannot be reserved up front.
     //      c. Set obj.[[ArrayBufferMaxByteLength]] to maxByteLength.
-    let block = DataBlock::create_byte_data_block(agent, byte_length)?;
+    let block = DataBlock::create_byte_data_block(agent, gc, byte_length)?;
     // 6. Set obj.[[ArrayBufferData]] to block.
     // 7. Set obj.[[ArrayBufferByteLength]] to byteLength.
     let obj = if allocating_resizable_buffer {
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ pub(crate) fn detach_array_buffer(
 /// range starting at srcByteOffset and continuing for srcLength bytes.
 pub(crate) fn clone_array_buffer(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     src_buffer: ArrayBuffer,
     src_byte_offset: usize,
     src_length: usize,
@@ -153,6 +156,7 @@ pub(crate) fn clone_array_buffer(
     // 2. Let targetBuffer be ? AllocateArrayBuffer(%ArrayBuffer%, srcLength).
     let target_buffer = allocate_array_buffer(
         agent,
+        gc,
         array_buffer_constructor.into_function(),
         src_length as u64,
         None,
@@ -184,7 +188,6 @@ pub(crate) fn clone_array_buffer(
 pub(crate) fn get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     options: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<i64>> {
     // 1. If options is not an Object, return EMPTY.
@@ -202,7 +205,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(
     }
     // 4. Return ? ToIndex(maxByteLength).
     // TODO: Consider de-inlining this once ToIndex is implemented.
-    let number = max_byte_length.to_number(agent, gc)?;
+    let number = max_byte_length.to_number(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
     let integer = if number.is_nan(agent) || number.is_pos_zero(agent) || number.is_neg_zero(agent)
     {
         0
@@ -216,8 +219,11 @@ pub(crate) fn get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(
     if (0..=(2i64.pow(53) - 1)).contains(&integer) {
         Ok(Some(integer))
     } else {
-        Err(agent
-            .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::RangeError, "Not a SafeInteger"))
+        Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
+            ExceptionType::RangeError,
+            "Not a SafeInteger",
+        ))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
index b6db23c5a..8198e3c9d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ impl IntoFunction for BoundFunction {
 pub(crate) fn bound_function_create(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target_function: Function,
     bound_this: Value,
     bound_args: &[Value],
@@ -150,7 +149,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         function_internal_get_own_property(self, agent, property_key)
@@ -160,7 +158,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -177,7 +174,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key)
@@ -187,7 +183,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -198,7 +193,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -210,7 +204,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_delete(self, agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key)
@@ -235,7 +228,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -275,7 +267,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
index dc3375cbc..a95c65a0e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         function_internal_get_own_property(self, agent, property_key)
@@ -204,7 +203,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -221,7 +219,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key)
@@ -231,7 +228,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -242,7 +238,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -254,7 +249,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_delete(self, agent, gc.reborrow(), property_key)
@@ -278,14 +272,14 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
     fn internal_call(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         _: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return ? BuiltinCallOrConstruct(F, thisArgument, argumentsList, undefined).
         // ii. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "class constructors must be invoked with 'new'",
         ))
@@ -301,7 +295,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -320,7 +313,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction {
 fn builtin_call_or_construct(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: BuiltinConstructorFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     new_target: Function,
@@ -378,9 +370,9 @@ fn builtin_call_or_construct(
     result
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct BuiltinConstructorArgs {
+pub(crate) struct BuiltinConstructorArgs<'a> {
     pub(crate) is_derived: bool,
-    pub(crate) class_name: String,
+    pub(crate) class_name: String<'a>,
     pub(crate) prototype: Option<Object>,
     pub(crate) prototype_property: Object,
     pub(crate) compiled_initializer_bytecode: Option<Executable>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
index 0f660e8f6..0f0a8e9a6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use std::ops::{Deref, Index, IndexMut};
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         execution::{
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl Behaviour {
 }
 
 pub trait Builtin {
-    const NAME: String;
+    const NAME: String<'static>;
     const LENGTH: u8;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour;
 
@@ -236,7 +236,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         function_internal_get_own_property(self, agent, property_key)
@@ -246,7 +245,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -257,7 +255,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -267,7 +264,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -278,7 +274,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -290,7 +285,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_delete(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -315,7 +309,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_argument: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -333,7 +326,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -353,7 +345,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction {
 pub(crate) fn builtin_call_or_construct(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: BuiltinFunction,
     this_argument: Option<Value>,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
@@ -394,6 +385,7 @@ pub(crate) fn builtin_call_or_construct(
         Behaviour::Regular(func) => {
             if new_target.is_some() {
                 Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Not a constructor",
                 ))
@@ -440,6 +432,7 @@ pub(crate) fn builtin_call_or_construct(
 /// built-in function object.
 pub fn create_builtin_function(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     behaviour: Behaviour,
     args: BuiltinFunctionArgs,
 ) -> BuiltinFunction {
@@ -451,11 +444,11 @@ pub fn create_builtin_function(
     let initial_name = if let Some(prefix) = args.prefix {
         // 12. Else,
         // a. Perform SetFunctionName(func, name, prefix).
-        String::from_string(agent, format!("{} {}", args.name, prefix))
+        String::from_string(agent, gc, format!("{} {}", args.name, prefix))
     } else {
         // 11. If prefix is not present, then
         // a. Perform SetFunctionName(func, name).
-        String::from_str(agent, args.name)
+        String::from_str(agent, gc, args.name)
     };
 
     // 2. If prototype is not present, set prototype to realm.[[Intrinsics]].[[%Function.prototype%]].
@@ -520,7 +513,7 @@ pub fn create_builtin_function(
     // 13. Return func.
     agent.heap.create(BuiltinFunctionHeapData {
         behaviour,
-        initial_name: Some(initial_name),
+        initial_name: Some(initial_name.unbind()),
         // 10. Perform SetFunctionLength(func, length).
         length: args.length as u8,
         // 8. Set func.[[Realm]] to realm.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
index 9b70884b0..eb249f590 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct AsyncFunctionConstructor;
 impl Builtin for AsyncFunctionConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AsyncFunction;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AsyncFunction;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ impl AsyncFunctionConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
index f25644d54..c71661a57 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ impl AwaitReactionIdentifier {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         reaction_type: PromiseReactionType,
         value: Value,
     ) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
index 8a6303e9c..b69e218ff 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct AsyncGeneratorFunctionConstructor;
 impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorFunctionConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AsyncGeneratorFunction;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AsyncGeneratorFunction;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorFunctionConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
index dae355189..fffbb5a08 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AsyncGeneratorPrototype;
 
 struct AsyncGeneratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorPrototypeNext {
 }
 struct AsyncGeneratorPrototypeReturn;
 impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorPrototypeReturn {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorPrototypeReturn {
 }
 struct AsyncGeneratorPrototypeThrow;
 impl Builtin for AsyncGeneratorPrototypeThrow {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
     fn r#return(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
     fn throw(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
index 56081d8e5..b59011735 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct GeneratorFunctionConstructor;
 impl Builtin for GeneratorFunctionConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.GeneratorFunction;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.GeneratorFunction;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ impl GeneratorFunctionConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
index 35b029527..3bbe94039 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ impl Generator {
         mut self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         value: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
         // 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
@@ -53,6 +52,7 @@ impl Generator {
             }
             GeneratorState::Executing => {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "The generator is currently running",
                 ))
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl Generator {
         // execution context.
         agent.execution_context_stack.push(execution_context);
 
-        let saved = Scoped::new(agent, self);
+        let saved = Scoped::new(agent, gc.nogc(), self);
 
         // 9. Resume the suspended evaluation of genContext using NormalCompletion(value) as the
         // result of the operation that suspended it. Let result be the value returned by the
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ impl Generator {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         value: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
         // 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
@@ -183,6 +182,7 @@ impl Generator {
             }
             GeneratorState::Executing => {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "The generator is currently running",
                 ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
index 98408398e..3d325b119 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) struct GeneratorPrototype;
 
 pub(crate) struct GeneratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for GeneratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GeneratorPrototypeNext {
 }
 pub(crate) struct GeneratorPrototypeReturn;
 impl Builtin for GeneratorPrototypeReturn {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Builtin for GeneratorPrototypeReturn {
 }
 pub(crate) struct GeneratorPrototypeThrow;
 impl Builtin for GeneratorPrototypeThrow {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // GeneratorResume: 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         let Value::Generator(generator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Generator expected",
             ));
@@ -69,8 +69,7 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
 
     fn r#return(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
         // 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         let Value::Generator(generator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Generator expected",
             ));
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
             }
             GeneratorState::Executing => {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "The generator is currently running",
                 ))
@@ -124,13 +125,13 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
     fn throw(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // GeneratorResumeAbrupt: 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         let Value::Generator(generator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Generator expected",
             ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
index d58863201..0a4b0b19c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ pub(crate) struct AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype::next);
 }
 struct AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeReturn;
 impl Builtin for AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeReturn {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#return;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype::r#return);
 }
 struct AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeThrow;
 impl Builtin for AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototypeThrow {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.throw;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype::throw);
 }
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
     fn r#return(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -57,7 +55,6 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
     fn throw(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
index 99b96e3d2..461387dae 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AsyncIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct AsyncIteratorPrototypeIterator;
 impl Builtin for AsyncIteratorPrototypeIterator {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_asyncIterator_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_asyncIterator_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::AsyncIterator.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(AsyncIteratorPrototype::iterator);
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ impl AsyncIteratorPrototype {
     fn iterator(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
index 2aeda82ec..a62e87d4c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct IteratorPrototype;
 
 struct IteratorPrototypeIterator;
 impl Builtin for IteratorPrototypeIterator {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_iterator_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_iterator_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Iterator.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(IteratorPrototype::iterator);
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ impl IteratorPrototype {
     fn iterator(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
index ce6e39c7b..0031fe54e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ impl PromiseCapability {
             // a. Let selfResolutionError be a newly created TypeError object.
             // b. Perform RejectPromise(promise, selfResolutionError).
             let exception = agent.create_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Tried to resolve a promise with itself.",
             );
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_reaction_records.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_reaction_records.rs
index 72cd5c94a..aa150901e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_reaction_records.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_reaction_records.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub struct PromiseReactionRecord {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct PromiseReaction(BaseIndex<PromiseReactionRecord>);
+pub struct PromiseReaction(BaseIndex<'static, PromiseReactionRecord>);
 
 impl PromiseReaction {
     pub(crate) const fn get_index(self) -> usize {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
index e2f6a99a1..9f11fff67 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ pub struct PromiseResolvingFunctionHeapData {
     pub(crate) resolve_type: PromiseResolvingFunctionType,
 }
 
-pub(crate) type BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<PromiseResolvingFunctionHeapData>;
+pub(crate) type BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunctionIndex =
+    BaseIndex<'static, PromiseResolvingFunctionHeapData>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(pub(crate) BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunctionIndex);
@@ -120,7 +121,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         function_internal_get_own_property(self, agent, property_key)
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -151,7 +149,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -162,7 +159,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -174,7 +170,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_delete(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -192,7 +187,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
index 1bf72e774..8d2b654e2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use super::promise_abstract_operations::{
 
 pub(crate) struct PromiseConstructor;
 impl Builtin for PromiseConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Promise;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Promise;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -47,55 +47,55 @@ struct PromiseAll;
 impl Builtin for PromiseAll {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::all);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.all;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.all;
 }
 struct PromiseAllSettled;
 impl Builtin for PromiseAllSettled {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::all_settled);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.allSettled;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.allSettled;
 }
 struct PromiseAny;
 impl Builtin for PromiseAny {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::any);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.any;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.any;
 }
 struct PromiseRace;
 impl Builtin for PromiseRace {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::race);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.race;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.race;
 }
 struct PromiseReject;
 impl Builtin for PromiseReject {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::reject);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reject;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reject;
 }
 struct PromiseResolve;
 impl Builtin for PromiseResolve {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::resolve);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.resolve;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.resolve;
 }
 struct PromiseTry;
 impl Builtin for PromiseTry {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::r#try);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#try;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#try;
 }
 struct PromiseWithResolvers;
 impl Builtin for PromiseWithResolvers {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::with_resolvers);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.withResolvers;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.withResolvers;
 }
 struct PromiseGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for PromiseGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromiseConstructor::get_species);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for PromiseGetSpecies {}
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -112,6 +111,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Promise Constructor requires 'new'",
             ));
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         // TODO: Callable proxies
         let Ok(executor) = Function::try_from(args.get(0)) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a callable value",
             ));
@@ -186,7 +187,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn all(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn all_settled(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -205,7 +204,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn any(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -214,7 +212,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn race(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -224,7 +221,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn reject(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -253,7 +249,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn resolve(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -271,7 +266,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn r#try(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -279,6 +273,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         // 2. If C is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_constructor(agent, this_value).is_none() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Expected the this value to be a constructor.",
             ));
@@ -323,14 +318,14 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
 
     fn with_resolvers(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // Step 2 will throw if `this_value` is not a constructor.
         if is_constructor(agent, this_value).is_none() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Expected the this value to be a constructor.",
             ));
@@ -394,7 +389,6 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
index ad8d9b718..4e9d0c785 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ pub(crate) struct PromisePrototype;
 
 struct PromisePrototypeCatch;
 impl Builtin for PromisePrototypeCatch {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.catch;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.catch;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromisePrototype::catch);
 }
 struct PromisePrototypeFinally;
 impl Builtin for PromisePrototypeFinally {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.finally;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.finally;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromisePrototype::finally);
 }
 struct PromisePrototypeThen;
 impl Builtin for PromisePrototypeThen {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.then;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.then;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(PromisePrototype::then);
 }
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
     fn catch(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
     fn finally(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -86,8 +84,7 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
 
     fn then(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -95,6 +92,7 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
         // 2. If IsPromise(promise) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Value::Promise(promise) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "'this' is not a promise",
             ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
index a26cacc70..af729b234 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl From<DataViewIndex> for DataView {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoBaseIndex<DataViewHeapData> for DataView {
+impl IntoBaseIndex<'_, DataViewHeapData> for DataView {
     fn into_base_index(self) -> DataViewIndex {
         self.0
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
index 65e56948b..4f0850622 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ pub(crate) fn is_view_out_of_bounds(
 /// retrieve values from the view's buffer.
 pub(crate) fn get_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     view: Value,
     request_index: Value,
     // 4. Set isLittleEndian to ToBoolean(isLittleEndian).
@@ -173,10 +173,10 @@ pub(crate) fn get_view_value<T: Viewable>(
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(view, [[DataView]]).
     // 2. Assert: view has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
-    let view = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, view)?;
+    let view = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, gc.nogc(), view)?;
 
     // 3. Let getIndex be ? ToIndex(requestIndex).
-    let get_index = to_index(agent, gc, request_index)? as usize;
+    let get_index = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), request_index)? as usize;
     // 5. Let viewOffset be view.[[ByteOffset]].
     let view_offset = view.byte_offset(agent);
 
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     // 8. If IsViewOutOfBounds(viewRecord) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
     if is_view_out_of_bounds(agent, &view_record) {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "DataView is out of bounds",
         ));
@@ -201,6 +202,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     // 11. If getIndex + elementSize > viewSize, throw a RangeError exception.
     if get_index + element_size > view_size {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::RangeError,
             "Index out of bounds",
         ));
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_view_value<T: Viewable>(
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(view, [[DataView]]).
     // 2. Assert: view has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
-    let view = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, view)?;
+    let view = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, gc.nogc(), view)?;
 
     // 3. Let getIndex be ? ToIndex(requestIndex).
     let get_index = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), request_index)? as usize;
@@ -262,6 +264,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     // 10. If IsViewOutOfBounds(viewRecord) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
     if is_view_out_of_bounds(agent, &view_record) {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "DataView is out of bounds",
         ));
@@ -275,6 +278,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     // 13. If getIndex + elementSize > viewSize, throw a RangeError exception.
     if get_index + element_size > view_size {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::RangeError,
             "Index out of bounds",
         ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
index 4d4309433..3e901e822 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use oxc_ast::ast::{FormalParameters, FunctionBody};
 use oxc_ecmascript::IsSimpleParameterList;
 use oxc_span::Span;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::type_conversion::to_object,
@@ -345,7 +345,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         function_internal_get_own_property(self, agent, property_key)
@@ -355,7 +354,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -366,7 +364,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -376,7 +373,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -387,7 +383,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -399,7 +394,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_delete(self, agent, gc, property_key)
@@ -424,7 +418,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_argument: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList<'_>,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -450,6 +443,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
             // a. Let error be a newly created TypeError object.
             // b. NOTE: error is created in calleeContext with F's associated Realm Record.
             let error = agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "class constructors must be invoked with 'new'",
             );
@@ -462,7 +456,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         let EnvironmentIndex::Function(local_env) = local_env else {
             panic!("localEnv is not a Function Environment Record");
         };
-        ordinary_call_bind_this(agent, self, local_env, this_argument);
+        ordinary_call_bind_this(agent, gc.nogc(), self, local_env, this_argument);
         // 6. Let result be Completion(OrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F, argumentsList)).
         let result = ordinary_call_evaluate_body(agent, gc, self, arguments_list);
         // 7. Remove calleeContext from the execution context stack and restore callerContext as the running execution context.
@@ -478,7 +472,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -519,6 +512,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
             // a. Perform OrdinaryCallBindThis(F, calleeContext, thisArgument).
             ordinary_call_bind_this(
                 agent,
+                gc.nogc(),
                 self,
                 constructor_env,
                 this_argument.unwrap().into_value(),
@@ -553,14 +547,15 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction {
         if !value.is_undefined() {
             let message = format!(
                 "derived class constructor returned invalid value {}",
-                value.string_repr(agent, gc).as_str(agent)
+                value.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow()).as_str(agent)
             );
-            let message = String::from_string(agent, message);
+            let message = String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), message);
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, message))
         } else {
             // 12. Let thisBinding be ? constructorEnv.GetThisBinding().
             // 13. Assert: thisBinding is an Object.
-            let Ok(this_binding) = Object::try_from(constructor_env.get_this_binding(agent)?)
+            let Ok(this_binding) =
+                Object::try_from(constructor_env.get_this_binding(agent, gc.nogc())?)
             else {
                 unreachable!();
             };
@@ -629,6 +624,7 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_for_ordinary_call(
 /// truly used for.
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_bind_this(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     f: ECMAScriptFunction,
     local_env: FunctionEnvironmentIndex,
     this_argument: Value,
@@ -660,7 +656,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_bind_this(
         } else {
             // b. Else,
             // i. Let thisValue be ! ToObject(thisArgument).
-            to_object(agent, this_argument).unwrap().into_value()
+            to_object(agent, gc, this_argument).unwrap().into_value()
             // ii. NOTE: ToObject produces wrapper objects using calleeRealm.
         }
     };
@@ -671,7 +667,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_bind_this(
         ThisBindingStatus::Initialized
     );
     // 9. Perform ! localEnv.BindThisValue(thisValue).
-    local_env.bind_this_value(agent, this_value).unwrap();
+    local_env.bind_this_value(agent, gc, this_value).unwrap();
     // 10. Return UNUSED.
 }
 
@@ -684,7 +680,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_bind_this(
 pub(crate) fn evaluate_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -755,7 +750,6 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_body(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_evaluate_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     f: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -777,6 +771,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_evaluate_body(
 /// the syntactic definition of the function to be created.
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_function_create<'agent, 'program>(
     agent: &'agent mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     params: OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams<'agent, 'program>,
 ) -> ECMAScriptFunction {
     let (source_code, outer_env_is_strict) = if let Some(source_code) = params.source_code {
@@ -876,7 +871,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_function_create<'agent, 'program>(
         .filter(|par| !par.pattern.kind.is_assignment_pattern())
         .count();
     // 22. Perform SetFunctionLength(F, len).
-    set_ecmascript_function_length(agent, &mut function, len).unwrap();
+    set_ecmascript_function_length(agent, gc, &mut function, len).unwrap();
     // 23. Return F.
     agent.heap.create(function)
 }
@@ -974,6 +969,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_method(agent: &mut Agent, f: ECMAScriptFunction, home_object:
 /// prefix (a String) and returns UNUSED. It adds a "name" property to F.
 pub(crate) fn set_function_name(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     function: impl IntoFunction,
     name: PropertyKey,
     _prefix: Option<String>,
@@ -989,14 +985,14 @@ pub(crate) fn set_function_name(
                 .descriptor
                 .map_or(String::EMPTY_STRING, |descriptor| {
                     let descriptor = descriptor.as_str(agent);
-                    String::from_string(agent, format!("[{}]", descriptor))
+                    String::from_string(agent, gc, format!("[{}]", descriptor))
                 })
         }
         // TODO: Private Name
         // 3. Else if name is a Private Name, then
         // a. Set name to name.[[Description]].
         PropertyKey::Integer(integer) => {
-            String::from_string(agent, format!("{}", integer.into_i64()))
+            String::from_string(agent, gc, format!("{}", integer.into_i64()))
         }
         PropertyKey::SmallString(str) => str.into(),
         PropertyKey::String(str) => str.into(),
@@ -1012,7 +1008,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_function_name(
             // with a non-default prototype. In that case, object_index is
             // already set.
             assert!(function.name.is_none());
-            function.name = Some(name);
+            function.name = Some(name.unbind());
         }
         Function::BuiltinFunction(_idx) => unreachable!(),
         Function::ECMAScriptFunction(idx) => {
@@ -1020,7 +1016,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_function_name(
             // 1. Assert: F is an extensible object that does not have a "name" own property.
             assert!(function.name.is_none());
             // 6. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "name", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: name, [[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: true }).
-            function.name = Some(name);
+            function.name = Some(name.unbind());
             // 7. Return UNUSED.
         }
         Function::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => todo!(),
@@ -1034,6 +1030,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_function_name(
 /// ### [10.2.10 SetFunctionLength ( F, length )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-setfunctionlength)
 fn set_ecmascript_function_length(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     function: &mut ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData,
     length: usize,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -1042,6 +1039,7 @@ fn set_ecmascript_function_length(
     // 2. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "length", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: 𝔽(length), [[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: true }).
     if length > u8::MAX as usize {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             SyntaxError,
             "Too many arguments in function call (only 255 allowed)",
         ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
index 4a5657fe6..146b33b99 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
@@ -139,7 +138,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         todo!();
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -160,7 +157,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
@@ -170,7 +166,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -181,7 +176,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _value: Value,
         _receiver: Value,
@@ -193,7 +187,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
index 9ed87575c..9d664f2a8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<crate::ecmascript::types::PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -220,7 +218,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error/data.rs
index 544e1ef88..349ae80b9 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error/data.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,17 @@ use crate::{
 pub struct ErrorHeapData {
     pub(crate) object_index: Option<OrdinaryObject>,
     pub(crate) kind: ExceptionType,
-    pub(crate) message: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) message: Option<String<'static>>,
     pub(crate) cause: Option<Value>,
     // TODO: stack? name?
 }
 
 impl ErrorHeapData {
-    pub(crate) fn new(kind: ExceptionType, message: Option<String>, cause: Option<Value>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        kind: ExceptionType,
+        message: Option<String<'static>>,
+        cause: Option<Value>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             object_index: None,
             kind,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
index a13c0b6a1..639141d01 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::heap::IntrinsicConstructorIndexes;
 pub(crate) struct BooleanConstructor;
 
 impl Builtin for BooleanConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Boolean;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Boolean;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ impl BooleanConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
index c7e16d5db..680de11f6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ use crate::{
         execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult, RealmIdentifier},
         types::{String, Value, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY},
     },
-    engine::context::GcScope,
+    engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
 };
 
 pub(crate) struct BooleanPrototype;
 
 struct BooleanPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for BooleanPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl Builtin for BooleanPrototypeToString {
 
 struct BooleanPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for BooleanPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ impl Builtin for BooleanPrototypeValueOf {
 impl BooleanPrototype {
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let b = this_boolean_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let b = this_boolean_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         if b {
             Ok(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#true.into())
         } else {
@@ -55,12 +54,11 @@ impl BooleanPrototype {
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        this_boolean_value(agent, this_value).map(|result| result.into())
+        this_boolean_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|result| result.into())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ impl BooleanPrototype {
 /// The abstract operation ThisBooleanValue takes argument value (an
 /// ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal completion
 /// containing a Boolean or a throw completion.
-fn this_boolean_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<bool> {
+fn this_boolean_value(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. If value is a Boolean, return value.
     if let Value::Boolean(value) = value {
         return Ok(value);
@@ -111,6 +109,7 @@ fn this_boolean_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<bool> {
     }
     // 3. Throw a TypeError exception.
     Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+        gc,
         ExceptionType::TypeError,
         "Not a Boolean or Boolean object",
     ))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
index 42313ff0d..b46f53951 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct AggregateErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for AggregateErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AggregateError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.AggregateError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl AggregateErrorConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
index 044af778e..2f5f93ac8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::heap::IntrinsicConstructorIndexes;
 pub(crate) struct ErrorConstructor;
 
 impl Builtin for ErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Error;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Error;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -57,7 +56,11 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
         // 3. If message is not undefined, then
         let message = if !message.is_undefined() {
             // a. Let msg be ? ToString(message).
-            Some(to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), message)?)
+            Some(
+                to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), message)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+            )
         } else {
             None
         };
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
         )?;
         let o = Error::try_from(o).unwrap();
         // b. Perform CreateNonEnumerableDataPropertyOrThrow(O, "message", msg).
+        let message = message.map(|message| message.get(agent));
         let heap_data = &mut agent[o];
         heap_data.kind = ExceptionType::Error;
         heap_data.message = message;
@@ -100,7 +104,6 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
 pub(super) fn get_error_cause(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     options: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
     let Ok(options) = Object::try_from(options) else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
index 779cff91e..1e21c688a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ErrorPrototype;
 struct ErrorPrototypeToString;
 
 impl Builtin for ErrorPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ impl ErrorPrototype {
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ impl ErrorPrototype {
         // 2. If O is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "'this' is not an object",
             ));
@@ -52,19 +52,37 @@ impl ErrorPrototype {
         )?;
         // 4. If name is undefined, set name to "Error"; otherwise set name to ? ToString(name).
         let name = if name.is_undefined() {
-            BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Error
+            None
         } else {
-            to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), name)?
+            Some(
+                to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), name)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+            )
         };
         // 5. Let msg be ? Get(O, "message").
         let key = PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.message);
         let msg = get(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, key)?;
         // 6. If msg is undefined, set msg to the empty String; otherwise set msg to ? ToString(msg).
         let msg = if msg.is_undefined() {
-            String::EMPTY_STRING
+            None
         } else {
-            to_string(agent, gc, msg)?
+            Some(
+                to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), msg)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+            )
         };
+        // No more GC can be triggered.
+        let gc = gc.nogc();
+        // 6. If msg is undefined, set msg to the empty String
+        let msg = msg
+            .map_or(String::EMPTY_STRING, |msg| msg.get(agent))
+            .bind(gc);
+        // 4. If name is undefined, set name to "Error"
+        let name = name
+            .map_or(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Error, |name| name.get(agent))
+            .bind(gc);
         if name.is_empty_string() {
             // 7. If name is the empty String, return msg.
             Ok(msg.into_value())
@@ -74,7 +92,7 @@ impl ErrorPrototype {
         } else {
             // 9. Return the string-concatenation of name, the code unit 0x003A (COLON), the code unit 0x0020 (SPACE), and msg.
             let result = format!("{}: {}", name.as_str(agent), msg.as_str(agent));
-            Ok(String::from_string(agent, result).into_value())
+            Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc, result).into_value())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
index 19f89ebc0..bb5ed56ad 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use super::error_constructor::get_error_cause;
 
 struct EvalErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for EvalErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.EvalError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.EvalError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for EvalErrorConstructor {
 }
 struct RangeErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for RangeErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.RangeError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.RangeError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for RangeErrorConstructor {
 }
 struct ReferenceErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for ReferenceErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ReferenceError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ReferenceError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for ReferenceErrorConstructor {
 }
 struct SyntaxErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for SyntaxErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.SyntaxError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.SyntaxError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for SyntaxErrorConstructor {
 }
 struct TypeErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for TypeErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.TypeError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.TypeError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for TypeErrorConstructor {
 }
 struct URIErrorConstructor;
 impl Builtin for URIErrorConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.URIError;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.URIError;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         error_kind: ExceptionType,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -126,13 +125,18 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
             intrinsic,
         )?;
         let msg = if !message.is_undefined() {
-            Some(to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), message)?)
+            Some(
+                to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), message)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+            )
         } else {
             None
         };
         let cause = get_error_cause(agent, gc.reborrow(), options)?;
         let o = Error::try_from(o).unwrap();
         // b. Perform CreateNonEnumerableDataPropertyOrThrow(O, "message", msg).
+        let msg = msg.map(|msg| msg.get(agent));
         let heap_data = &mut agent[o];
         heap_data.kind = error_kind;
         heap_data.message = msg;
@@ -143,7 +147,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn eval_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -154,7 +157,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn range_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -165,7 +167,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn reference_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -182,7 +183,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn syntax_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn type_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -204,7 +203,6 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
     fn uri_behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
index 7f7ce2273..1b2acfdd9 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 use oxc_span::SourceType;
 
-use crate::heap::IntrinsicConstructorIndexes;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
+        abstract_operations::type_conversion::{to_string, to_string_primitive},
         builders::builtin_function_builder::BuiltinFunctionBuilder,
         builtins::{
             make_constructor, ordinary::get_prototype_from_constructor, ordinary_function_create,
@@ -18,15 +18,19 @@ use crate::{
             RealmIdentifier,
         },
         scripts_and_modules::source_code::SourceCode,
-        types::{Function, IntoObject, IntoValue, Object, String, Value, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY},
+        types::{
+            Function, IntoObject, IntoValue, Object, Primitive, String, Value,
+            BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY,
+        },
     },
     engine::context::GcScope,
+    heap::IntrinsicConstructorIndexes,
 };
 
 pub(crate) struct FunctionConstructor;
 
 impl Builtin for FunctionConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Function;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Function;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -40,7 +44,6 @@ impl FunctionConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -87,6 +90,7 @@ impl FunctionConstructor {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) enum DynamicFunctionKind {
     Normal,
     Generator,
@@ -124,7 +128,6 @@ impl DynamicFunctionKind {
 pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     constructor: Function,
     kind: DynamicFunctionKind,
     parameter_args: &[Value],
@@ -136,27 +139,73 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
         .host_ensure_can_compile_strings(agent.current_realm_mut())?;
 
     let source_string = {
-        // format!("{} anonymous({}\n) {{\n{}\n}}", kind.prefix(), parameters, body_arg)
-        let parameter_strings = parameter_args
-            .iter()
-            .map(|param| param.to_string(agent, gc.reborrow()))
-            .collect::<JsResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
-        let body_string = body_arg.to_string(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let parameter_strings_vec;
+        let parameter_strings_slice;
+        let body_string;
+        if body_arg.is_string() && parameter_args.iter().all(|arg| arg.is_string()) {
+            body_string = String::try_from(body_arg).unwrap().bind(gc.nogc());
+            parameter_strings_slice =
+                // Safety: All the strings were checked to be strings.
+                unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&[Value], &[String<'_>]>(parameter_args) };
+        } else if body_arg.is_primitive() && parameter_args.iter().all(|arg| arg.is_primitive()) {
+            // We don't need to call JavaScript here. Nice.
+            let gc = gc.nogc();
+            let mut parameter_strings = Vec::with_capacity(parameter_args.len());
+            for param in parameter_args {
+                parameter_strings.push(to_string_primitive(
+                    agent,
+                    gc,
+                    Primitive::try_from(*param).unwrap(),
+                )?);
+            }
+            parameter_strings_vec = parameter_strings;
+            parameter_strings_slice = &parameter_strings_vec;
+            body_string =
+                to_string_primitive(agent, gc, Primitive::try_from(body_arg).unwrap())?.bind(gc);
+        } else {
+            // Some of the parameters are non-primitives. This means we'll be
+            // calling into JavaScript during this work.
+            let mut parameter_string_roots = Vec::with_capacity(parameter_args.len());
+            for param in parameter_args {
+                // Each parameter has to be rooted in case the next parameter
+                // or the body argument is the one that calls to JavaScript.
+                parameter_string_roots.push(
+                    to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), *param)?
+                        .unbind()
+                        .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+                );
+            }
+            let body_string_unbound = body_arg.to_string(agent, gc.reborrow())?.unbind();
+            // We've done all our potential JavaScript calling: Now we rest.
+            let gc = gc.nogc();
+            body_string = body_string_unbound.bind(gc);
+            let parameter_strings = parameter_string_roots
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|param_root| param_root.get(agent).bind(gc))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let mut str_len = kind.prefix().len() + body_string.len(agent) + 18;
-        if !parameter_strings.is_empty() {
-            // Separated by a single comma character
-            str_len += parameter_strings
-                .iter()
-                .map(|str| str.len(agent) + 1)
-                .sum::<usize>()
-                - 1;
+            parameter_strings_vec = parameter_strings;
+            parameter_strings_slice = &parameter_strings_vec;
         }
 
+        // format!("{} anonymous({}\n) {{\n{}\n}}", kind.prefix(), parameters, body_arg)
+        let str_len = kind.prefix().len()
+            + 18
+            + body_string.len(agent)
+            + if !parameter_strings_slice.is_empty() {
+                // Separated by a single comma character
+                parameter_strings_slice
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|str| str.len(agent) + 1)
+                    .sum::<usize>()
+                    - 1
+            } else {
+                0
+            };
         let mut string = std::string::String::with_capacity(str_len);
         string.push_str(kind.prefix());
         string.push_str(" anonymous(");
-        for (i, parameter) in parameter_strings.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, parameter) in parameter_strings_slice.iter().enumerate() {
             if i != 0 {
                 string.push(',');
             }
@@ -165,9 +214,10 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
         string.push_str("\n) {\n");
         string.push_str(body_string.as_str(agent));
         string.push_str("\n}");
+
         debug_assert_eq!(string.len(), str_len);
 
-        String::from_string(agent, string)
+        String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), string)
     };
 
     // The spec says to parse the parameters and the function body separately to
@@ -183,7 +233,8 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
         // GC'd before the program is dropped. If this function returns
         // successfully, then the program's AST and the SourceCode will both be
         // kept alive in the returned function object.
-        let parsed_result = unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, source_string, source_type) };
+        let parsed_result =
+            unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, gc.nogc(), source_string, source_type) };
 
         if let Ok((program, sc)) = parsed_result {
             source_code = Some(sc);
@@ -221,6 +272,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
                 );
             }
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
                 "Invalid function source text.",
             ));
@@ -230,7 +282,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
     let params = OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams {
         function_prototype: get_prototype_from_constructor(
             agent,
-            gc,
+            gc.reborrow(),
             constructor,
             kind.intrinsic_prototype(),
         )?,
@@ -245,10 +297,11 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function(
         env: EnvironmentIndex::Global(agent.current_realm().global_env.unwrap()),
         private_env: None,
     };
-    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
 
     set_function_name(
         agent,
+        gc.nogc(),
         f,
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.anonymous.to_property_key(),
         None,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
index 3ac701fce..80b199f70 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct FunctionPrototype;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototype {
-    const NAME: String = String::EMPTY_STRING;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = String::EMPTY_STRING;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for FunctionPrototype {
 
 struct FunctionPrototypeApply;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeApply {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.apply;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.apply;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeApply {
 
 struct FunctionPrototypeBind;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeBind {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.bind;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.bind;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeBind {
 
 struct FunctionPrototypeCall;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeCall {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.call;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.call;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeCall {
 
 struct FunctionPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeToString {
 
 struct FunctionPrototypeHasInstance;
 impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeHasInstance {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_hasInstance_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_hasInstance_;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::HasInstance.to_property_key());
 
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
     fn apply(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -114,6 +113,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         let Some(func) = is_callable(this_value) else {
             // 2. If IsCallable(func) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a callable value",
             ));
@@ -149,7 +149,6 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
     fn bind(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -160,6 +159,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         // 2. If IsCallable(Target) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(target) = is_callable(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Cannot bind a non-callable object",
             ));
@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         // 10. Perform SetFunctionName(F, targetName, "bound").
         set_function_name(
             agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             f,
             target_name.into(),
             Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.bound),
@@ -248,12 +249,12 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
     fn call(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let Some(func) = is_callable(this_value) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a callable value",
             ));
@@ -266,8 +267,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
 
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         let Ok(func) = Function::try_from(this_value) else {
             // 5. Throw a TypeError exception.
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a callable value",
             ));
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
                 let source_text = data.source_code.get_source_text(agent)
                     [(span.start as usize)..(span.end as usize)]
                     .to_string();
-                Ok(Value::from_string(agent, source_text))
+                Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), source_text))
             }
             // 4. If func is an Object and IsCallable(func) is true, return an
             // implementation-defined String source code representation of func.
@@ -317,16 +318,19 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
                         }
                     },
                 );
-                Ok(Value::from_string(agent, initial_name))
+                Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), initial_name))
             }
             Function::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => todo!(),
-            Function::BuiltinConstructorFunction(_) => {
-                Ok(Value::from_static_str(agent, "class { [ native code ] }"))
-            }
+            Function::BuiltinConstructorFunction(_) => Ok(Value::from_static_str(
+                agent,
+                gc.nogc(),
+                "class { [ native code ] }",
+            )),
             Function::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(_) => {
                 // Promise resolving functions have no initial name.
                 Ok(Value::from_static_str(
                     agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     "function () { [ native code ] }",
                 ))
             }
@@ -342,7 +346,6 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
     fn has_instance(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
 
 struct ThrowTypeError;
 impl Builtin for ThrowTypeError {
-    const NAME: String = String::EMPTY_STRING;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = String::EMPTY_STRING;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -410,12 +413,11 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for ThrowTypeError {
 impl ThrowTypeError {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         _: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed on strict mode functions or the arguments objects for calls to them"))
+        Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(gc.nogc(),ExceptionType::TypeError, "'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed on strict mode functions or the arguments objects for calls to them"))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
index 3f18af122..9cb3f2763 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub(crate) struct ObjectConstructor;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Object;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Object;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for ObjectConstructor {
 struct ObjectAssign;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectAssign {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.assign;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.assign;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectAssign {
 struct ObjectCreate;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectCreate {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.create;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.create;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectCreate {
 struct ObjectDefineProperties;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectDefineProperties {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperties;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperties;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectDefineProperties {
 struct ObjectDefineProperty;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectDefineProperty {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperty;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperty;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectDefineProperty {
 struct ObjectEntries;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectEntries {
 struct ObjectFreeze;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectFreeze {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.freeze;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.freeze;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectFreeze {
 struct ObjectFromEntries;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectFromEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromEntries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromEntries;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectFromEntries {
 struct ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor {
 struct ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptors {
 struct ObjectGetOwnPropertyNames;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyNames {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyNames;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyNames;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertyNames {
 struct ObjectGetOwnPropertySymbols;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertySymbols {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertySymbols;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertySymbols;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGetOwnPropertySymbols {
 struct ObjectGetPrototypeOf;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGetPrototypeOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getPrototypeOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getPrototypeOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGetPrototypeOf {
 struct ObjectGroupBy;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectGroupBy {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.groupBy;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.groupBy;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectGroupBy {
 struct ObjectHasOwn;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectHasOwn {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hasOwn;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hasOwn;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectHasOwn {
 struct ObjectIs;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectIs {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.is;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.is;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectIs {
 struct ObjectIsExtensible;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectIsExtensible {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isExtensible;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isExtensible;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectIsExtensible {
 struct ObjectIsFrozen;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectIsFrozen {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFrozen;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFrozen;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectIsFrozen {
 struct ObjectIsSealed;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectIsSealed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isSealed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isSealed;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectIsSealed {
 struct ObjectKeys;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectKeys {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectKeys {
 struct ObjectPreventExtensions;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectPreventExtensions {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.preventExtensions;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.preventExtensions;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectPreventExtensions {
 struct ObjectSeal;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectSeal {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.seal;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.seal;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectSeal {
 struct ObjectSetPrototypeOf;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectSetPrototypeOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setPrototypeOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setPrototypeOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectSetPrototypeOf {
 struct ObjectValues;
 
 impl Builtin for ObjectValues {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -262,7 +262,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             )
         } else {
             // 3. Return ! ToObject(value).
-            Ok(to_object(agent, value).unwrap().into_value())
+            Ok(to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), value).unwrap().into_value())
         }
     }
 
@@ -304,13 +303,12 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn assign(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let to be ? ToObject(target).
-        let to = to_object(agent, target)?;
+        let to = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), target)?;
         // 2. If only one argument was passed, return to.
         if arguments.len() <= 1 {
             return Ok(to.into_value());
@@ -323,7 +321,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 continue;
             }
             // i. Let from be ! ToObject(nextSource).
-            let from = to_object(agent, *next_source)?;
+            let from = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), *next_source)?;
             // ii. Let keys be ? from.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
             let keys = from.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
             // iii. For each element nextKey of keys, do
@@ -350,7 +348,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn create(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -364,7 +361,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 "{} is not an object or null",
                 o.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         let properties = arguments.get(1);
         if properties != Value::Undefined {
@@ -380,7 +377,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn define_properties(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -392,7 +388,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 "{} is not an object",
                 o.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 2. Return ? ObjectDefineProperties(O, Properties).
         let result = object_define_properties(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, properties)?;
@@ -406,7 +402,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn define_property(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -419,7 +414,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 "{} is not an object",
                 o.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(P).
         let key = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), p)?;
@@ -434,26 +429,24 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. Let entryList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, KEY+VALUE).
         let entry_list = enumerable_own_properties::<
             enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateKeysAndValues,
         >(agent, gc.reborrow(), obj)?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(entryList).
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &entry_list).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &entry_list).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [20.1.2.6 Object.freeze ( O )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-object.freeze)
     fn freeze(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -467,6 +460,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         if !status {
             // 3. If status is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Could not freeze object",
             ))
@@ -480,7 +474,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn from_entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -577,7 +570,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             }
         }
         // 1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(iterable).
-        require_object_coercible(agent, iterable)?;
+        require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), iterable)?;
         // 2. Let obj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
         let obj =
             ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
@@ -600,14 +593,13 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn get_own_property_descriptor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let p = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(P).
         let key = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), p)?;
         // 3. Let desc be ? obj.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
@@ -621,13 +613,12 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn get_own_property_descriptors(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. Let ownKeys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
         let own_keys = obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
 
@@ -660,39 +651,36 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn get_own_property_names(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Return CreateArrayFromList(? GetOwnPropertyKeys(O, STRING)).
         let keys = get_own_string_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &keys).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &keys).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [20.1.2.11 Object.getOwnPropertySymbols ( O )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-object.getownpropertysymbols)
     fn get_own_property_symbols(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Return CreateArrayFromList(? GetOwnPropertyKeys(O, SYMBOL)).
         let keys = get_own_symbol_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &keys).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &keys).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [20.1.2.12 Object.getPrototypeOf ( O )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-object.getprototypeof)
     fn get_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let obj = to_object(agent, arguments.get(0))?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), arguments.get(0))?;
         obj.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc)
             .map(|proto| proto.map_or(Value::Null, |proto| proto.into_value()))
     }
@@ -701,7 +689,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn group_by(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -718,7 +705,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 3. For each Record { [[Key]], [[Elements]] } g of groups, do
         for g in groups {
             // a. Let elements be CreateArrayFromList(g.[[Elements]]).
-            let elements = create_array_from_list(agent, &g.elements).into_value();
+            let elements = create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &g.elements).into_value();
 
             // b. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(obj, g.[[Key]], elements).
             create_data_property_or_throw(agent, gc.reborrow(), object, g.key, elements)?;
@@ -731,11 +718,10 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn has_own(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let obj = to_object(agent, arguments.get(0))?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), arguments.get(0))?;
         let key = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(1))?;
         has_own_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), obj, key).map(|result| result.into())
     }
@@ -743,7 +729,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn is(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -753,7 +738,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn is_extensible(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -768,7 +752,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn is_frozen(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -783,7 +766,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn is_sealed(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -799,14 +781,13 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn keys(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         println!("key target: {:?}", o);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. Let keyList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, KEY).
         let key_list = enumerable_own_properties::<enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateKeys>(
             agent,
@@ -814,14 +795,13 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             obj,
         )?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(keyList).
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &key_list).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &key_list).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [20.1.2.20 Object.preventExtensions ( O )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-object.preventextensions)
     fn prevent_extensions(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -835,6 +815,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 3. If status is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !status {
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Could not prevent extensions",
             ))
@@ -848,7 +829,6 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn seal(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -862,6 +842,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         if !status {
             // 3. If status is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Could not seal object",
             ))
@@ -875,14 +856,13 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn set_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let proto = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Set O to ? RequireObjectCoercible(O).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, o)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. If proto is not an Object and proto is not null, throw a TypeError exception.
         let proto = if let Ok(proto) = Object::try_from(proto) {
             Some(proto)
@@ -893,7 +873,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 "{} is not an object or null",
                 proto.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 3. If O is not an Object, return O.
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(o) else {
@@ -904,6 +884,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 5. If status is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !status {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Could not set prototype",
             ));
@@ -915,13 +896,12 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
     fn values(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
         // 2. Let valueList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, VALUE).
         let value_list = enumerable_own_properties::<enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateValues>(
             agent,
@@ -929,7 +909,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             obj,
         )?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(valueList).
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &value_list).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &value_list).into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
@@ -974,12 +954,11 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
 fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: T,
     properties: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
     // 1. Let props be ? ToObject(Properties).
-    let props = to_object(agent, properties)?;
+    let props = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), properties)?;
     // 2. Let keys be ? props.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
     let keys = props.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
     // 3. Let descriptors be a new empty List.
@@ -1033,7 +1012,6 @@ fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
 pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target: OrdinaryObject,
     iterable: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<OrdinaryObject> {
@@ -1055,7 +1033,7 @@ pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries(
                 "Invalid iterator next return value: {} is not an object",
                 next.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            let error = agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message);
+            let error = agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message);
             // ii. Return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, error).
             iterator_close(agent, gc.reborrow(), &iterator_record, Err(error))?;
             return Ok(target);
@@ -1097,11 +1075,10 @@ pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries(
 fn get_own_string_property_keys(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-    let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+    let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
     // 2. Let keys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
     let keys = obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
     // 3. Let nameList be a new empty List.
@@ -1113,7 +1090,7 @@ fn get_own_string_property_keys(
             // i. Append nextKey to nameList.
             PropertyKey::Integer(next_key) => {
                 let next_key = format!("{}", next_key.into_i64());
-                name_list.push(Value::from_string(agent, next_key));
+                name_list.push(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), next_key));
             }
             PropertyKey::SmallString(next_key) => name_list.push(Value::SmallString(next_key)),
             PropertyKey::String(next_key) => name_list.push(Value::String(next_key)),
@@ -1127,11 +1104,10 @@ fn get_own_string_property_keys(
 fn get_own_symbol_property_keys(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-    let obj = to_object(agent, o)?;
+    let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), o)?;
     // 2. Let keys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
     let keys = obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
     // 3. Let nameList be a new empty List.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
index 8677603ec..d148a1269 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ObjectPrototype;
 
 struct ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hasOwnProperty;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hasOwnProperty;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty {
 
 struct ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isPrototypeOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isPrototypeOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf {
 
 struct ObjectPrototypePropertyIsEnumerable;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypePropertyIsEnumerable {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.propertyIsEnumerable;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.propertyIsEnumerable;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypePropertyIsEnumerable {
 
 struct ObjectPrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeToLocaleString {
 
 struct ObjectPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for ObjectPrototypeToString {
 
 struct ObjectPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for ObjectPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -84,19 +84,17 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
     fn has_own_property(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let p = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))?;
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         has_own_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, p).map(|result| result.into())
     }
 
     fn is_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         let Ok(mut v) = Object::try_from(v) else {
             return Ok(false.into());
         };
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         loop {
             let proto = v.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
             if let Some(proto) = proto {
@@ -121,12 +119,11 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
     fn property_is_enumerable(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let p = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))?;
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         let desc = o.internal_get_own_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), p)?;
         if let Some(desc) = desc {
             Ok(desc.enumerable.unwrap_or(false).into())
@@ -138,7 +135,6 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
     fn to_locale_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -150,7 +146,6 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                 PrimitiveObjectData::Symbol(_)
                 | PrimitiveObjectData::BigInt(_)
                 | PrimitiveObjectData::SmallBigInt(_) => {
-                    let o = to_object(agent, this_value).unwrap();
+                    let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).unwrap();
                     let tag = get(
                         agent,
                         gc.reborrow(),
@@ -218,11 +213,11 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                     )?;
                     if let Ok(tag) = String::try_from(tag) {
                         let str = format!("[object {}]", tag.as_str(agent));
-                        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, str))
+                        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), str))
                     } else {
                         let str =
                             format!("[object {}]", BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Object.as_str(agent));
-                        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, str))
+                        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), str))
                     }
                 }
             },
@@ -230,7 +225,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                 // 3. Let O be ! ToObject(this value).
                 // 15. Let tag be ? Get(O, @@toStringTag).
                 // 16. If tag is not a String, set tag to builtinTag.
-                let o = to_object(agent, this_value).unwrap();
+                let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).unwrap();
                 let tag = get(
                     agent,
                     gc.reborrow(),
@@ -239,11 +234,11 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                 )?;
                 if let Ok(tag) = String::try_from(tag) {
                     let str = format!("[object {}]", tag.as_str(agent));
-                    Ok(Value::from_string(agent, str))
+                    Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), str))
                 } else {
                     // 14. Else, let builtinTag be "Object".
                     let str = format!("[object {}]", BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Object.as_str(agent));
-                    Ok(Value::from_string(agent, str))
+                    Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), str))
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -251,12 +246,11 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        to_object(agent, this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
+        to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
index 90f9183a8..9e43f8482 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::heap::WellKnownSymbolIndexes;
 pub(crate) struct SymbolConstructor;
 
 impl Builtin for SymbolConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Symbol;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Symbol;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for SymbolConstructor {
 struct SymbolFor;
 
 impl Builtin for SymbolFor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#for;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#for;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Builtin for SymbolFor {
 struct SymbolKeyFor;
 
 impl Builtin for SymbolKeyFor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keyFor;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keyFor;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ impl Builtin for SymbolKeyFor {
 impl SymbolConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if new_target.is_some() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Symbol is not a constructor",
             ));
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
         let desc_string = if description.is_undefined() {
             None
         } else {
-            Some(to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), description)?)
+            Some(to_string(agent, gc, description)?.unbind())
         };
 
         Ok(agent
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
     fn r#for(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -101,7 +100,6 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
     fn key_for(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
index 566f0d2ce..9331697da 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         builders::ordinary_object_builder::OrdinaryObjectBuilder,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SymbolPrototype;
 
 struct SymbolPrototypeGetDescription;
 impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeGetDescription {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_description;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_description;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.description.to_property_key());
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl BuiltinGetter for SymbolPrototypeGetDescription {}
 
 struct SymbolPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeToString {
 
 struct SymbolPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeValueOf {
 
 struct SymbolPrototypeToPrimitive;
 impl Builtin for SymbolPrototypeToPrimitive {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_toPrimitive_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_toPrimitive_;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToPrimitive.to_property_key());
 
@@ -71,14 +71,13 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
     /// function is undefined.
     fn get_description(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let s be the this value.
         // 2. Let sym be ? ThisSymbolValue(s).
-        let sym = this_symbol_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let sym = this_symbol_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Return sym.[[Description]].
         agent[sym]
             .descriptor
@@ -87,23 +86,21 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
 
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let symb = this_symbol_value(agent, this_value)?;
-        Ok(symbol_descriptive_string(agent, symb).into_value())
+        let symb = this_symbol_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+        Ok(symbol_descriptive_string(agent, gc.nogc(), symb).into_value())
     }
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        this_symbol_value(agent, this_value).map(|res| res.into_value())
+        this_symbol_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|res| res.into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
@@ -177,15 +174,18 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
 }
 
 #[inline(always)]
-fn this_symbol_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Symbol> {
+fn this_symbol_value(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<Symbol> {
     match value {
         Value::Symbol(symbol) => Ok(symbol),
         Value::PrimitiveObject(object) if object.is_symbol_object(agent) => {
             let s: Symbol = agent[object].data.try_into().unwrap();
             Ok(s)
         }
-        _ => Err(agent
-            .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "this is not a symbol")),
+        _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "this is not a symbol",
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -193,7 +193,11 @@ fn this_symbol_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Symbol> {
 ///
 /// The abstract operation SymbolDescriptiveString takes argument sym (a Symbol)
 /// and returns a String.
-fn symbol_descriptive_string(agent: &mut Agent, sym: Symbol) -> String {
+fn symbol_descriptive_string<'gc>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    sym: Symbol,
+) -> String<'gc> {
     // 1. Let desc be sym's [[Description]] value.
     let desc = agent[sym].descriptor;
     // 2. If desc is undefined, set desc to the empty String.
@@ -201,7 +205,7 @@ fn symbol_descriptive_string(agent: &mut Agent, sym: Symbol) -> String {
         // 3. Assert: desc is a String.
         // 4. Return the string-concatenation of "Symbol(", desc, and ")".
         let result = format!("Symbol({})", desc.as_str(agent));
-        String::from_string(agent, result)
+        String::from_string(agent, gc, result)
     } else {
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Symbol__
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
index 009369a3d..8aa5caa64 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ use oxc_ecmascript::BoundNames;
 use oxc_span::SourceType;
 
 use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::{
-    is_trimmable_whitespace, to_int32, to_string,
+    is_trimmable_whitespace, to_int32, to_int32_number, to_number_primitive, to_string,
 };
+use crate::ecmascript::types::Primitive;
 use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) struct GlobalObject;
 
 struct GlobalObjectEval;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectEval {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.eval;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.eval;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::eval);
 }
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectEval {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectIsFinite;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectIsFinite {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFinite;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFinite;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::is_finite);
 }
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectIsFinite {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectIsNaN;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectIsNaN {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isNaN;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isNaN;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::is_nan);
 }
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectIsNaN {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectParseFloat;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectParseFloat {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parseFloat;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parseFloat;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::parse_float);
 }
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectParseFloat {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectParseInt;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectParseInt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parseInt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parseInt;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::parse_int);
 }
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectParseInt {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectDecodeURI;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectDecodeURI {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.decodeURI;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.decodeURI;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::decode_uri);
 }
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectDecodeURI {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectDecodeURIComponent;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectDecodeURIComponent {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.decodeURIComponent;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.decodeURIComponent;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::decode_uri_component);
 }
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectDecodeURIComponent {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectEncodeURI;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectEncodeURI {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.encodeURI;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.encodeURI;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::encode_uri);
 }
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectEncodeURI {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectEncodeURIComponent;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectEncodeURIComponent {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.encodeURIComponent;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.encodeURIComponent;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::encode_uri_component);
 }
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectEncodeURIComponent {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectEscape;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectEscape {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.escape;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.escape;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::escape);
 }
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectEscape {
 }
 struct GlobalObjectUnescape;
 impl Builtin for GlobalObjectUnescape {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unescape;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unescape;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(GlobalObject::unescape);
 }
@@ -147,7 +148,6 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for GlobalObjectUnescape {
 pub fn perform_eval(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     x: Value,
     direct: bool,
     strict_caller: bool,
@@ -219,12 +219,13 @@ pub fn perform_eval(
     // call happens.
     // The Program thus refers to a valid, live Allocator for the duration of
     // this call.
-    let parse_result = unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, x, source_type) };
+    let parse_result = unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, gc.nogc(), x, source_type) };
 
     // b. If script is a List of errors, throw a SyntaxError exception.
     let Ok((script, source_code)) = parse_result else {
         // TODO: Include error messages in the exception.
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
             "Invalid eval source text.",
         ));
@@ -336,7 +337,7 @@ pub fn perform_eval(
 
     // 29. If result is a normal completion, then
     let result = if result.is_ok() {
-        let exe = Executable::compile_eval_body(agent, &script.body);
+        let exe = Executable::compile_eval_body(agent, gc.nogc(), &script.body);
         // a. Set result to Completion(Evaluation of body).
         // 30. If result is a normal completion and result.[[Value]] is empty, then
         // a. Set result to NormalCompletion(undefined).
@@ -368,7 +369,6 @@ pub fn perform_eval(
 pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     script: &Program,
     var_env: EnvironmentIndex,
     lex_env: EnvironmentIndex,
@@ -387,11 +387,12 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
         if let EnvironmentIndex::Global(var_env) = var_env {
             // i. For each element name of varNames, do
             for name in &var_names {
-                let name = String::from_str(agent, name.as_str());
+                let name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), name.as_str());
                 // 1. If varEnv.HasLexicalDeclaration(name) is true, throw a SyntaxError exception.
                 // 2. NOTE: eval will not create a global var declaration that would be shadowed by a global lexical declaration.
                 if var_env.has_lexical_declaration(agent, name) {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
                         format!(
                             "Redeclaration of lexical declaration '{}'",
@@ -413,13 +414,19 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
                 // 1. NOTE: The environment of with statements cannot contain any lexical declaration so it doesn't need to be checked for var/let hoisting conflicts.
                 // 2. For each element name of varNames, do
                 for name in &var_names {
-                    let name = String::from_str(agent, name.as_str());
+                    let name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), name.as_str())
+                        .unbind()
+                        .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
                     // a. If ! thisEnv.HasBinding(name) is true, then
                     // b. NOTE: A direct eval will not hoist var declaration over a like-named lexical declaration.
-                    if this_env.has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), name).unwrap() {
+                    if this_env
+                        .has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), name.get(agent))
+                        .unwrap()
+                    {
                         // i. Throw a SyntaxError exception.
                         // ii. NOTE: Annex B.3.4 defines alternate semantics for the above step.
                         return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
                             ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
                             format!("Redeclaration of variable '{}'", name.as_str(agent)),
                         ));
@@ -479,13 +486,18 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
                 // 1. If varEnv is a Global Environment Record, then
                 if let EnvironmentIndex::Global(var_env) = var_env {
                     // a. Let fnDefinable be ? varEnv.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn).
-                    let function_name = String::from_str(agent, function_name.as_str());
-                    let fn_definable =
-                        var_env.can_declare_global_function(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name)?;
+                    let function_name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), function_name.as_str())
+                        .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                    let fn_definable = var_env.can_declare_global_function(
+                        agent,
+                        gc.reborrow(),
+                        function_name.get(agent),
+                    )?;
 
                     // b. If fnDefinable is false, throw a TypeError exception.
                     if !fn_definable {
                         return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
                             ExceptionType::TypeError,
                             format!(
                                 "Cannot declare global function '{}'.",
@@ -503,7 +515,8 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
     }
 
     // 11. Let declaredVarNames be a new empty List.
-    let mut declared_var_names = AHashSet::default();
+    let mut declared_var_names_strings = AHashSet::with_capacity(var_declarations.len());
+    let mut declared_var_names = Vec::with_capacity(var_declarations.len());
 
     // 12. For each element d of varDeclarations, do
     for d in var_declarations {
@@ -514,31 +527,37 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
             d.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
                 bound_names.push(identifier.name.clone());
             });
-            for vn in bound_names {
+            for vn_string in bound_names {
                 // 1. If declaredFunctionNames does not contain vn, then
-                if !declared_function_names.contains(&vn) {
-                    let vn = String::from_str(agent, vn.as_str());
+                if !declared_function_names.contains(&vn_string) {
+                    let vn = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), vn_string.as_str())
+                        .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
                     // a. If varEnv is a Global Environment Record, then
                     if let EnvironmentIndex::Global(var_env) = var_env {
                         // i. Let vnDefinable be ? varEnv.CanDeclareGlobalVar(vn).
                         let vn_definable =
-                            var_env.can_declare_global_var(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn)?;
+                            var_env.can_declare_global_var(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn.get(agent))?;
                         // ii. If vnDefinable is false, throw a TypeError exception.
                         if !vn_definable {
                             return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                                gc.nogc(),
                                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                                 format!("Cannot declare global variable '{}'.", vn.as_str(agent)),
                             ));
                         }
                     }
                     // b. If declaredVarNames does not contain vn, then
-                    // i. Append vn to declaredVarNames.
-                    declared_var_names.insert(vn);
+                    if declared_var_names_strings.insert(vn_string) {
+                        // i. Append vn to declaredVarNames.
+                        declared_var_names.push(vn);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
+    drop(declared_var_names_strings);
+
     // 13. NOTE: Annex B.3.2.3 adds additional steps at this point.
     // 14. NOTE: No abnormal terminations occur after this algorithm step unless varEnv is a Global Environment Record and the global object is a Proxy exotic object.
 
@@ -551,13 +570,20 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
         let mut bound_names = vec![];
         let mut const_bound_names = vec![];
         let mut closure = |identifier: &BindingIdentifier| {
-            bound_names.push(String::from_str(agent, identifier.name.as_str()));
+            bound_names.push(
+                String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), identifier.name.as_str())
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+            );
         };
         match d {
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) => {
                 if decl.kind == VariableDeclarationKind::Const {
                     decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                        const_bound_names.push(String::from_str(agent, identifier.name.as_str()))
+                        const_bound_names.push(String::from_str(
+                            agent,
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            identifier.name.as_str(),
+                        ))
                     });
                 } else {
                     decl.id.bound_names(&mut closure)
@@ -566,19 +592,19 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Function(decl) => decl.bound_names(&mut closure),
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Class(decl) => decl.bound_names(&mut closure),
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::DefaultExport => {
-                bound_names.push(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._default_)
+                bound_names.push(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._default_.scope(agent, gc.nogc()))
             }
         }
         // b. For each element dn of the BoundNames of d, do
         for dn in const_bound_names {
             // i. If IsConstantDeclaration of d is true, then
             // 1. Perform ? lexEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
-            lex_env.create_immutable_binding(agent, dn, true)?;
+            lex_env.create_immutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), dn, true)?;
         }
         for dn in bound_names {
             // ii. Else,
             // 1. Perform ? lexEnv.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false).
-            lex_env.create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), dn, false)?;
+            lex_env.create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), dn.get(agent), false)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -590,7 +616,6 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
             assert!(function_name.is_none());
             function_name = Some(identifier.name.clone());
         });
-        let function_name = String::from_str(agent, function_name.unwrap().as_str());
 
         // b. Let fo be InstantiateFunctionObject of f with arguments lexEnv and privateEnv.
         let fo =
@@ -598,6 +623,8 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
 
         // c. If varEnv is a Global Environment Record, then
         if let EnvironmentIndex::Global(var_env) = var_env {
+            let function_name =
+                String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), function_name.unwrap().as_str()).unbind();
             // i. Perform ? varEnv.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(fn, fo, true).
             var_env.create_global_function_binding(
                 agent,
@@ -609,8 +636,10 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
         } else {
             // d. Else,
             // i. Let bindingExists be ! varEnv.HasBinding(fn).
+            let function_name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), function_name.unwrap().as_str())
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let binding_exists = var_env
-                .has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name)
+                .has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name.get(agent))
                 .unwrap();
 
             // ii. If bindingExists is false, then
@@ -618,17 +647,17 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
                 // 1. NOTE: The following invocation cannot return an abrupt completion because of the validation preceding step 14.
                 // 2. Perform ! varEnv.CreateMutableBinding(fn, true).
                 var_env
-                    .create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name, true)
+                    .create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name.get(agent), true)
                     .unwrap();
                 // 3. Perform ! varEnv.InitializeBinding(fn, fo).
                 var_env
-                    .initialize_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name, fo)
+                    .initialize_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name.get(agent), fo)
                     .unwrap();
             } else {
                 // iii. Else,
                 // 1. Perform ! varEnv.SetMutableBinding(fn, fo, false).
                 var_env
-                    .set_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name, fo, false)
+                    .set_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name.get(agent), fo, false)
                     .unwrap();
             }
         }
@@ -638,22 +667,24 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
         // a. If varEnv is a Global Environment Record, then
         if let EnvironmentIndex::Global(var_env) = var_env {
             // i. Perform ? varEnv.CreateGlobalVarBinding(vn, true).
-            var_env.create_global_var_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn, true)?;
+            var_env.create_global_var_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn.get(agent), true)?;
         } else {
             // b. Else,
             // i. Let bindingExists be ! varEnv.HasBinding(vn).
-            let binding_exists = var_env.has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn).unwrap();
+            let binding_exists = var_env
+                .has_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn.get(agent))
+                .unwrap();
 
             // ii. If bindingExists is false, then
             if !binding_exists {
                 // 1. NOTE: The following invocation cannot return an abrupt completion because of the validation preceding step 14.
                 // 2. Perform ! varEnv.CreateMutableBinding(vn, true).
                 var_env
-                    .create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn, true)
+                    .create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn.get(agent), true)
                     .unwrap();
                 // 3. Perform ! varEnv.InitializeBinding(vn, undefined).
                 var_env
-                    .initialize_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn, Value::Undefined)
+                    .initialize_binding(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn.get(agent), Value::Undefined)
                     .unwrap();
             }
         }
@@ -670,7 +701,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn eval(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -686,7 +716,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn is_finite(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -708,7 +737,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn is_nan(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -727,7 +755,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn parse_float(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -797,7 +824,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn parse_int(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -822,10 +848,24 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         }
 
         // 1. Let inputString be ? ToString(string).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), string)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), string)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 6. Let R be ℝ(? ToInt32(radix)).
-        let r = to_int32(agent, gc.reborrow(), radix)?;
+        let r = if let Value::Integer(radix) = radix {
+            radix.into_i64() as i32
+        } else if radix.is_undefined() {
+            0
+        } else if let Ok(radix) = Primitive::try_from(radix) {
+            let radix = to_number_primitive(agent, gc.nogc(), radix)?;
+            to_int32_number(agent, radix)
+        } else {
+            let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let radix = to_int32(agent, gc.reborrow(), radix)?;
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+            radix
+        };
 
         // 2. Let S be ! TrimString(inputString, start).
         let s = s.as_str(agent).trim_start_matches(is_trimmable_whitespace);
@@ -961,7 +1001,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn decode_uri(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -970,7 +1009,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn decode_uri_component(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -979,7 +1017,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn encode_uri(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -988,7 +1025,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn encode_uri_component(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -997,7 +1033,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn escape(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1006,7 +1041,6 @@ impl GlobalObject {
     fn unescape(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
index 772d1caf4..782c915d7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub struct ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for ArrayConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Array;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for ArrayConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::Array;
@@ -64,25 +64,25 @@ struct ArrayFrom;
 impl Builtin for ArrayFrom {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayConstructor::from);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.from;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.from;
 }
 struct ArrayIsArray;
 impl Builtin for ArrayIsArray {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayConstructor::is_array);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isArray;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isArray;
 }
 struct ArrayOf;
 impl Builtin for ArrayOf {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayConstructor::of);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.of;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.of;
 }
 struct ArrayGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for ArrayGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayConstructor::get_species);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for ArrayGetSpecies {}
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -118,7 +117,9 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         // 4. If numberOfArgs = 0, then
         if number_of_args == 0 {
             // a. Return ! ArrayCreate(0, proto).
-            return Ok(array_create(agent, 0, 0, proto).unwrap().into_value());
+            return Ok(array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, 0, proto)
+                .unwrap()
+                .into_value());
         }
 
         // 5. Else if numberOfArgs = 1, then
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             // c. If len is not a Number, then
             let array = if !len.is_number() {
                 // b. Let array be ! ArrayCreate(0, proto).
-                let array = array_create(agent, 1, 1, proto).unwrap();
+                let array = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 1, 1, proto).unwrap();
                 // i. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(array, "0", len).
                 create_data_property_or_throw(
                     agent,
@@ -150,11 +151,14 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                 // ii. If SameValueZero(intLen, len) is false, throw a RangeError exception.
                 if !same_value_zero(agent, int_len, len) {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "Invalid array length",
                     ));
                 }
-                let array = array_create(agent, int_len as usize, int_len as usize, proto).unwrap();
+                let array =
+                    array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), int_len as usize, int_len as usize, proto)
+                        .unwrap();
                 // e. Perform ! Set(array, "length", intLen, true).
                 debug_assert_eq!(agent[array].elements.len(), int_len);
                 array
@@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         debug_assert!(number_of_args >= 2);
 
         // b. Let array be ? ArrayCreate(numberOfArgs, proto).
-        let array = array_create(agent, number_of_args, number_of_args, proto)?;
+        let array = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), number_of_args, number_of_args, proto)?;
         // NOTE: `array_create` guarantees that it is less than `u32::MAX`
         let number_of_args = number_of_args as u32;
 
@@ -203,7 +207,6 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
     fn from(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             // a. If IsCallable(mapfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             let Some(mapfn) = is_callable(mapfn) else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "The map function of Array.from is not callable",
                 ));
@@ -247,7 +251,9 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             } else {
                 // b. Else,
                 // i. Let A be ! ArrayCreate(0).
-                array_create(agent, 0, 0, None).unwrap().into_object()
+                array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, 0, None)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .into_object()
             };
 
             // c. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIteratorFromMethod(items, usingIterator).
@@ -264,6 +270,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                 if k >= u32::MAX as usize {
                     // 1. Let error be ThrowCompletion(a newly created TypeError object).
                     let error = agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "Maximum array size of 2**53-1 exceeded",
                     );
@@ -341,7 +348,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
 
         // 6. NOTE: items is not an Iterable so assume it is an array-like object.
         // 7. Let arrayLike be ! ToObject(items).
-        let array_like = to_object(agent, items).unwrap();
+        let array_like = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), items).unwrap();
 
         // 8. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(arrayLike).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), array_like)?;
@@ -360,7 +367,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         } else {
             // 10. Else,
             // a. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
-            array_create(agent, len as usize, len as usize, None)?.into_object()
+            array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), len as usize, len as usize, None)?.into_object()
         };
 
         // 11. Let k be 0.
@@ -419,7 +426,6 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
     fn is_array(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -430,7 +436,6 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
     fn of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -454,7 +459,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         } else {
             // 5. Else,
             // a. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
-            array_create(agent, len, len, None)?.into_object()
+            array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), len, len, None)?.into_object()
         };
 
         // 6. Let k be 0.
@@ -493,7 +498,6 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
index 34df6f1c1..69ce8527a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ArrayIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct ArrayIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for ArrayIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
         // 3. If generator.[[GeneratorBrand]] is not generatorBrand, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Value::ArrayIterator(iterator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "ArrayIterator expected",
             ));
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
                 };
                 // a. Assert: kind is key+value.
                 // b. Let result be CreateArrayFromList(« indexNumber, elementValue »).
-                create_array_from_list(agent, &[Value::Integer(index), value]).into_value()
+                create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &[Value::Integer(index), value])
+                    .into_value()
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
index 855a5c108..1d8d8266e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use small_string::SmallString;
 
+use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::try_to_string;
 use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
@@ -45,175 +46,175 @@ pub(crate) struct ArrayPrototype;
 
 struct ArrayPrototypeAt;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::at);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeConcat;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeConcat {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.concat;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.concat;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::concat);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeCopyWithin;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeCopyWithin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.copyWithin;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.copyWithin;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::copy_within);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeEntries;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::entries);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeEvery;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeEvery {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.every;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.every;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::every);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFill;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFill {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fill;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fill;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::fill);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFilter;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFilter {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.filter;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.filter;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::filter);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFind;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFind {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.find;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.find;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::find);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFindIndex;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFindIndex {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findIndex;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findIndex;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::find_index);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFindLast;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFindLast {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLast;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLast;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::find_last);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFindLastIndex;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFindLastIndex {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLastIndex;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLastIndex;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::find_last_index);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFlat;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFlat {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flat;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flat;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::flat);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeFlatMap;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeFlatMap {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flatMap;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flatMap;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::flat_map);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeForEach;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeForEach {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::for_each);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeIncludes;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeIncludes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::includes);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::index_of);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeJoin;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeJoin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.join;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.join;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::join);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeKeys;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeKeys {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::keys);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeLastIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeLastIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::last_index_of);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeMap;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeMap {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.map;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.map;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::map);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypePop;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypePop {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.pop;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.pop;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::pop);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypePush;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypePush {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.push;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.push;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::push);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeReduce;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeReduce {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduce;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduce;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::reduce);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeReduceRight;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeReduceRight {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduceRight;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduceRight;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::reduce_right);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeReverse;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeReverse {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reverse;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reverse;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::reverse);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeShift;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeShift {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.shift;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.shift;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::shift);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeSlice;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeSlice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::slice);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeSome;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeSome {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.some;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.some;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::some);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeSort;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeSort {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sort;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sort;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::sort);
 }
@@ -222,37 +223,37 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for ArrayPrototypeSort {
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeSplice;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeSplice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.splice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.splice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::splice);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::to_locale_string);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeToReversed;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeToReversed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toReversed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toReversed;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::to_reversed);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeToSorted;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeToSorted {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSorted;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSorted;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::to_sorted);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeToSpliced;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeToSpliced {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSpliced;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSpliced;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::to_spliced);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::to_string);
 }
@@ -261,13 +262,13 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for ArrayPrototypeToString {
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeUnshift;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeUnshift {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unshift;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unshift;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::unshift);
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeValues;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeValues {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::values);
 }
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for ArrayPrototypeValues {
 }
 struct ArrayPrototypeWith;
 impl Builtin for ArrayPrototypeWith {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.with;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.with;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayPrototype::with);
 }
@@ -286,12 +287,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn at(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let index = arguments.get(0);
@@ -344,12 +344,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn concat(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         items: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, 0).
         let a = array_species_create(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, 0)?;
         // 3. Let n be 0.
@@ -368,6 +367,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // ii. If n + len > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
                 if (n + len) > SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "Array overflow",
                     ));
@@ -404,6 +404,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // ii. If n ≥ 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
                 if n >= SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "Array overflow",
                     ));
@@ -454,7 +455,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn copy_within(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len: i64 = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let len_f64 = len as f64;
@@ -609,14 +609,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
 
     fn entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Expected this to be an object",
             ));
@@ -664,18 +664,18 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn every(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback is not a function",
             ));
@@ -738,7 +738,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn fill(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -786,7 +785,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
@@ -870,7 +869,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn filter(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -878,12 +876,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not callable",
             ));
@@ -952,12 +951,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn find(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
@@ -988,12 +986,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn find_index(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
@@ -1008,12 +1005,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn find_last(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
@@ -1029,12 +1025,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn find_last_index(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
@@ -1050,13 +1045,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn flat(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let depth = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let sourceLen be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)? as usize;
         // 3. Let depthNum be 1.
@@ -1092,7 +1086,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn flat_map(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1100,12 +1093,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let sourceLen be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)? as usize;
         // 3. If IsCallable(mapperFunction) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(mapper_function) = is_callable(mapper_function) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Mapper function is not callable",
             ));
@@ -1165,12 +1159,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn for_each(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
@@ -1179,6 +1172,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not a function",
             ));
@@ -1249,7 +1243,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn includes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1297,7 +1290,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return false.
@@ -1373,7 +1366,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn index_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1421,7 +1413,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return -1𝔽.
@@ -1487,14 +1479,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn join(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let separator = arguments.get(0);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         if len == 0 {
@@ -1507,7 +1498,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         } else {
             // 4. Else, let sep be ? ToString(separator).
             to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), separator)?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc())
         };
+        // Note: Separator is likely a small string so this is a very cheap.
+        let separator = separator.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let R be the empty String.
         let mut r = std::string::String::with_capacity(len * 10);
         // 6. Let k be 0.
@@ -1525,7 +1520,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         }
         for k in 1..len {
             // a. If k > 0, set R to the string-concatenation of R and sep.
-            r.push_str(separator.as_str(agent));
+            r.push_str(separator.get(agent).as_str(agent));
             // b. Let element be ? Get(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k))).
             let element = get(
                 agent,
@@ -1543,19 +1538,19 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // d. Set k to k + 1.
         }
         // 8. Return R.
-        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, r).into_value())
+        Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), r).into_value())
     }
 
     fn keys(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Expected this to be an object",
             ));
@@ -1588,7 +1583,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn last_index_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1643,7 +1637,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return -1𝔽.
@@ -1728,7 +1722,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn map(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1736,12 +1729,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not a function",
             ));
@@ -1796,7 +1790,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn pop(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1809,6 +1802,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 if len == 0 {
                     return if !length_writable {
                         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                            gc.nogc(),
                             ExceptionType::TypeError,
                             "Could not set property.",
                         ))
@@ -1824,6 +1818,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                         agent[array].elements.len -= 1;
                     } else {
                         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                            gc.nogc(),
                             ExceptionType::TypeError,
                             "Could not set property.",
                         ));
@@ -1835,7 +1830,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If len = 0, then
@@ -1893,12 +1888,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn push(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         items: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let mut len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. Let argCount be the number of elements in items.
@@ -1906,6 +1900,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 4. If len + argCount > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
         if (len + arg_count as i64) > SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Array length overflow",
             ));
@@ -1987,7 +1982,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn reduce(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1999,13 +1993,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not a function",
             ));
@@ -2014,6 +2009,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 4. If len = 0 and initialValue is not present, throw a TypeError exception.
         if len == 0 && initial_value.is_none() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Array length is 0 and no initial value provided",
             ));
@@ -2052,6 +2048,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // c. If kPresent is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             if !k_present {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Array length is 0 and no initial value provided",
                 ));
@@ -2134,7 +2131,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn reduce_right(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2146,7 +2142,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
@@ -2154,6 +2150,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not a function",
             ));
@@ -2162,6 +2159,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 4. If len = 0 and initialValue is not present, throw a TypeError exception.
         if len == 0 && initial_value.is_none() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Array length is 0 and no initial value provided",
             ));
@@ -2200,6 +2198,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // c. If kPresent is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             if !k_present {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Array length is 0 and no initial value provided",
                 ));
@@ -2245,7 +2244,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn reverse(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2259,7 +2257,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         }
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. Let middle be floor(len / 2).
@@ -2333,7 +2331,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn shift(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2380,7 +2377,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If len = 0, then
@@ -2459,7 +2456,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn slice(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2563,7 +2559,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)? as usize;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
@@ -2673,7 +2669,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn some(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2681,12 +2676,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not callable",
             ));
@@ -2754,7 +2750,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn sort(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2765,10 +2760,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         } else if let Some(comparator) = is_callable(comparator) {
             Some(comparator)
         } else {
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, ""));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                "",
+            ));
         };
         // 2. Let obj be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(obj).
         let len = usize::try_from(length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), obj)?).unwrap();
         // 4. Let SortCompare be a new Abstract Closure with parameters (x, y)
@@ -2826,7 +2825,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             &[]
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
@@ -2861,6 +2860,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 11. If len + itemCount - actualDeleteCount > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
         if len as usize + item_count - actual_delete_count > SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER as usize {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Target index overflowed",
             ));
@@ -2987,7 +2987,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn to_locale_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -3011,11 +3010,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         }
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
         let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
         // 3. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
-        let a = array_create(agent, len as usize, len as usize, None)?;
+        let a = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), len as usize, len as usize, None)?;
         // 4. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
         // 5. Repeat, while k < len,
@@ -3038,7 +3037,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn to_sorted(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -3048,7 +3046,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn to_spliced(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -3059,12 +3056,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let array be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let array = to_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let array = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let func be ? Get(array, "join").
         let func = get(
             agent,
@@ -3084,26 +3080,125 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         call_function(agent, gc, func, array.into_value(), None)
     }
 
+    /// ### [23.1.3.37 Array.prototype.unshift ( ...items )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.unshift)
+    ///
+    /// This method prepends the arguments to the start of the array, such that
+    /// their order within the array is the same as the order in which they appear
+    /// in the argument list.
+    ///
+    /// > ### Note
+    /// >
+    /// > This method is intentionally generic; it does not require that its
+    /// > this value be an Array. Therefore it can be transferred to other
+    /// > kinds of objects for use as a method.
     fn unshift(
-        _agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
-        _this_value: Value,
-        _: ArgumentsList,
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        this_value: Value,
+        items: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        todo!();
+        // Fast path: Array is dense and contains no descriptors. No JS
+        // functions can thus be called by unshift.
+        if let Value::Array(array) = this_value {
+            let len = array.len(agent);
+            let arg_count = items.len();
+            let final_len = u32::try_from(len as u64 + arg_count as u64);
+            if final_len.is_ok()
+                && array.is_trivial(agent)
+                && array.is_dense(agent)
+                && array.length_writable(agent)
+            {
+                // Fast path: Reserve enough room in the array and set array length.
+                let Heap {
+                    arrays, elements, ..
+                } = &mut agent.heap;
+                arrays[array].elements.reserve(elements, final_len.unwrap());
+                agent[array].elements.len += arg_count as u32;
+                // Fast path: Copy old items to the end of array,
+                // copy new items to the front of the array.
+                let slice = array.as_mut_slice(agent);
+                slice.copy_within(..len as usize, arg_count);
+                slice[..arg_count].copy_from_slice(unsafe {
+                    // SAFETY: Option<Value> is an extra variant of the Value enum.
+                    // The transmute effectively turns Value into Some(Value).
+                    std::mem::transmute::<&[Value], &[Option<Value>]>(items.0)
+                });
+                return Ok(final_len.unwrap().into());
+            }
+        }
+        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
+        let o = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        // 3. Let argCount be the number of elements in items.
+        let arg_count = items.len();
+        // 4. If argCount > 0, then
+        if arg_count > 0 {
+            // a. If len + argCount > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
+            if (len + arg_count as i64) > SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER {
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                    "Array length overflow",
+                ));
+            }
+            // b. Let k be len.
+            let mut k = len;
+            // c. Repeat, while k > 0,
+            while k > 0 {
+                // i. Let from be ! ToString(𝔽(k - 1)).
+                let from = (k - 1).try_into().unwrap();
+                // ii. Let to be ! ToString(𝔽(k + argCount - 1)).
+                let to = (k + arg_count as i64 - 1).try_into().unwrap();
+                // iii. Let fromPresent be ? HasProperty(O, from).
+                let from_present = has_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, from)?;
+                // iv. If fromPresent is true, then
+                if from_present {
+                    // 1. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
+                    let from_value = get(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, from)?;
+                    // 2. Perform ? Set(O, to, fromValue, true).
+                    set(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, to, from_value, true)?;
+                } else {
+                    // v. Else,
+                    // 1. Assert: fromPresent is false.
+                    // 2. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, to).
+                    delete_property_or_throw(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, to)?;
+                }
+                // vi. Set k to k - 1.
+                k -= 1;
+            }
+            // d. Let j be +0𝔽.
+            // e. For each element E of items, do
+            for (j, e) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+                // i. Perform ? Set(O, ! ToString(j), E, true).
+                // ii. Set j to j + 1𝔽.
+                set(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, j.try_into().unwrap(), *e, true)?;
+            }
+        }
+        // 5. Perform ? Set(O, "length", 𝔽(len + argCount), true).
+        let len: Value = (len + arg_count as i64).try_into().unwrap();
+        set(
+            agent,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+            o,
+            BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
+            len,
+            true,
+        )?;
+        // 6. Return 𝔽(len + argCount).
+        Ok(len)
     }
 
     fn values(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Expected this to be an object",
             ));
@@ -3115,7 +3210,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
     fn with(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -3243,7 +3337,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
 fn is_concat_spreadable(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
     // 1. If O is not an Object, return false.
@@ -3314,7 +3407,6 @@ fn is_concat_spreadable(
 fn find_via_predicate(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     len: i64,
     ascending: bool,
@@ -3324,6 +3416,7 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
     // 1. If IsCallable(predicate) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(predicate) = is_callable(predicate) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Predicate is not a function",
         ));
@@ -3331,7 +3424,6 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
     // 4. For each integer k of indices, do
     let check = |agent: &mut Agent,
                  mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
                  o: Object,
                  predicate: Function,
                  this_arg: Value,
@@ -3393,7 +3485,6 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
 fn flatten_into_array(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target: Object,
     source: Object,
     source_len: usize,
@@ -3471,6 +3562,7 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
             // 1. If targetIndex ≥ 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
             if target_index >= SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER as usize {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Target index overflowed",
                 ));
@@ -3548,7 +3640,6 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
 fn sort_indexed_properties<const SKIP_HOLES: bool, const TYPED_ARRAY: bool>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     obj: Object,
     len: usize,
     comparator: Option<Function>,
@@ -3617,7 +3708,6 @@ fn sort_indexed_properties<const SKIP_HOLES: bool, const TYPED_ARRAY: bool>(
 fn compare_array_elements(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     x: Value,
     y: Value,
     comparator: Option<Function>,
@@ -3663,11 +3753,24 @@ fn compare_array_elements(
         Ok(x.into_f64(agent).total_cmp(&y.into_f64(agent)))
     } else {
         // 5. Let xString be ? ToString(x).
-        let x = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), x)?;
+        let x = if let Some(x) = try_to_string(agent, gc.nogc(), x) {
+            x?
+        } else {
+            // TODO: Should root y before calling.
+            let x = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), x)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+            x
+        };
         // 6. Let yString be ? ToString(y).
-        let y = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), y)?;
+        let (x, y) = if let Some(y) = try_to_string(agent, gc.nogc(), y) {
+            (x, y?)
+        } else {
+            let x = x.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let y = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), y)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+            (x.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), y)
+        };
         // 7. Let xSmaller be ! IsLessThan(xString, yString, true).
         // 8. If xSmaller is true, return -1𝔽.
+        let (x, y) = (x.unbind(), y.unbind());
         if is_less_than::<true>(agent, gc.reborrow(), x, y).unwrap() == Some(true) {
             Ok(Ordering::Less)
         } else
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_constructors.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_constructors.rs
index 616dd8d19..5518f1423 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_constructors.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_constructors.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TypedArrayConstructors;
 
 struct Int8ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Int8ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int8Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int8Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Int8ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Uint8ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Uint8ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint8Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint8Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Uint8ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Uint8ClampedArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Uint8ClampedArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint8ClampedArray;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint8ClampedArray;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Uint8ClampedArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Int16ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Int16ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int16Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int16Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Int16ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Uint16ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Uint16ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint16Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint16Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Uint16ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Int32ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Int32ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int32Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Int32Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Int32ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Uint32ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Uint32ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint32Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Uint32Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Uint32ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct BigInt64ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for BigInt64ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigInt64Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigInt64Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for BigInt64ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct BigUint64ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for BigUint64ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigUint64Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigUint64Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for BigUint64ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Float32ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Float32ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Float32Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Float32Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for Float32ArrayConstructor {
 }
 struct Float64ArrayConstructor;
 impl Builtin for Float64ArrayConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Float64Array;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Float64Array;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_intrinsic_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_intrinsic_object.rs
index 20fb67feb..ba2627bdf 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_intrinsic_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/typed_array_intrinsic_object.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct TypedArrayIntrinsicObject;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.TypedArray;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.TypedArray;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::TypedArray;
@@ -53,32 +53,32 @@ struct TypedArrayFrom;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayFrom {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayIntrinsicObject::from);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.from;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.from;
 }
 struct TypedArrayOf;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayOf {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayIntrinsicObject::of);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCodePoint;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCodePoint;
 }
 struct TypedArrayGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayIntrinsicObject::get_species);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for TypedArrayGetSpecies {}
 impl TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             crate::ecmascript::execution::agent::ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Abstract class TypedArray not directly constructable",
         ))
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ impl TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     fn from(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ impl TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     fn is_array(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -107,7 +105,6 @@ impl TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     fn of(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -117,7 +114,6 @@ impl TypedArrayIntrinsicObject {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -144,13 +140,13 @@ pub(crate) struct TypedArrayPrototype;
 
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeAt;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::at);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeGetBuffer;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetBuffer {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_buffer;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_buffer;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.buffer.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::get_buffer);
@@ -158,7 +154,7 @@ impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetBuffer {
 impl BuiltinGetter for TypedArrayPrototypeGetBuffer {}
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteLength;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::get_byte_length);
@@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteLength {}
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteOffset;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteOffset {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteOffset;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteOffset;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteOffset.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::get_byte_offset);
@@ -174,97 +170,97 @@ impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteOffset {
 impl BuiltinGetter for TypedArrayPrototypeGetByteOffset {}
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeCopyWithin;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeCopyWithin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.copyWithin;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.copyWithin;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::copy_within);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeEntries;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::entries);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeEvery;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeEvery {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.every;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.every;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::every);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFill;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFill {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fill;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fill;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::fill);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFilter;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFilter {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.filter;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.filter;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::filter);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFind;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFind {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.find;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.find;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::find);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFindIndex;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFindIndex {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findIndex;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findIndex;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::find_index);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFindLast;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFindLast {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLast;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLast;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::find_last);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeFindLastIndex;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeFindLastIndex {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLastIndex;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.findLastIndex;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::find_last_index);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeForEach;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeForEach {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::for_each);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeIncludes;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeIncludes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::includes);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::index_of);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeJoin;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeJoin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.join;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.join;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::join);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeKeys;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeKeys {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::keys);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeLastIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeLastIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::last_index_of);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeGetLength;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_length;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_length;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::get_length);
@@ -272,79 +268,79 @@ impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for TypedArrayPrototypeGetLength {}
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeMap;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeMap {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.map;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.map;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::map);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeReduce;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeReduce {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduce;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduce;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::reduce);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeReduceRight;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeReduceRight {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduceRight;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reduceRight;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::reduce_right);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeReverse;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeReverse {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reverse;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.reverse;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::reverse);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeSet;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeSet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::set);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeSlice;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeSlice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::slice);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeSome;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeSome {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.some;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.some;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::some);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeSort;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeSort {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sort;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sort;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::sort);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.subarray;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.subarray;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::subarray);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::to_locale_string);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeToReversed;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeToReversed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toReversed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toReversed;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::to_reversed);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeToSorted;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeToSorted {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSorted;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toSorted;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::to_sorted);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeValues;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeValues {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::values);
 }
@@ -353,13 +349,13 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for TypedArrayPrototypeValues {
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeWith;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeWith {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.with;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.with;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::with);
 }
 struct TypedArrayPrototypeGetToStringTag;
 impl Builtin for TypedArrayPrototypeGetToStringTag {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_toStringTag_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_toStringTag_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToStringTag.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(TypedArrayPrototype::get_to_string_tag);
@@ -370,7 +366,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn at(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -484,7 +479,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn copy_within(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -514,7 +508,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn every(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -524,7 +517,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn fill(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -534,7 +526,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn filter(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -544,7 +535,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn find(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -554,7 +544,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn find_index(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -564,7 +553,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn find_last(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -574,7 +562,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn find_last_index(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -584,7 +571,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn for_each(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -594,7 +580,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn includes(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -604,7 +589,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn index_of(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -614,7 +598,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn join(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -642,7 +625,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn last_index_of(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -702,7 +684,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn map(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -712,7 +693,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn reduce(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -722,7 +702,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn reduce_right(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -732,7 +711,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn reverse(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -742,7 +720,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn set(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -752,7 +729,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn slice(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -762,7 +738,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn some(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -772,7 +747,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn sort(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -782,7 +756,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn subarray(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -792,7 +765,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn to_locale_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -802,7 +774,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn to_reversed(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -812,7 +783,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn to_sorted(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -822,7 +792,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn to_spliced(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -854,7 +823,6 @@ impl TypedArrayPrototype {
     fn with(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
index 87c16e318..c45994373 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct MapConstructor;
 impl Builtin for MapConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Map;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Map;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ struct MapGroupBy;
 impl Builtin for MapGroupBy {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapConstructor::group_by);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.groupBy;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.groupBy;
 }
 struct MapGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for MapGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapConstructor::get_species);
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for MapGetSpecies {}
 
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ impl MapConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -73,6 +72,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
         // If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Constructor Map requires 'new'",
             ));
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
             // 6. If IsCallable(adder) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             let Some(adder) = is_callable(adder) else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Map.prototype.set is not callable",
                 ));
@@ -123,7 +124,6 @@ impl MapConstructor {
     fn group_by(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ impl MapConstructor {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -161,7 +160,6 @@ impl MapConstructor {
 pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_map_constructor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target: Map,
     iterable: Value,
     adder: Function,
@@ -288,7 +286,6 @@ pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_map_constructor(
 pub(crate) fn add_entries_from_iterable(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     target: Object,
     iterable: Value,
     adder: Function,
@@ -307,6 +304,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_entries_from_iterable(
         let Ok(next) = Object::try_from(next) else {
             // i. Let error be ThrowCompletion(a newly created TypeError object).
             let error = agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Invalid iterator next return value",
             );
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
index 067cfa4f3..3fb711d03 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MapIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct MapIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for MapIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ impl Builtin for MapIteratorPrototypeNext {
 impl MapIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ impl MapIteratorPrototype {
         // 3. If generator.[[GeneratorBrand]] is not generatorBrand, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Value::MapIterator(iterator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "MapIterator expected",
             ));
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl MapIteratorPrototype {
                         continue;
                     };
                     let value = agent[map].values()[index].unwrap();
-                    create_array_from_list(agent, &[key, value]).into_value()
+                    create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &[key, value]).into_value()
                 }
             };
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
index 69d92a4cb..00d9fd55f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{hash::Hasher, ops::Index};
 
 use ahash::AHasher;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -30,19 +30,19 @@ pub(crate) struct MapPrototype;
 
 struct MapPrototypeClear;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeClear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::clear);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeDelete;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeDelete {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::delete);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeEntries;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::entries);
 }
@@ -51,37 +51,37 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for MapPrototypeEntries {
 }
 struct MapPrototypeForEach;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeForEach {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::for_each);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeGet;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeGet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::get);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeHas;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeHas {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::has);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeKeys;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeKeys {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.keys;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::keys);
 }
 pub(super) struct MapPrototypeSet;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeSet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::set);
 }
 struct MapPrototypeGetSize;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeGetSize {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_size;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_size;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.size.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::get_size);
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl Builtin for MapPrototypeGetSize {
 impl BuiltinGetter for MapPrototypeGetSize {}
 struct MapPrototypeValues;
 impl Builtin for MapPrototypeValues {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(MapPrototype::values);
 }
@@ -103,14 +103,13 @@ impl MapPrototype {
     /// > iterating over that List.
     fn clear(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. For each Record { [[Key]], [[Value]] } p of M.[[MapData]], do
         // a. Set p.[[Key]] to EMPTY.
         // b. Set p.[[Value]] to EMPTY.
@@ -127,14 +126,13 @@ impl MapPrototype {
     /// > such as physically removing the entry from internal data structures.
     fn delete(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -183,8 +181,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
     fn entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -193,7 +190,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
         // 24.1.5.1 CreateMapIterator ( map, kind )
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(map, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         Ok(MapIterator::from_map(agent, m, CollectionIteratorKind::KeyAndValue).into_value())
     }
 
@@ -225,7 +222,6 @@ impl MapPrototype {
     fn for_each(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -233,10 +229,11 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function parameter is not callable",
             ));
@@ -277,14 +274,13 @@ impl MapPrototype {
     /// ### [24.1.3.6 Map.prototype.get ( key )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-map.prototype.get)
     fn get(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -328,14 +324,13 @@ impl MapPrototype {
     /// ### [24.1.3.7 Map.prototype.has ( key )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-map.prototype.has)
     fn has(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -371,8 +366,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
     fn keys(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -381,22 +375,21 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
         // 24.1.5.1 CreateMapIterator ( map, kind )
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(map, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         Ok(MapIterator::from_map(agent, m, CollectionIteratorKind::Key).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [24.1.3.9 Map.prototype.set ( key, value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-map.prototype.set)
     fn set(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -457,20 +450,18 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
     fn get_size(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         let count = agent[m].size();
         Ok(count.into())
     }
 
     fn values(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -479,7 +470,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 
         // 24.1.5.1 CreateMapIterator ( map, kind )
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(map, [[MapData]]).
-        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         Ok(MapIterator::from_map(agent, m, CollectionIteratorKind::Value).into_value())
     }
 
@@ -525,11 +516,14 @@ impl MapPrototype {
 }
 
 #[inline(always)]
-fn require_map_data_internal_slot(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Map> {
+fn require_map_data_internal_slot(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<Map> {
     match value {
         Value::Map(map) => Ok(map),
-        _ => Err(agent
-            .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Object is not a Map")),
+        _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "Object is not a Map",
+        )),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
index 155840053..c5f1dbd9c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct SetConstructor;
 impl Builtin for SetConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Set;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Set;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Builtin for SetGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetConstructor::get_species);
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for SetGetSpecies {}
 
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ impl SetConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -66,6 +65,7 @@ impl SetConstructor {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Cannot call Set as a function",
             ));
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ impl SetConstructor {
         // 6. If IsCallable(adder) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(adder) = is_callable(adder) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Invalid adder function",
             ));
@@ -192,7 +193,6 @@ impl SetConstructor {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
index 10c34e4c6..6a15aa88d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SetIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct SetIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for SetIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ impl Builtin for SetIteratorPrototypeNext {
 impl SetIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ impl SetIteratorPrototype {
         // 3. If generator.[[GeneratorBrand]] is not generatorBrand, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Value::SetIterator(iterator) = this_value else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "SetIterator expected",
             ));
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl SetIteratorPrototype {
                     // 1. If kind is KEY+VALUE, then
                     //   a. Let result be CreateArrayFromList(« e, e »).
                     //   b. Perform ? GeneratorYield(CreateIteratorResultObject(result, false)).
-                    create_array_from_list(agent, &[e, e]).into_value()
+                    create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &[e, e]).into_value()
                 }
                 CollectionIteratorKind::Value => {
                     // 2. Else,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
index acdc6f006..4d43b14ce 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::hash::Hasher;
 
 use ahash::AHasher;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -34,43 +34,43 @@ pub(crate) struct SetPrototype;
 
 struct SetPrototypeAdd;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeAdd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::add);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeClear;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeClear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::clear);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeDelete;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeDelete {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::delete);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeEntries;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeEntries {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.entries;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::entries);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeForEach;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeForEach {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.forEach;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::for_each);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeHas;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeHas {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::has);
 }
 struct SetPrototypeGetSize;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeGetSize {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_size;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_size;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.size.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::get_size);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Builtin for SetPrototypeGetSize {
 impl BuiltinGetter for SetPrototypeGetSize {}
 struct SetPrototypeValues;
 impl Builtin for SetPrototypeValues {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.values;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SetPrototype::values);
 }
@@ -90,14 +90,13 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     /// #### [24.2.4.1 Set.prototype.add ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-set.prototype.add)
     fn add(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -152,14 +151,13 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     /// > iterating over that List.
     fn clear(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. For each element e of S.[[SetData]], do
         // a. Replace the element of S.[[SetData]] whose value is e with an
         // element whose value is EMPTY.
@@ -177,14 +175,13 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     /// > such as physically removing the entry from internal data structures.
     fn delete(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -228,8 +225,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
 
     fn entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -238,7 +234,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
 
         // 24.2.6.1 CreateSetIterator ( set, kind )
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(set, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         Ok(SetIterator::from_set(agent, s, CollectionIteratorKind::KeyAndValue).into_value())
     }
 
@@ -278,7 +274,6 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     fn for_each(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -286,10 +281,11 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Callback function is not a function",
             ));
@@ -329,14 +325,13 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     /// ### [24.2.4.8 Set.prototype.has ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-set.prototype.has)
     fn has(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let Heap {
             bigints,
@@ -377,14 +372,13 @@ impl SetPrototype {
     /// is undefined.
     fn get_size(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Let size be SetDataSize(S.[[SetData]]).
         let size = agent[s].size();
         // 4. Return 𝔽(size).
@@ -393,8 +387,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
 
     fn values(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -403,7 +396,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
 
         // 24.2.6.1 CreateSetIterator ( set, kind )
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(set, [[SetData]]).
-        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value)?;
+        let s = require_set_data_internal_slot(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         Ok(SetIterator::from_set(agent, s, CollectionIteratorKind::Value).into_value())
     }
 
@@ -455,11 +448,14 @@ impl SetPrototype {
 }
 
 #[inline(always)]
-fn require_set_data_internal_slot(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Set> {
+fn require_set_data_internal_slot(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<Set> {
     match value {
         Value::Set(map) => Ok(map),
-        _ => Err(agent
-            .throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Object is not a Set")),
+        _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "Object is not a Set",
+        )),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
index 242391972..b01915577 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct WeakMapConstructor;
 impl Builtin for WeakMapConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakMap;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakMap;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl WeakMapConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
index 11a25bed6..14fd4c49e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
@@ -17,25 +17,25 @@ pub(crate) struct WeakMapPrototype;
 
 struct WeakMapPrototypeDelete;
 impl Builtin for WeakMapPrototypeDelete {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakMapPrototype::delete);
 }
 struct WeakMapPrototypeGet;
 impl Builtin for WeakMapPrototypeGet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakMapPrototype::get);
 }
 struct WeakMapPrototypeHas;
 impl Builtin for WeakMapPrototypeHas {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakMapPrototype::has);
 }
 struct WeakMapPrototypeSet;
 impl Builtin for WeakMapPrototypeSet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakMapPrototype::set);
 }
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
     fn delete(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
     fn get(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
     fn has(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -74,7 +71,6 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
     fn set(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
index 3f4cf937b..be1282213 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct WeakSetConstructor;
 impl Builtin for WeakSetConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakSet;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakSet;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl WeakSetConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
index b77eebc11..3f7e19e66 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ pub(crate) struct WeakSetPrototype;
 
 struct WeakSetPrototypeAdd;
 impl Builtin for WeakSetPrototypeAdd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakSetPrototype::add);
 }
 struct WeakSetPrototypeDelete;
 impl Builtin for WeakSetPrototypeDelete {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.delete;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakSetPrototype::delete);
 }
 struct WeakSetPrototypeHas;
 impl Builtin for WeakSetPrototypeHas {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakSetPrototype::has);
 }
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
     fn add(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
     fn delete(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -58,7 +56,6 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
     fn has(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
index e9dee67dc..62219aacc 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct FinalizationRegistryConstructor;
 impl Builtin for FinalizationRegistryConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.FinalizationRegistry;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.FinalizationRegistry;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
index 28ab70593..2d86bd163 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ pub(crate) struct FinalizationRegistryPrototype;
 
 struct FinalizationRegistryPrototypeRegister;
 impl Builtin for FinalizationRegistryPrototypeRegister {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.register;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.register;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(FinalizationRegistryPrototype::register);
 }
 struct FinalizationRegistryPrototypeUnregister;
 impl Builtin for FinalizationRegistryPrototypeUnregister {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unregister;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unregister;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(FinalizationRegistryPrototype::unregister);
 }
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryPrototype {
     fn register(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryPrototype {
     fn unregister(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
index 69a779c8f..964e20735 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct WeakRefConstructor;
 impl Builtin for WeakRefConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakRef;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.WeakRef;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl WeakRefConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
index e1f5a57fe..3da3b80f2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct WeakRefPrototype;
 
 struct WeakRefPrototypeDeref;
 impl Builtin for WeakRefPrototypeDeref {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.deref;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.deref;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(WeakRefPrototype::deref);
 }
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ impl WeakRefPrototype {
     fn deref(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
index 3c0a77347..2de94feaa 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         set_immutable_prototype(agent, gc.reborrow(), self.into_object(), prototype)
@@ -178,7 +177,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match property_key {
@@ -225,7 +223,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -285,7 +282,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match property_key {
@@ -321,7 +317,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -387,6 +382,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
                     // 11. If targetEnv is EMPTY, throw a ReferenceError exception.
                     match target_env {
                         None => Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
                             ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
                             format!("Could not resolve module '{}'.", key.as_str(agent)),
                         )),
@@ -405,7 +401,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _value: Value,
         _receiver: Value,
@@ -418,7 +413,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match property_key {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module/data.rs
index d60d7cb83..1eb4cbd43 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module/data.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use super::Module;
 pub struct ModuleHeapData {
     pub(crate) object_index: Option<OrdinaryObject>,
     pub(crate) module: ModuleRecord,
-    pub(crate) exports: Box<[String]>,
+    pub(crate) exports: Box<[String<'static>]>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ModuleRecord {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) enum ResolvedBindingName {
-    String(HeapString),
+    String(HeapString<'static>),
     SmallString(SmallString),
     Namespace,
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
index 67e1e6dd9..a36d1a1b8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct BigIntConstructor;
 impl Builtin for BigIntConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigInt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.BigInt;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for BigIntConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::BigInt;
@@ -50,26 +50,26 @@ struct BigIntAsIntN;
 impl Builtin for BigIntAsIntN {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(BigIntConstructor::as_int_n);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asIntN;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asIntN;
 }
 struct BigIntAsUintN;
 impl Builtin for BigIntAsUintN {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(BigIntConstructor::as_uint_n);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asUintN;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asUintN;
 }
 
 impl BigIntConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if new_target.is_some() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "BigInt is not a constructor",
             ));
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
         if let Ok(prim) = Number::try_from(prim) {
             if !prim.is_integer(agent) {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::RangeError,
                     "Can't convert number to BigInt because it isn't an integer",
                 ));
@@ -93,13 +94,13 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
     fn as_int_n(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let bits = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))?;
         let Ok(bits) = u32::try_from(bits) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Ridiculous bits value for BigInt.asIntN",
             ));
@@ -171,13 +172,13 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
     fn as_uint_n(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let bits = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))?;
         let Ok(bits) = u32::try_from(bits) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Ridiculous bits value for BigInt.asUintN",
             ));
@@ -209,11 +210,14 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
 fn number_to_big_int(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     value: Number,
 ) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
     if !is_integral_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), value) {
-        Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::RangeError, "Not an integer"))
+        Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
+            ExceptionType::RangeError,
+            "Not an integer",
+        ))
     } else {
         match value {
             Number::Number(idx) => {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
index 234e89679..4af7445c3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         builders::ordinary_object_builder::OrdinaryObjectBuilder,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BigIntPrototype;
 
 struct BigIntPrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeToLocaleString {
 
 struct BigIntPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeToString {
 
 struct BigIntPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -48,22 +48,20 @@ impl Builtin for BigIntPrototypeValueOf {
 impl BigIntPrototype {
     fn to_locale_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        Self::to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), this_value, arguments)
+        Self::to_string(agent, gc, this_value, arguments)
     }
 
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _x = this_big_int_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _x = this_big_int_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         let radix = arguments.get(0);
         if radix.is_undefined() || radix == Value::from(10u8) {
             // BigInt::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).map(|result| result.into_value())
@@ -75,12 +73,11 @@ impl BigIntPrototype {
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        this_big_int_value(agent, this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
+        this_big_int_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
@@ -113,7 +110,7 @@ impl BigIntPrototype {
 /// The abstract operation ThisBigIntValue takes argument value (an ECMAScript
 /// language value) and returns either a normal completion containing a BigInt
 /// or a throw completion.
-fn this_big_int_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
+fn this_big_int_value(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
     match value {
         // 1. If value is a BigInt, return value.
         Value::BigInt(value) => Ok(value.into()),
@@ -129,8 +126,10 @@ fn this_big_int_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
             }
         }
         // 3. Throw a TypeError exception.
-        _ => {
-            Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Not a BigInt"))
-        }
+        _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
+            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+            "Not a BigInt",
+        )),
     }
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
index 461f57411..a556bda2e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub struct DateConstructor;
 impl Builtin for DateConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 7;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Date;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Date;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for DateConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::Date;
@@ -42,25 +42,24 @@ struct DateNow;
 impl Builtin for DateNow {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DateConstructor::now);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.now;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.now;
 }
 struct DateParse;
 impl Builtin for DateParse {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DateConstructor::parse);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parse;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parse;
 }
 struct DateUTC;
 impl Builtin for DateUTC {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DateConstructor::utc);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 7;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.utc;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.utc;
 }
 impl DateConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -129,7 +128,6 @@ impl DateConstructor {
     fn now(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ impl DateConstructor {
     fn parse(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -160,7 +157,6 @@ impl DateConstructor {
     fn utc(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
index 9df6c462a..631fa13c1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::type_conversion::{ordinary_to_primitive, PreferredType},
@@ -21,253 +21,253 @@ pub(crate) struct DatePrototype;
 
 struct DatePrototypeGetDate;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetDate {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getDate;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getDate;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_date);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetDay;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetDay {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getDay;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getDay;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_day);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetFullYear;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetFullYear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFullYear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFullYear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_full_year);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetHours;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetHours {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getHours;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getHours;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_hours);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetMilliseconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetMilliseconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMilliseconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMilliseconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_milliseconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetMinutes;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetMinutes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMinutes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMinutes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_minutes);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetMonth;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetMonth {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMonth;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getMonth;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_month);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetSeconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetSeconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getSeconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getSeconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_seconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetTime;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetTime {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getTime;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getTime;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_time);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetTimezoneOffset;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetTimezoneOffset {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getTimezoneOffset;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getTimezoneOffset;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_timezone_offset);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCDate;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCDate {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCDate;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCDate;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_date);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCDay;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCDay {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCDay;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCDay;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_day);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCFullYear;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCFullYear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCFullYear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCFullYear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_full_year);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCHours;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCHours {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCHours;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCHours;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_hours);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCMilliseconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCMilliseconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMilliseconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMilliseconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_milliseconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCMinutes;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCMinutes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMinutes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMinutes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_minutes);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCMonth;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCMonth {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMonth;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCMonth;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_month);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeGetUTCSeconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeGetUTCSeconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCSeconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUTCSeconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::get_utc_seconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetDate;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetDate {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setDate;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setDate;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_date);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetFullYear;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetFullYear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFullYear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFullYear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_full_year);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetHours;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetHours {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setHours;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setHours;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 4;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_hours);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetMilliseconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetMilliseconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMilliseconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMilliseconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_milliseconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetMinutes;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetMinutes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMinutes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMinutes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_minutes);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetMonth;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetMonth {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMonth;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setMonth;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_month);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetSeconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetSeconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setSeconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setSeconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_seconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetTime;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetTime {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setTime;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setTime;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_time);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCDate;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCDate {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCDate;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCDate;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_date);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCFullYear;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCFullYear {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCFullYear;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCFullYear;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_full_year);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCHours;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCHours {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCHours;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCHours;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 4;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_hours);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCMilliseconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCMilliseconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMilliseconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMilliseconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_milliseconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCMinutes;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCMinutes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMinutes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMinutes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_minutes);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCMonth;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCMonth {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMonth;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCMonth;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_month);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeSetUTCSeconds;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeSetUTCSeconds {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCSeconds;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUTCSeconds;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::set_utc_seconds);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToDateString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToDateString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toDateString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toDateString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_date_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToISOString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToISOString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toISOString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toISOString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_iso_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToJSON;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToJSON {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toJSON;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toJSON;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_json);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToLocaleDateString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToLocaleDateString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleDateString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleDateString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_locale_date_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_locale_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToLocaleTimeString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToLocaleTimeString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleTimeString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleTimeString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_locale_time_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToTimeString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToTimeString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toTimeString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toTimeString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_time_string);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToUTCString;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToUTCString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toUTCString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toUTCString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::to_utc_string);
 }
@@ -276,13 +276,13 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for DatePrototypeToUTCString {
 }
 struct DatePrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DatePrototype::value_of);
 }
 struct DatePrototypeToPrimitive;
 impl Builtin for DatePrototypeToPrimitive {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_toPrimitive_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_toPrimitive_;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToPrimitive.to_property_key());
 
@@ -299,393 +299,357 @@ const MAX_SYSTEM_TIME_VALUE: u128 = SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER as u128;
 impl DatePrototype {
     fn get_date(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_day(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_full_year(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_hours(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_milliseconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_minutes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_month(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_seconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_time(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_timezone_offset(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_date(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_day(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_full_year(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_hours(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_milliseconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_minutes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_month(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn get_utc_seconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_date(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_full_year(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_hours(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_milliseconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_minutes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_month(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_seconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_time(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_date(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_full_year(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_hours(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_milliseconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_minutes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_month(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn set_utc_seconds(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn to_date_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn to_iso_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn to_json(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -695,7 +659,6 @@ impl DatePrototype {
     fn to_locale_date_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -705,7 +668,6 @@ impl DatePrototype {
     fn to_locale_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -715,7 +677,6 @@ impl DatePrototype {
     fn to_locale_time_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -724,45 +685,41 @@ impl DatePrototype {
 
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn to_time_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn to_utc_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         todo!()
     }
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value)?;
+        let date_object = check_date_object(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         let data = &agent[date_object].date;
         match data {
             Some(system_time) => {
@@ -814,7 +771,6 @@ impl DatePrototype {
     fn to_primitive(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -826,7 +782,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
                 "{} is not an object",
                 this_value.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 3. If hint is either "string" or "default", then
         let try_first = if hint == BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.string.into_value()
@@ -845,7 +801,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
                 "Expected 'hint' to be \"string\", \"default\", or \"number\", got {}",
                 hint.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 6. Return ? OrdinaryToPrimitive(O, tryFirst).
         ordinary_to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, try_first).map(|result| result.into_value())
@@ -910,10 +866,11 @@ impl DatePrototype {
 }
 
 #[inline(always)]
-fn check_date_object(agent: &mut Agent, this_value: Value) -> JsResult<Date> {
+fn check_date_object(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, this_value: Value) -> JsResult<Date> {
     match this_value {
         Value::Date(date) => Ok(date),
         _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "this is not a Date object.",
         )),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
index 1d27c5f60..fd70fbdcc 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MathObject;
 
 struct MathObjectAbs;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAbs {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.abs;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.abs;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAbs {
 
 struct MathObjectAcos;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAcos {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.acos;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.acos;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAcos {
 }
 struct MathObjectAcosh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAcosh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.acosh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.acosh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAcosh {
 }
 struct MathObjectAsin;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAsin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asin;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asin;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAsin {
 }
 struct MathObjectAsinh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAsinh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asinh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.asinh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAsinh {
 }
 struct MathObjectAtan;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAtan {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atan;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atan;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAtan {
 }
 struct MathObjectAtanh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAtanh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atanh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atanh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAtanh {
 }
 struct MathObjectAtan2;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectAtan2 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atan2;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.atan2;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectAtan2 {
 }
 struct MathObjectCbrt;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectCbrt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cbrt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cbrt;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectCbrt {
 }
 struct MathObjectCeil;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectCeil {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ceil;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ceil;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectCeil {
 }
 struct MathObjectClz32;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectClz32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clz32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.clz32;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectClz32 {
 }
 struct MathObjectCos;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectCos {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cos;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cos;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectCos {
 }
 struct MathObjectCosh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectCosh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cosh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.cosh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectCosh {
 }
 struct MathObjectExp;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectExp {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exp;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exp;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectExp {
 }
 struct MathObjectExpm1;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectExpm1 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.expm1;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.expm1;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectExpm1 {
 }
 struct MathObjectFloor;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectFloor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.floor;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.floor;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectFloor {
 }
 struct MathObjectFround;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectFround {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fround;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fround;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectFround {
 }
 struct MathObjectHypot;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectHypot {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hypot;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hypot;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectHypot {
 }
 struct MathObjectImul;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectImul {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.imul;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.imul;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectImul {
 }
 struct MathObjectLog;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectLog {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectLog {
 }
 struct MathObjectLog1p;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectLog1p {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log1p;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log1p;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectLog1p {
 }
 struct MathObjectLog10;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectLog10 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log10;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log10;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectLog10 {
 }
 struct MathObjectLog2;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectLog2 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log2;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.log2;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectLog2 {
 }
 struct MathObjectMax;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectMax {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.max;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.max;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectMax {
 }
 struct MathObjectMin;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectMin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.min;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.min;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectMin {
 }
 struct MathObjectPow;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectPow {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.pow;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.pow;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectPow {
 }
 struct MathObjectRandom;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectRandom {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.random;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.random;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectRandom {
 }
 struct MathObjectRound;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectRound {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.round;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.round;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectRound {
 }
 struct MathObjectSign;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectSign {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sign;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sign;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectSign {
 }
 struct MathObjectSin;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectSin {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sin;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sin;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectSin {
 }
 struct MathObjectSinh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectSinh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sinh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sinh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectSinh {
 }
 struct MathObjectSqrt;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectSqrt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sqrt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sqrt;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectSqrt {
 }
 struct MathObjectTan;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectTan {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.tan;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.tan;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectTan {
 }
 struct MathObjectTanh;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectTanh {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.tanh;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.tanh;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ impl Builtin for MathObjectTanh {
 }
 struct MathObjectTrunc;
 impl Builtin for MathObjectTrunc {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trunc;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trunc;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -339,7 +339,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn abs(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -350,7 +349,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn acos(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -365,7 +363,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn acosh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -392,7 +389,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn asin(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -418,7 +414,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn asinh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -437,7 +432,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn atan(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -466,7 +460,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn atanh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -502,7 +495,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn atan2(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -630,7 +622,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn cbrt(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -649,7 +640,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn ceil(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -680,7 +670,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn clz32(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -697,7 +686,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn cos(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -721,7 +709,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn cosh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -750,7 +737,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn exp(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -779,7 +765,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn expm1(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -807,7 +792,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn floor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -838,7 +822,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn fround(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -872,7 +855,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn hypot(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -931,7 +913,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn imul(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -951,7 +932,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn log(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -985,7 +965,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn log1p(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1014,7 +993,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn log10(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1044,7 +1022,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn log2(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1073,7 +1050,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn max(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1155,7 +1131,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn min(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1237,7 +1212,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn pow(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1269,7 +1243,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn random(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1279,7 +1252,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn round(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1310,7 +1282,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn sign(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1331,7 +1302,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn sin(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1352,7 +1322,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn sinh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1369,7 +1338,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn sqrt(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1394,7 +1362,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn tan(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1415,7 +1382,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn tanh(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1440,7 +1406,6 @@ impl MathObject {
     fn trunc(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
index 29a849941..3cf2ad12d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct NumberConstructor;
 impl Builtin for NumberConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Number;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Number;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for NumberConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::Number;
@@ -47,32 +47,31 @@ struct NumberIsFinite;
 impl Builtin for NumberIsFinite {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(NumberConstructor::is_finite);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFinite;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isFinite;
 }
 struct NumberIsInteger;
 impl Builtin for NumberIsInteger {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(NumberConstructor::is_integer);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isInteger;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isInteger;
 }
 struct NumberIsNaN;
 impl Builtin for NumberIsNaN {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(NumberConstructor::is_nan);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isNaN;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isNaN;
 }
 struct NumberIsSafeInteger;
 impl Builtin for NumberIsSafeInteger {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(NumberConstructor::is_safe_integer);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isSafeInteger;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isSafeInteger;
 }
 
 impl NumberConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -129,7 +128,6 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
     fn is_finite(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
     fn is_integer(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -163,7 +160,6 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
     fn is_nan(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -183,7 +179,6 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
     fn is_safe_integer(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
index 75b040346..d2a7221ed 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::type_conversion::to_integer_or_infinity,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub(crate) struct NumberPrototype;
 
 struct NumberPrototypeToExponential;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToExponential {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toExponential;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toExponential;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToExponential {
 
 struct NumberPrototypeToFixed;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToFixed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toFixed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toFixed;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToFixed {
 
 struct NumberPrototypeToLocaleString;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToLocaleString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToLocaleString {
 
 struct NumberPrototypeToPrecision;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToPrecision {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toPrecision;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toPrecision;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToPrecision {
 
 struct NumberPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeToString {
 
 struct NumberPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -82,26 +82,26 @@ impl Builtin for NumberPrototypeValueOf {
 impl NumberPrototype {
     fn to_exponential(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let fraction_digits = arguments.get(0);
         // Let x be ? ThisNumberValue(this value).
-        let x = this_number_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let x = this_number_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let f be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(fractionDigits).
-        let f = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc, fraction_digits)?;
+        let f = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), fraction_digits)?;
         // 3. Assert: If fractionDigits is undefined, then f is 0.
         debug_assert!(!fraction_digits.is_undefined() || f.is_pos_zero(agent));
         // 4. If x is not finite, return Number::toString(x, 10).
         if !x.is_finite(agent) {
-            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).into_value());
+            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc.nogc(), x).into_value());
         }
         let f = f.into_i64(agent);
         // 5. If f < 0 or f > 100, throw a RangeError exception.
         if !(0..=100).contains(&f) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Fraction digits count out of range",
             ));
@@ -115,29 +115,29 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
             x = 0.0;
         };
         if f == 0 {
-            Ok(f64_to_exponential(agent, x))
+            Ok(f64_to_exponential(agent, gc.nogc(), x))
         } else {
-            Ok(f64_to_exponential_with_precision(agent, x, f))
+            Ok(f64_to_exponential_with_precision(agent, gc.nogc(), x, f))
         }
     }
 
     fn to_fixed(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let fraction_digits = arguments.get(0);
         // Let x be ? ThisNumberValue(this value).
-        let x = this_number_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let x = this_number_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let f be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(fractionDigits).
-        let f = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc, fraction_digits)?;
+        let f = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), fraction_digits)?;
         // 3. Assert: If fractionDigits is undefined, then f is 0.
         debug_assert!(!fraction_digits.is_undefined() || f.is_pos_zero(agent));
         // 4. If f is not finite, throw a RangeError exception.
         if !f.is_finite(agent) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Fraction digits count out of range",
             ));
@@ -146,25 +146,25 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         // 5. If f < 0 or f > 100, throw a RangeError exception.
         if !(0..=100).contains(&f) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Fraction digits count out of range",
             ));
         }
         // 6. If x is not finite, return Number::toString(x, 10).
         if !x.is_finite(agent) {
-            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).into_value());
+            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc.nogc(), x).into_value());
         }
         // 7. Set x to ℝ(x).
         let x = x.into_f64(agent);
         let mut buffer = ryu_js::Buffer::new();
         let string = buffer.format_to_fixed(x, f as u8);
-        Ok(Value::from_str(agent, string))
+        Ok(Value::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), string))
     }
 
     fn to_locale_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -177,36 +177,36 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
     /// Copyright (c) 2019 Jason Williams
     fn to_precision(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let precision = arguments.get(0);
 
         // 1. Let x be ? ThisNumberValue(this value).
-        let x = this_number_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let x = this_number_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. If precision is undefined, return ! ToString(x).
         if precision.is_undefined() {
             // Skip: We know ToString calls Number::toString(argument, 10).
             // Note: That is not `Number.prototype.toString`, but the abstract
             // operation Number::toString.
-            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).into_value());
+            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc.nogc(), x).into_value());
         }
 
         // 3. Let p be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(precision).
-        let p = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc, precision)?;
+        let p = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), precision)?;
 
         // 4. If x is not finite, return Number::toString(x, 10).
         if !x.is_finite(agent) {
-            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).into_value());
+            return Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc.nogc(), x).into_value());
         }
 
         // 5. If p < 1 or p > 100, throw a RangeError exception.
         let precision = p.into_i64(agent) as i32;
         if !(1..=100).contains(&precision) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Precision out of range",
             ));
@@ -291,14 +291,14 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
                 // zeroes).
                 m.push_str(&e.to_string());
 
-                return Ok(Value::from_string(agent, s + &m));
+                return Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), s + &m));
             }
         }
 
         // 11. If e = p - 1, return the string-concatenation of s and m.
         let e_inc = e + 1;
         if e_inc == precision as i32 {
-            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, s + &m).into_value());
+            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), s + &m).into_value());
         }
 
         // 12. If e ≥ 0, then
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         }
 
         // 14. Return the string-concatenation of s and m.
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, s + &m).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), s + &m).into_value())
     }
 
     /// round_to_precision - used in to_precision
@@ -414,15 +414,14 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
 
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let x = this_number_value(agent, this_value)?;
+        let x = this_number_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         let radix = arguments.get(0);
         if radix.is_undefined() || radix == Value::from(10u8) {
-            Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, x).into_value())
+            Ok(Number::to_string_radix_10(agent, gc.nogc(), x).into_value())
         } else {
             todo!();
         }
@@ -430,12 +429,11 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
 
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        this_number_value(agent, this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
+        this_number_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
@@ -470,27 +468,29 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
     }
 }
 
-fn f64_to_exponential(agent: &mut Agent, x: f64) -> Value {
+fn f64_to_exponential(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, x: f64) -> Value {
     match x.abs() {
-        x if x >= 1.0 || x == 0.0 => Value::from_string(agent, format!("{x:e}").replace('e', "e+")),
-        _ => Value::from_string(agent, format!("{x:e}")),
+        x if x >= 1.0 || x == 0.0 => {
+            Value::from_string(agent, gc, format!("{x:e}").replace('e', "e+"))
+        }
+        _ => Value::from_string(agent, gc, format!("{x:e}")),
     }
 }
 
-fn f64_to_exponential_with_precision(agent: &mut Agent, x: f64, f: usize) -> Value {
+fn f64_to_exponential_with_precision(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, x: f64, f: usize) -> Value {
     let mut res = format!("{x:.f$e}");
     let idx = res.find('e').unwrap();
     if res.as_bytes()[idx + 1] != b'-' {
         res.insert(idx + 1, '+');
     }
-    Value::from_string(agent, res)
+    Value::from_string(agent, gc, res)
 }
 
 /// ### [21.1.3.7.1 ThisNumberValue ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-thisnumbervalue)
 ///
 /// The abstract operation ThisNumberValue takes argument value (an ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal completion containing a Number or a throw completion. It performs the following steps when called:
 #[inline(always)]
-fn this_number_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Number> {
+fn this_number_value(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, value: Value) -> JsResult<Number> {
     // 1. If value is a Number, return value.
     if let Ok(value) = Number::try_from(value) {
         return Ok(value);
@@ -506,5 +506,5 @@ fn this_number_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Number> {
         }
     }
     // 3. Throw a TypeError exception.
-    Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "Not a Number"))
+    Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(gc, ExceptionType::TypeError, "Not a Number"))
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
index 5972e0585..e286b6182 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
     vec,
 };
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -240,7 +240,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_get_own_property(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_define_own_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
@@ -265,11 +264,12 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_define_own_property(
 /// ### [10.1.6.2 IsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor ( Extensible, Desc, Current )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-iscompatiblepropertydescriptor)
 pub(crate) fn is_compatible_property_descriptor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     extensible: bool,
     descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     current: Option<PropertyDescriptor>,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
-    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_str(agent, "");
+    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_str(agent, gc, "");
     validate_and_apply_property_descriptor(
         agent,
         None,
@@ -517,7 +517,6 @@ fn validate_and_apply_property_descriptor(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -546,7 +545,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_property(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_get(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     receiver: Value,
@@ -588,7 +586,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_get(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_set(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
@@ -613,7 +610,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_set(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_set_with_own_descriptor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
@@ -722,7 +718,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_set_with_own_descriptor(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_delete(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     object: Object,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -1042,7 +1037,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_create_from_constructor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     constructor: Function,
     intrinsic_default_proto: ProtoIntrinsics,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -1079,7 +1073,6 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_create_from_constructor(
 pub(crate) fn get_prototype_from_constructor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     constructor: Function,
     intrinsic_default_proto: ProtoIntrinsics,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
@@ -1213,7 +1206,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_prototype_from_constructor(
 pub(crate) fn set_immutable_prototype(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Object,
     v: Option<Object>,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
index b4ffdf80e..a31804552 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
@@ -207,7 +207,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         // For non-string primitive objects:
@@ -235,7 +234,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -248,6 +246,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
                 // b. Return IsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor(extensible, Desc, stringDesc).
                 return is_compatible_property_descriptor(
                     agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     self.internal_extensible(agent),
                     property_descriptor,
                     Some(string_desc),
@@ -267,7 +266,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
@@ -304,7 +302,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -340,7 +337,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -366,7 +362,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
@@ -441,7 +436,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject {
 #[repr(u8)]
 pub(crate) enum PrimitiveObjectData {
     Boolean(bool) = BOOLEAN_DISCRIMINANT,
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+    String(HeapString<'static>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     SmallString(SmallString) = SMALL_STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     Symbol(Symbol) = SYMBOL_DISCRIMINANT,
     Number(HeapNumber) = NUMBER_DISCRIMINANT,
@@ -476,7 +471,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PrimitiveObjectData> for Number {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<PrimitiveObjectData> for String {
+impl TryFrom<PrimitiveObjectData> for String<'static> {
     type Error = ();
 
     fn try_from(value: PrimitiveObjectData) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
@@ -536,7 +531,7 @@ impl PrimitiveObjectHeapData {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new_string_object(string: String) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new_string_object(string: String<'static>) -> Self {
         let data = match string {
             String::String(data) => PrimitiveObjectData::String(data),
             String::SmallString(data) => PrimitiveObjectData::SmallString(data),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
index 0a4f98afb..a192dcf61 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
@@ -140,7 +139,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         todo!();
@@ -150,7 +148,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -161,7 +158,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
@@ -171,7 +167,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -182,7 +177,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
         _value: Value,
         _receiver: Value,
@@ -194,7 +188,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         todo!();
@@ -212,7 +205,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments_list: super::ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -223,7 +215,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy {
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _arguments_list: super::ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: crate::ecmascript::types::Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
index 7fe18a151..514b3270a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct ProxyConstructor;
 impl Builtin for ProxyConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Proxy;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.Proxy;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for ProxyConstructor {
 
 struct ProxyRevocable;
 impl Builtin for ProxyRevocable {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.revocable;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.revocable;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ impl ProxyConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ impl ProxyConstructor {
     fn revocable(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
index 4ce5b0f2c..d7bf69498 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ReflectObject;
 
 struct ReflectObjectApply;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectApply {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.apply;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.apply;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectApply {
 
 struct ReflectObjectConstruct;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectConstruct {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.construct;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.construct;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectConstruct {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectDefineProperty;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectDefineProperty {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperty;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperty;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectDefineProperty {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectDeleteProperty;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectDeleteProperty {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.deleteProperty;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.deleteProperty;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectDeleteProperty {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectGet;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGet {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGetOwnPropertyDescriptor {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectGetPrototypeOf;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGetPrototypeOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getPrototypeOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getPrototypeOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectGetPrototypeOf {
 
 struct ReflectObjectHas;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectHas {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectHas {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectIsExtensible;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectIsExtensible {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isExtensible;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isExtensible;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectIsExtensible {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectOwnKeys;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectOwnKeys {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ownKeys;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ownKeys;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectOwnKeys {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectPreventExtensions;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectPreventExtensions {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.preventExtensions;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.preventExtensions;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectPreventExtensions {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectSet;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectSet {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl Builtin for ReflectObjectSet {
 }
 struct ReflectObjectSetPrototypeOf;
 impl Builtin for ReflectObjectSetPrototypeOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setPrototypeOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setPrototypeOf;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn apply(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -161,6 +160,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         // 1. If IsCallable(target) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(target) = is_callable(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not callable",
             ));
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn construct(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -186,6 +185,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         // 1. If IsConstructor(target) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(target) = is_constructor(agent, target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not a constructor",
             ));
@@ -197,6 +197,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             let new_target = arguments.get(2);
             let Some(new_target) = is_constructor(agent, new_target) else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Value is not a constructor",
                 ));
@@ -223,13 +224,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn define_property(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -250,13 +251,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn delete_property(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -274,13 +275,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn get(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -304,13 +305,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn get_own_property_descriptor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -332,13 +333,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn get_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -355,13 +356,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn has(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -379,13 +380,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn is_extensible(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -400,13 +401,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn own_keys(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(arguments.get(0)) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -421,20 +422,20 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             .map(PropertyKey::into_value)
             .collect();
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(keys).
-        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &keys).into_value())
+        Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &keys).into_value())
     }
 
     /// [28.1.11 Reflect.preventExtensions ( target )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-reflect.preventextensions)
     fn prevent_extensions(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -449,13 +450,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn set(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -483,13 +484,13 @@ impl ReflectObject {
     fn set_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !arguments.get(0).is_object() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
             ));
@@ -504,6 +505,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             None
         } else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Prototype must be an object or null",
             ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
index 905fb4252..d671a1e94 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ fn reg_exp_alloc_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent) -> RegExp {
 pub(crate) fn reg_exp_alloc(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     new_target: Function,
 ) -> JsResult<RegExp> {
     // 1. Let obj be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget, "%RegExp.prototype%", « [[OriginalSource]], [[OriginalFlags]], [[RegExpRecord]], [[RegExpMatcher]] »).
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ pub(crate) fn reg_exp_initialize_from_string(
     //     14. If parseResult is a non-empty List of SyntaxError objects, throw a SyntaxError exception.
     //     15. Assert: parseResult is a Pattern Parse Node.
     //     16. Set obj.[[OriginalSource]] to P.
-    agent[obj].original_source = p;
+    agent[obj].original_source = p.unbind();
     //     17. Set obj.[[OriginalFlags]] to F.
     agent[obj].original_flags = f;
     //     18. Let capturingGroupsCount be CountLeftCapturingParensWithin(parseResult).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/data.rs
index 0de69de9a..51be4e29e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/data.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub struct RegExpHeapData {
     pub(crate) object_index: Option<OrdinaryObject>,
     // _regex: RegExp,
-    pub(crate) original_source: String,
+    pub(crate) original_source: String<'static>,
     pub(crate) original_flags: RegExpFlags,
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
index 17f936d72..0eebdafaf 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct ArrayBufferConstructor;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ArrayBuffer;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ArrayBuffer;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for ArrayBufferConstructor {
 
 struct ArrayBufferIsView;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferIsView {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isView;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isView;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Builtin for ArrayBufferIsView {
 
 struct ArrayBufferGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferGetSpecies {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -66,6 +65,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Constructor ArrayBuffer requires 'new'",
             ));
@@ -74,13 +74,14 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
         let byte_length = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))? as u64;
         // 3. Let requestedMaxByteLength be ? GetArrayBufferMaxByteLengthOption(options).
         let requested_max_byte_length = if arguments.len() > 1 {
-            get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(agent, gc, arguments.get(1))?
+            get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(1))?
         } else {
             None
         };
         // 4. Return ? AllocateArrayBuffer(NewTarget, byteLength, requestedMaxByteLength).
         allocate_array_buffer(
             agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap(),
             byte_length,
             requested_max_byte_length,
@@ -92,7 +93,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
     fn is_view(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
     fn species(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -162,7 +161,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
 fn get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     options: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<u64>> {
     // 1. If options is not an Object, return empty.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
index db7739ad3..7e97843eb 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ArrayBufferPrototype;
 
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::get_byte_length);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {}
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeGetDetached;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetDetached {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_detached;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_detached;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.detached.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::get_detached);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetDetached {
 impl BuiltinGetter for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetDetached {}
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_maxByteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_maxByteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.maxByteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::get_max_byte_length);
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {}
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeGetResizable;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetResizable {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_resizable;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_resizable;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.resizable.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::get_resizable);
@@ -58,25 +58,25 @@ impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetResizable {
 impl BuiltinGetter for ArrayBufferPrototypeGetResizable {}
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeResize;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeResize {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.resize;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.resize;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::resize);
 }
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeSlice;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeSlice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::slice);
 }
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeTransfer;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeTransfer {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.transfer;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.transfer;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::transfer);
 }
 struct ArrayBufferPrototypeTransferToFixedLength;
 impl Builtin for ArrayBufferPrototypeTransferToFixedLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.transferToFixedLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.transferToFixedLength;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(ArrayBufferPrototype::transfer_to_fixed_length);
 }
@@ -88,15 +88,14 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     /// accessor function is undefined.
     fn get_byte_length(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 4. If IsDetachedBuffer(O) is true, return +0𝔽.
         // 5. Let length be O.[[ArrayBufferByteLength]].
         // 6. Return 𝔽(length).
@@ -111,15 +110,14 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     /// ArrayBuffer.prototype.detached is an accessor property whose set accessor function is undefined.
     fn get_detached(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 4. Return IsDetachedBuffer(O).
         Ok(is_detached_buffer(agent, o).into())
     }
@@ -129,15 +127,14 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     /// ArrayBuffer.prototype.maxByteLength is an accessor property whose set accessor function is undefined.
     fn get_max_byte_length(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 4. If IsDetachedBuffer(O) is true, return +0𝔽.
         // 5. If IsFixedLengthArrayBuffer(O) is true, then
         // a. Let length be O.[[ArrayBufferByteLength]].
@@ -152,15 +149,14 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     /// ArrayBuffer.prototype.resizable is an accessor property whose set accessor function is undefined.
     fn get_resizable(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.´
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 4. If IsFixedLengthArrayBuffer(O) is false, return true; otherwise return false.
         Ok((!is_fixed_length_array_buffer(agent, o)).into())
     }
@@ -170,26 +166,27 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     /// This method performs the following steps when called:
     fn resize(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferMaxByteLength]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.´
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         if !o.is_resizable(agent) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Attempted to resize fixed length ArrayBuffer",
             ));
         }
         // 4. Let newByteLength be ? ToIndex(newLength).
-        let new_byte_length = to_index(agent, gc, arguments.get(0))? as usize;
+        let new_byte_length = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), arguments.get(0))? as usize;
         // 5. If IsDetachedBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, o) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Cannot resize a detached ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -197,6 +194,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 6. If newByteLength > O.[[ArrayBufferMaxByteLength]], throw a RangeError exception.
         if new_byte_length > o.max_byte_length(agent) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Attempted to resize beyond ArrayBuffer maxByteLength",
             ));
@@ -226,17 +224,17 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn slice(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
         // 3. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.´
-        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 4. If IsDetachedBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, o) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Cannot slice a detached ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -283,7 +281,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 16. Let new be ? Construct(ctor, « 𝔽(newLen) »).
         let Object::ArrayBuffer(new) = construct(
             agent,
-            gc,
+            gc.reborrow(),
             ctor.into_function(),
             Some(ArgumentsList(&[(new_len as i64).try_into().unwrap()])),
             None,
@@ -296,6 +294,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 19. If IsDetachedBuffer(new) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, new) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Construction produced a detached ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -303,6 +302,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 20. If SameValue(new, O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if new == o {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Construction returned the original ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -310,6 +310,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 21. If new.[[ArrayBufferByteLength]] < newLen, throw a TypeError exception.
         if new.byte_length(agent) < new_len {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Construction returned a smaller ArrayBuffer than requested",
             ));
@@ -318,6 +319,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         // 23. If IsDetachedBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, o) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Construction detached ArrayBuffer being sliced",
             ));
@@ -343,7 +345,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn transfer(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -358,7 +359,6 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn transfer_to_fixed_length(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -400,6 +400,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
 #[inline]
 pub(crate) fn require_internal_slot_array_buffer(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     o: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<ArrayBuffer> {
     match o {
@@ -407,6 +408,7 @@ pub(crate) fn require_internal_slot_array_buffer(
         // 2. If IsSharedArrayBuffer(O) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         Value::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer) => Ok(array_buffer),
         _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Expected this to be ArrayBuffer",
         )),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
index a8abe65a6..62dfa2c16 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AtomicsObject;
 
 struct AtomicsObjectAdd;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectAdd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectAdd {
 
 struct AtomicsObjectAnd;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectAnd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.and;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.and;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectAnd {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectCompareExchange;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectCompareExchange {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.compareExchange;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.compareExchange;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 4;
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectCompareExchange {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectExchange;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectExchange {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exchange;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exchange;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectExchange {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectIsLockFree;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectIsLockFree {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isLockFree;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isLockFree;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectIsLockFree {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectLoad;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectLoad {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.load;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.load;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectLoad {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectOr;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectOr {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.or;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.or;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectOr {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectStore;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectStore {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.store;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.store;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectStore {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectSub;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectSub {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sub;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sub;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectSub {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectWait;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectWait {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.wait;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.wait;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 4;
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectWait {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectWaitAsync;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectWaitAsync {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.waitAsync;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.waitAsync;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 4;
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectWaitAsync {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectNotify;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectNotify {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.notify;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.notify;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectNotify {
 }
 struct AtomicsObjectXor;
 impl Builtin for AtomicsObjectXor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.xor;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.xor;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn add(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -148,7 +147,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn and(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -158,7 +156,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn compare_exchange(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -168,7 +165,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn exchange(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -178,7 +174,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn is_lock_free(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -188,7 +183,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn load(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -198,7 +192,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn or(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -208,7 +201,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn store(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -218,7 +210,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn sub(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -228,7 +219,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn wait(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -238,7 +228,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn wait_async(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -248,7 +237,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn notify(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -258,7 +246,6 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
     fn xor(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
index 5f8732c87..131e33db2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct DataViewConstructor;
 impl Builtin for DataViewConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.DataView;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.DataView;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "calling a builtin DataView constructor without new is forbidden",
             ));
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         let byte_length = arguments.get(2);
 
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(buffer, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
-        let buffer = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, buffer)?;
+        let buffer = require_internal_slot_array_buffer(agent, gc.nogc(), buffer)?;
 
         // 3. Let offset be ? ToIndex(byteOffset).
         let offset = to_index(agent, gc.reborrow(), byte_offset)? as usize;
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         // 4. If IsDetachedBuffer(buffer) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, buffer) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "attempting to access detached ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         // 6. If offset > bufferByteLength, throw a RangeError exception.
         if offset > buffer_byte_length {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "offset is outside the bounds of the buffer",
             ));
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
             // b. If offset + viewByteLength > bufferByteLength, throw a RangeError exception.
             if offset + view_byte_length > buffer_byte_length {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::RangeError,
                     "offset is outside the bounds of the buffer",
                 ));
@@ -115,11 +119,17 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         };
 
         // 10. Let O be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget, "%DataView.prototype%", « [[DataView]], [[ViewedArrayBuffer]], [[ByteLength]], [[ByteOffset]] »).
-        let o = ordinary_create_from_constructor(agent, gc, new_target, ProtoIntrinsics::DataView)?;
+        let o = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
+            agent,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+            new_target,
+            ProtoIntrinsics::DataView,
+        )?;
 
         // 11. If IsDetachedBuffer(buffer) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, buffer) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "attempting to access detached ArrayBuffer",
             ));
@@ -131,6 +141,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         // 13. If offset > bufferByteLength, throw a RangeError exception.
         if offset > buffer_byte_length {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "offset is outside the bounds of the buffer",
             ));
@@ -141,6 +152,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
             // a. If offset + viewByteLength > bufferByteLength, throw a RangeError exception.
             if offset + view_byte_length > buffer_byte_length {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::RangeError,
                     "offset is outside the bounds of the buffer",
                 ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
index b3f7add19..5c7963682 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::to_boolean;
 use crate::ecmascript::builtins::data_view::abstract_operations::{get_view_value, set_view_value};
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         builders::ordinary_object_builder::OrdinaryObjectBuilder,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) struct DataViewPrototype;
 
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetBuffer;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetBuffer {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_buffer;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_buffer;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.buffer.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_buffer);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetBuffer {
 impl BuiltinGetter for DataViewPrototypeGetBuffer {}
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetByteLength;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_byte_length);
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for DataViewPrototypeGetByteLength {}
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetByteOffset;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetByteOffset {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteOffset;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteOffset;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteOffset.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_byte_offset);
@@ -54,121 +54,121 @@ impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetByteOffset {
 impl BuiltinGetter for DataViewPrototypeGetByteOffset {}
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetBigInt64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetBigInt64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getBigInt64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getBigInt64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_big_int64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetBigUint64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetBigUint64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getBigUint64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getBigUint64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_big_uint64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetFloat32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetFloat32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFloat32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFloat32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_float32);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetFloat64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetFloat64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFloat64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getFloat64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_float64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetInt8;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetInt8 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt8;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt8;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_int8);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetInt16;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetInt16 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt16;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt16;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_int16);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetInt32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetInt32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getInt32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_int32);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetUint8;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetUint8 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint8;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint8;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_uint8);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetUint16;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetUint16 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint16;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint16;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_uint16);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeGetUint32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeGetUint32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getUint32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::get_uint32);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetBigInt64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetBigInt64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setBigInt64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setBigInt64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_big_int64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetBigUint64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetBigUint64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setBigUint64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setBigUint64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_big_uint64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetFloat32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetFloat32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFloat32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFloat32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_float32);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetFloat64;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetFloat64 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFloat64;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setFloat64;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_float64);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetInt8;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetInt8 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt8;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt8;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_int8);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetInt16;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetInt16 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt16;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt16;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_int16);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetInt32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetInt32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setInt32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_int32);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetUint8;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetUint8 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint8;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint8;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_uint8);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetUint16;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetUint16 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint16;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint16;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_uint16);
 }
 struct DataViewPrototypeSetUint32;
 impl Builtin for DataViewPrototypeSetUint32 {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint32;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setUint32;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(DataViewPrototype::set_uint32);
 }
@@ -180,13 +180,13 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
     /// function is undefined.
     fn get_buffer(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
-        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Assert: O has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
         // 4. Let buffer be O.[[ViewedArrayBuffer]].
         // 5. Return buffer.
@@ -199,19 +199,20 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
     /// function is undefined.
     fn get_byte_length(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
-        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Assert: O has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
         // 4. Let viewRecord be MakeDataViewWithBufferWitnessRecord(O, seq-cst).
         let view_record = make_data_view_with_buffer_witness_record(agent, o, Ordering::SeqCst);
         // 5. If IsViewOutOfBounds(viewRecord) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_view_out_of_bounds(agent, &view_record) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "DataView is out of bounds",
             ));
@@ -228,19 +229,20 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
     /// function is undefined.
     fn get_byte_offset(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
-        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_internal_slot_data_view(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 3. Assert: O has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
         // 4. Let viewRecord be MakeDataViewWithBufferWitnessRecord(O, seq-cst).
         let view_record = make_data_view_with_buffer_witness_record(agent, o, Ordering::SeqCst);
         // 5. If IsViewOutOfBounds(viewRecord) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_view_out_of_bounds(agent, &view_record) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "DataView is out of bounds",
             ));
@@ -594,11 +596,16 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
 }
 
 #[inline]
-pub(crate) fn require_internal_slot_data_view(agent: &mut Agent, o: Value) -> JsResult<DataView> {
+pub(crate) fn require_internal_slot_data_view(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
+    o: Value,
+) -> JsResult<DataView> {
     match o {
         // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
         Value::DataView(array_buffer) => Ok(array_buffer),
         _ => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc,
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Expected this to be DataView",
         )),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
index 974014b72..c2102a98e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) struct JSONObject;
 
 struct JSONObjectParse;
 impl Builtin for JSONObjectParse {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parse;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.parse;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Builtin for JSONObjectParse {
 
 struct JSONObjectStringify;
 impl Builtin for JSONObjectStringify {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.stringify;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.stringify;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 3;
 
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ impl JSONObject {
     fn parse(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -100,7 +99,11 @@ impl JSONObject {
         let json_value = match sonic_rs::from_str::<sonic_rs::Value>(json_string.as_str(agent)) {
             Ok(value) => value,
             Err(error) => {
-                return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::SyntaxError, error.to_string()));
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
+                    error.to_string(),
+                ));
             }
         };
 
@@ -149,7 +152,6 @@ impl JSONObject {
     fn stringify(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -195,7 +197,6 @@ impl JSONObject {
 pub(crate) fn internalize_json_property(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     holder: Object,
     name: PropertyKey,
     reviver: Function,
@@ -274,18 +275,19 @@ pub(crate) fn internalize_json_property(
 pub(crate) fn value_from_json(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     json: &sonic_rs::Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     match json.get_type() {
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Null => Ok(Value::Null),
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Boolean => Ok(Value::Boolean(json.is_true())),
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Number => Ok(Number::from_f64(agent, json.as_f64().unwrap()).into()),
-        sonic_rs::JsonType::String => Ok(String::from_str(agent, json.as_str().unwrap()).into()),
+        sonic_rs::JsonType::String => {
+            Ok(String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), json.as_str().unwrap()).into())
+        }
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Array => {
             let json_array = json.as_array().unwrap();
             let len = json_array.len();
-            let array_obj = array_create(agent, len, len, None)?;
+            let array_obj = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), len, len, None)?;
             for (i, value) in json_array.iter().enumerate() {
                 let prop = PropertyKey::from(SmallInteger::try_from(i as i64).unwrap());
                 let js_value = value_from_json(agent, gc.reborrow(), value)?;
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ pub(crate) fn value_from_json(
             let object =
                 ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
             for (key, value) in json_object.iter() {
-                let prop = PropertyKey::from_str(agent, key);
+                let prop = PropertyKey::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), key);
                 let js_value = value_from_json(agent, gc.reborrow(), value)?;
                 create_data_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), object, prop, js_value)?;
             }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
index 32b578f4a..c9ff16cb8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub(crate) struct SharedArrayBufferConstructor;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.SharedArrayBuffer;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.SharedArrayBuffer;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
 
 struct SharedArrayBufferGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferGetSpecies {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
 
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
     fn species(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
index 5816f0e20..f8ae0e84e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SharedArrayBufferPrototype;
 
 struct SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_byteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.byteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SharedArrayBufferPrototype::get_byte_length);
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetByteLength {}
 struct SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGrow;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGrow {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.grow;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.grow;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SharedArrayBufferPrototype::grow);
 }
 struct SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetGrowable;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetGrowable {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_growable;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_growable;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.growable.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SharedArrayBufferPrototype::get_growable);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetGrowable {
 impl BuiltinGetter for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetGrowable {}
 struct SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_maxByteLength;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_maxByteLength;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.maxByteLength.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour =
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {
 impl BuiltinGetter for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeGetMaxByteLength {}
 struct SharedArrayBufferPrototypeSlice;
 impl Builtin for SharedArrayBufferPrototypeSlice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(SharedArrayBufferPrototype::slice);
 }
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn get_byte_length(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -67,7 +66,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn grow(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -77,7 +75,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn get_growable(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -87,7 +84,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn get_max_byte_length(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -97,7 +93,6 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
     fn slice(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
index f70adfe5b..545882a46 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub struct RegExpConstructor;
 impl Builtin for RegExpConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.RegExp;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.RegExp;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for RegExpConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::RegExp;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct RegExpGetSpecies;
 impl Builtin for RegExpGetSpecies {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpConstructor::get_species);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get__Symbol_species_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Species.to_property_key());
 }
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpGetSpecies {}
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ impl RegExpConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ impl RegExpConstructor {
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
index 07f0cab9e..07e0fbcee 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RegExpPrototype;
 
 struct RegExpPrototypeExec;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeExec {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exec;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.exec;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::exec);
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for RegExpPrototypeExec {
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetDotAll;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetDotAll {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_dotAll;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_dotAll;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.dotAll.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_dot_all);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetDotAll {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetDotAll {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetFlags;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetFlags {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_flags;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_flags;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flags.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_flags);
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetFlags {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetFlags {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetGlobal;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetGlobal {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_global;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_global;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.global.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_global);
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetGlobal {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetGlobal {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetHasIndices;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetHasIndices {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_hasIndices;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_hasIndices;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.hasIndices.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_has_indices);
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetHasIndices {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetHasIndices {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetIgnoreCase;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetIgnoreCase {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_ignoreCase;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_ignoreCase;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.ignoreCase.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_ignore_case);
@@ -67,21 +67,21 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetIgnoreCase {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetIgnoreCase {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeMatch;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeMatch {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_match_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_match_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Match.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::r#match);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeMatchAll;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeMatchAll {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_matchAll_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_matchAll_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::MatchAll.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::match_all);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetMultiline;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetMultiline {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_multiline;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_multiline;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.multiline.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_multiline);
@@ -89,21 +89,21 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetMultiline {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetMultiline {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeReplace;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeReplace {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_replace_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_replace_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Replace.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::replace);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeSearch;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeSearch {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_search_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_search_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Search.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::search);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetSource;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetSource {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_source;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_source;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.source.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_source);
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetSource {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetSource {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeSplit;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeSplit {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_split_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_split_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Split.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::split);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetSticky;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetSticky {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_sticky;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_sticky;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.sticky.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_sticky);
@@ -126,19 +126,19 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetSticky {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetSticky {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeTest;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeTest {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.test;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.test;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::test);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::to_string);
 }
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetUnicode;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetUnicode {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_unicode;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_unicode;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unicode.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_unicode);
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetUnicode {
 impl BuiltinGetter for RegExpPrototypeGetUnicode {}
 struct RegExpPrototypeGetUnicodeSets;
 impl Builtin for RegExpPrototypeGetUnicodeSets {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_unicodeSets;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get_unicodeSets;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.unicodeSets.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(RegExpPrototype::get_unicode_sets);
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn exec(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -167,7 +166,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_dot_all(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -177,7 +175,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_flags(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -187,7 +184,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_global(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -197,7 +193,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_has_indices(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -207,7 +202,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_ignore_case(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -217,7 +211,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn r#match(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -227,7 +220,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn match_all(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -237,7 +229,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_multiline(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -247,7 +238,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn replace(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -257,7 +247,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn search(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -267,7 +256,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_source(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -277,7 +265,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn split(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -287,7 +274,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_sticky(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -297,7 +283,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn test(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -314,7 +299,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn to_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -325,7 +309,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
                 "{} is not an object",
                 this_value.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         if let Object::RegExp(r) = r {
             // Fast path for RegExp objects: This is not actually proper as it
@@ -341,17 +325,25 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
             data.original_flags.iter_names().for_each(|(flag, _)| {
                 regexp_string.push_str(flag);
             });
-            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, regexp_string).into_value());
+            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), regexp_string).into_value());
         }
         // 3. Let pattern be ? ToString(? Get(R, "source")).
         let pattern = get(agent, gc.reborrow(), r, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.source.into())?;
-        let pattern = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), pattern)?;
+        let pattern = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), pattern)?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 4. Let flags be ? ToString(? Get(R, "flags")).
         let flags = get(agent, gc.reborrow(), r, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.flags.into())?;
-        let flags = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), flags)?;
+        let flags = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), flags)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let result be the string-concatenation of "/", pattern, "/", and flags.
-        let result = format!("/{}/{}", pattern.as_str(agent), flags.as_str(agent));
-        let result = String::from_string(agent, result);
+        let result = format!(
+            "/{}/{}",
+            pattern.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()).as_str(agent),
+            flags.as_str(agent)
+        );
+        let result = String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result);
         // 6. Return result.
         Ok(result.into_value())
     }
@@ -359,7 +351,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_unicode(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -369,7 +360,6 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
     fn get_unicode_sets(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
index dcd6824c3..a894c82c1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RegExpStringIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct RegExpStringIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for RegExpStringIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl RegExpStringIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
index 74586ca98..195f6dcdc 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub struct StringConstructor;
 impl Builtin for StringConstructor {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Constructor(Self::behaviour);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.String;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.String;
 }
 impl BuiltinIntrinsicConstructor for StringConstructor {
     const INDEX: IntrinsicConstructorIndexes = IntrinsicConstructorIndexes::String;
@@ -42,25 +42,24 @@ struct StringFromCharCode;
 impl Builtin for StringFromCharCode {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringConstructor::from_char_code);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCharCode;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCharCode;
 }
 struct StringFromCodePoint;
 impl Builtin for StringFromCodePoint {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringConstructor::from_code_point);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCodePoint;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.fromCodePoint;
 }
 struct StringRaw;
 impl Builtin for StringRaw {
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringConstructor::raw);
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.raw;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.raw;
 }
 impl StringConstructor {
     fn behaviour(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
@@ -75,18 +74,20 @@ impl StringConstructor {
             // a. If NewTarget is undefined and value is a Symbol, return SymbolDescriptiveString(value).
             if new_target.is_none() {
                 if let Value::Symbol(value) = value {
-                    return Ok(value.descriptive_string(agent).into_value());
+                    return Ok(value.descriptive_string(agent, gc.nogc()).into_value());
                 }
             }
             // b. Let s be ? ToString(value).
             to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), value)?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc())
         };
         // 3. If NewTarget is undefined, return s.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Ok(s.into_value());
         };
         // 4. Return StringCreate(s, ? GetPrototypeFromConstructor(NewTarget, "%String.prototype%")).
-        let value = s;
+        let value = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let prototype = get_prototype_from_constructor(
             agent,
             gc.reborrow(),
@@ -104,8 +105,9 @@ impl StringConstructor {
 
         // 2. Set S.[[Prototype]] to prototype.
         // 3. Set S.[[StringData]] to value.
+        let value = value.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         agent[s].data = match value {
-            String::String(data) => PrimitiveObjectData::String(data),
+            String::String(data) => PrimitiveObjectData::String(data.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(data) => PrimitiveObjectData::SmallString(data),
         };
         // 4. Set S.[[GetOwnProperty]] as specified in 10.4.3.1.
@@ -124,7 +126,6 @@ impl StringConstructor {
     fn from_char_code(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         code_units: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ impl StringConstructor {
         }
         let result = std::string::String::from_utf16_lossy(&buf);
 
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, result).into())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result).into())
     }
 
     /// ### [22.1.2.2 String.fromCodePoint ( ...`codePoints` ) ](https://262.ecma-international.org/15.0/index.html#sec-string.fromcodepoint)
@@ -164,7 +165,6 @@ impl StringConstructor {
     fn from_code_point(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -183,7 +183,6 @@ impl StringConstructor {
     fn raw(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
index 19e6d38e1..40f6adcef 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct StringIteratorPrototype;
 
 struct StringIteratorPrototypeNext;
 impl Builtin for StringIteratorPrototypeNext {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next;
 
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ impl StringIteratorPrototype {
     fn next(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
index d0dd67449..e316e69f4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ use unicode_normalization::{
     is_nfc_quick, is_nfd_quick, is_nfkc_quick, is_nfkd_quick, IsNormalized, UnicodeNormalization,
 };
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::{
+    to_string_primitive, try_to_integer_or_infinity, try_to_string,
+};
+use crate::ecmascript::types::Primitive;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
+use crate::SmallInteger;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -35,193 +40,193 @@ pub(crate) struct StringPrototype;
 
 struct StringPrototypeGetAt;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeGetAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.at;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::at);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeCharAt;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeCharAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.charAt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.charAt;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::char_at);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeCharCodeAt;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeCharCodeAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.charCodeAt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.charCodeAt;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::char_code_at);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeCodePointAt;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeCodePointAt {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.codePointAt;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.codePointAt;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::code_point_at);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeConcat;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeConcat {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.concat;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.concat;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::concat);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeEndsWith;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeEndsWith {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.endsWith;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.endsWith;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::ends_with);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeIncludes;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeIncludes {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.includes;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::includes);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.indexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::index_of);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeIsWellFormed;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeIsWellFormed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isWellFormed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isWellFormed;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::is_well_formed);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeLastIndexOf;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeLastIndexOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndexOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::last_index_of);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeLocaleCompare;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeLocaleCompare {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.localeCompare;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.localeCompare;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::locale_compare);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeMatch;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeMatch {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#match;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#match;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::r#match);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeMatchAll;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeMatchAll {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.matchAll;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.matchAll;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::match_all);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeNormalize;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeNormalize {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.normalize;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.normalize;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::normalize);
 }
 struct StringPrototypePadEnd;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypePadEnd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.padEnd;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.padEnd;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::pad_end);
 }
 struct StringPrototypePadStart;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypePadStart {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.padStart;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.padStart;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::pad_start);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeRepeat;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeRepeat {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.repeat;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.repeat;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::repeat);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeReplace;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeReplace {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.replace;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.replace;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::replace);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeReplaceAll;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeReplaceAll {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.replaceAll;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.replaceAll;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::replace_all);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeSearch;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeSearch {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.search;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.search;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::search);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeSlice;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeSlice {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.slice;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::slice);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeSplit;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeSplit {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.split;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.split;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::split);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeStartsWith;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeStartsWith {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.startsWith;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.startsWith;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::starts_with);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeSubstring;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeSubstring {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.substring;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.substring;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::substring);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToLocaleLowerCase;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToLocaleLowerCase {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleLowerCase;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleLowerCase;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::to_locale_lower_case);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToLocaleUpperCase;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToLocaleUpperCase {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleUpperCase;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLocaleUpperCase;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::to_locale_upper_case);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToLowerCase;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToLowerCase {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLowerCase;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toLowerCase;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::to_lower_case);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToString;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToString {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::value_of);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToUpperCase;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToUpperCase {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toUpperCase;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toUpperCase;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::to_upper_case);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeToWellFormed;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeToWellFormed {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toWellFormed;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toWellFormed;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::to_well_formed);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeTrim;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeTrim {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trim;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trim;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::trim);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeTrimEnd;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeTrimEnd {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trimEnd;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trimEnd;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::trim_end);
 }
@@ -230,7 +235,7 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for StringPrototypeTrimEnd {
 }
 struct StringPrototypeTrimStart;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeTrimStart {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trimStart;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.trimStart;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::trim_start);
 }
@@ -239,13 +244,13 @@ impl BuiltinIntrinsic for StringPrototypeTrimStart {
 }
 struct StringPrototypeValueOf;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeValueOf {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.valueOf;
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::value_of);
 }
 struct StringPrototypeIterator;
 impl Builtin for StringPrototypeIterator {
-    const NAME: String = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_iterator_;
+    const NAME: String<'static> = BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY._Symbol_iterator_;
     const KEY: Option<PropertyKey> = Some(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Iterator.to_property_key());
     const LENGTH: u8 = 0;
     const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(StringPrototype::iterator);
@@ -255,19 +260,27 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn at(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let pos = args.get(0);
+        let (s, relative_index) = if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(relative_index)) =
+            (String::try_from(this_value), pos)
+        {
+            (s.bind(gc.nogc()), relative_index.into_i64())
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            // 4. Let relativeIndex be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
+            let relative_index = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), pos)?.into_i64(agent);
+            (s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), relative_index)
+        };
         // 3. Let len be the length of S.
         let len = i64::try_from(s.utf16_len(agent)).unwrap();
-        // 4. Let relativeIndex be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
-        let relative_index =
-            to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
         // 5. If relativeIndex ≥ 0, then
         let k = if relative_index >= 0 {
             // a. Let k be relativeIndex.
@@ -290,16 +303,25 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn char_at(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
-        let position = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+        let pos = args.get(0);
+        let (s, position) =
+            if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) = (String::try_from(this_value), pos) {
+                (s.bind(gc.nogc()), position.into_i64())
+            } else {
+                // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+                let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+                // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+                let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
+                let position =
+                    to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+                (s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), position)
+            };
         // 4. Let size be the length of S.
         let size = s.utf16_len(agent);
         // 5. If position < 0 or position ≥ size, return the empty String.
@@ -315,16 +337,25 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn char_code_at(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
-        let position = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+        let pos = args.get(0);
+        let (s, position) =
+            if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) = (String::try_from(this_value), pos) {
+                (s.bind(gc.nogc()), position.into_i64())
+            } else {
+                // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+                let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+                // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+                let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
+                let position =
+                    to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+                (s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), position)
+            };
         // 4. Let size be the length of S.
         let size = s.utf16_len(agent);
         // 5. If position < 0 or position ≥ size, return NaN.
@@ -341,16 +372,25 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn code_point_at(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
-        let position = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+        let pos = args.get(0);
+        let (s, position) =
+            if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) = (String::try_from(this_value), pos) {
+                (s.bind(gc.nogc()), position.into_i64())
+            } else {
+                // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+                let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+                // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+                let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                // 3. Let position be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(pos).
+                let position =
+                    to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_i64(agent);
+                (s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), position)
+            };
         // 4. Let size be the length of S.
         let size = s.utf16_len(agent);
         // 5. If position < 0 or position ≥ size, return undefined.
@@ -371,54 +411,121 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn concat(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let nogc = gc.nogc();
+        let (s, args) = if let Ok(s) = String::try_from(this_value) {
+            (s, &args[..])
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, nogc, this_value)?;
+            if let Some(s) = try_to_string(agent, nogc, o) {
+                (s?, &args[..])
+            } else {
+                // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+                // TODO: args should be rooted here.
+                (
+                    to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc()),
+                    &args[..],
+                )
+            }
+        };
         // 3. Let R be S.
-        let mut strings = Vec::with_capacity(args.len() + 1);
-        strings.push(s);
+        let strings = if args.iter().all(|arg| arg.is_primitive()) {
+            let mut strings = Vec::with_capacity(args.len() + 1);
+            strings.push(s);
+            let nogc = gc.nogc();
+            for next in args.iter() {
+                strings.push(to_string_primitive(
+                    agent,
+                    nogc,
+                    Primitive::try_from(*next).unwrap(),
+                )?);
+            }
+            strings
+        } else {
+            let mut string_roots = Vec::with_capacity(args.len() + 1);
+            string_roots.push(s.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+            for next in args.iter() {
+                string_roots.push(
+                    to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), *next)?
+                        .unbind()
+                        .scope(agent, gc.nogc()),
+                );
+            }
+            let nogc = gc.nogc();
+            string_roots
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|string_root| string_root.get(agent).bind(nogc))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
         // 4. For each element next of args, do
         //     a. Let nextString be ? ToString(next).
         //     b. Set R to the string-concatenation of R and nextString.
-        for next in args.iter() {
-            strings.push(to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), *next)?);
-        }
         // 5. Return R.
-        Ok(String::concat(agent, &strings).into_value())
+        Ok(String::concat(agent, gc.nogc(), &strings).into_value())
     }
 
     fn ends_with(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let search_string = args.get(0);
+        let end_position = args.get(1);
 
-        // 3. Let isRegExp be ? IsRegExp(searchString).
-        // 4. If isRegExp is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-        // TODO
+        let (s, search_str, pos) = if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Undefined) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            end_position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, usize::MAX)
+        } else if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Integer(position)) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            end_position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, position.into_i64().max(0) as usize)
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
+            // 3. Let isRegExp be ? IsRegExp(searchString).
+            // 4. If isRegExp is true, throw a TypeError exception.
+            // TODO
+
+            // 5. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
+            let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_string)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
+            // 6. Let len be the length of S.
+            // 7. If endPosition is undefined, let pos be len;
+            let pos = if end_position.is_undefined() {
+                usize::MAX
+            } else {
+                // else let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(endPosition).
+                to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), end_position)?.into_usize(agent)
+            };
 
-        // 5. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
-        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
+            (
+                s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()),
+                search_str.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()),
+                pos,
+            )
+        };
 
         // 6. Let len be the length of S.
-        // 7. If endPosition is undefined, let pos be len; else let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(endPosition).
         // 8. Let end be the result of clamping pos between 0 and len.
-        let end_position = args.get(1);
-        let haystack_str = if end_position.is_undefined() {
+        let haystack_str = if pos == usize::MAX {
             s.as_str(agent)
         } else {
-            let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), end_position)?.into_usize(agent);
             let end = if pos != 0 {
                 // NOTE: `pos` was already clamped to 0 by `Number::into_usize`.
                 pos.min(s.utf16_len(agent))
@@ -444,28 +551,54 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn includes(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let search_string = args.get(0);
+        let position = args.get(1);
 
-        // 3. Let isRegExp be ? IsRegExp(searchString).
-        // 4. If isRegExp is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-        // TODO
+        let (s, search_str, pos) = if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Undefined) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, 0usize)
+        } else if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Integer(position)) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, position.into_i64().max(0) as usize)
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
+            // 3. Let isRegExp be ? IsRegExp(searchString).
+            // 4. If isRegExp is true, throw a TypeError exception.
+            // TODO
+
+            // 5. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
+            let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_string)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            // 6. Let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(position).
+            let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), position)?.into_usize(agent);
+            // 7. Assert: If position is undefined, then pos is 0.
+            assert!(!position.is_undefined() || pos == 0);
+
+            (s.get(agent), search_str.get(agent), pos)
+        };
 
-        // 5. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
-        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
+        let s = s.bind(gc.nogc());
+        let search_str = search_str.bind(gc.nogc());
 
-        // 6. Let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(position).
-        // 7. Assert: If position is undefined, then pos is 0.
         // 8. Let len be the length of S.
         // 9. Let start be the result of clamping pos between 0 and len.
         let haystack_str = {
-            let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?.into_usize(agent);
             let start = if pos != 0 {
                 // NOTE: `pos` was already clamped to 0 by `Number::into_usize`.
                 pos.min(s.utf16_len(agent))
@@ -484,19 +617,41 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn index_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        // 3. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
-        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
-        // 4. Let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(position).
-        // 5. Assert: If position is undefined, then pos is 0.
-        let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(1))?.into_usize(agent);
+        let search_string = args.get(0);
+        let position = args.get(1);
+
+        let (s, search_str, pos) = if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Undefined) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, 0usize)
+        } else if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Integer(position)) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, position.into_i64().max(0) as usize)
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            // 3. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
+            let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_string)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            // 4. Let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(position).
+            // 5. Assert: If position is undefined, then pos is 0.
+            let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), position)?.into_usize(agent);
+
+            (s.get(agent), search_str.get(agent), pos)
+        };
 
         // 6. Let len be the length of S.
         // 7. Let start be the result of clamping pos between 0 and len.
@@ -526,12 +681,11 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn is_well_formed(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
         let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
@@ -555,39 +709,62 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn last_index_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_string = args.get(0);
         let position = args.get(1);
 
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
-        // 3. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
-        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_string)?;
-        let pos = if position.is_undefined() {
-            // 5. Assert: If position is undefined, then numPos is NaN.
-            // 6. If numPos is NaN, let pos be +∞;
-            usize::MAX
-        } else if let Value::Integer(position) = position {
-            position.into_i64().max(0) as usize
+        let (s, search_str, pos) = if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Undefined) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, usize::MAX)
+        } else if let (Ok(s), Ok(search_str), Value::Integer(position)) = (
+            String::try_from(this_value),
+            String::try_from(search_string),
+            position,
+        ) {
+            (s, search_str, position.into_i64().max(0) as usize)
         } else {
-            // 4. Let numPos be ? ToNumber(position).
-            let num_pos = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(1))?;
-            if num_pos.is_nan(agent) {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            // 3. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
+            let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_string)?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
+            let pos = if position.is_undefined() {
+                // 5. Assert: If position is undefined, then numPos is NaN.
                 // 6. If numPos is NaN, let pos be +∞;
                 usize::MAX
+            } else if let Value::Integer(position) = position {
+                position.into_i64().max(0) as usize
             } else {
-                // otherwise, let pos be! ToIntegerOrInfinity(numPos).
-                to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), num_pos.into_value())
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .into_usize(agent)
-            }
+                // 4. Let numPos be ? ToNumber(position).
+                let num_pos = to_number(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(1))?;
+                if num_pos.is_nan(agent) {
+                    // 6. If numPos is NaN, let pos be +∞;
+                    usize::MAX
+                } else {
+                    // otherwise, let pos be! ToIntegerOrInfinity(numPos).
+                    to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), num_pos.into_value())
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .into_usize(agent)
+                }
+            };
+
+            (s.get(agent), search_str.get(agent), pos)
         };
 
+        let s = s.bind(gc.nogc());
+        let search_str = search_str.bind(gc.nogc());
+
         // 7. Let len be the length of S.
         // 8. Let searchLen be the length of searchStr.
         // 9. Let start be the result of clamping pos between 0 and len - searchLen.
@@ -623,7 +800,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn locale_compare(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -633,7 +809,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn r#match(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -643,7 +818,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn match_all(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -654,29 +828,38 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn normalize(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+        let form = arguments.get(0);
+
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = if let Some(s) = try_to_string(agent, gc.nogc(), o) {
+            s?
+        } else {
+            to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc())
+        };
 
         // 3. If form is undefined, let f be "NFC".
-        let form = arguments.get(0);
         let f = if form.is_undefined() {
             NormalizeForm::Nfc
         } else {
             // 4. Else, let f be ? ToString(form).
-            let f = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), form)?;
+            let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let f = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), form)?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc());
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             let form_result = NormalizeForm::from_str(f.as_str(agent));
             match form_result {
                 Ok(form) => form,
                 // 5. If f is not one of "NFC", "NFD", "NFKC", or "NFKD", throw a RangeError exception.
                 Err(()) => {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "The normalization form should be one of NFC, NFD, NFKC, NFKD.",
                     ))
@@ -688,7 +871,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         match unicode_normalize(s.as_str(agent), f) {
             // 7. Return ns.
             None => Ok(s.into_value()),
-            Some(ns) => Ok(Value::from_string(agent, ns).into_value()),
+            Some(ns) => Ok(Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), ns).into_value()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -696,7 +879,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn pad_end(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -704,7 +886,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         let fill_string = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. Return ? StringPaddingBuiltinsImpl(O, maxLength, fillString, end).
         string_padding_builtins_impl(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, max_length, fill_string, false)
@@ -714,7 +896,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn pad_start(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -722,7 +903,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         let fill_string = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. Return ? StringPaddingBuiltinsImpl(O, maxLength, fillString, start).
         string_padding_builtins_impl(agent, gc.reborrow(), o, max_length, fill_string, true)
@@ -732,24 +913,31 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn repeat(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let count = arguments.get(0);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 3. Let n be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(count).
-        let n = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), count)?;
+        let n = if let Some(n) = try_to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.nogc(), count) {
+            n?
+        } else {
+            let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let result = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), count)?;
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+            result
+        };
 
         // 4. If n < 0 or n = +∞, throw a RangeError exception.
         if n.is_pos_infinity(agent) {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "count must be less than infinity",
             ));
@@ -759,6 +947,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
 
         if n < 0 {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "count must not be negative",
             ));
@@ -776,6 +965,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // 6. Return the String value that is made from n copies of S appended together.
         Ok(Value::from_string(
             agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             s.as_str(agent).repeat(n as usize),
         ))
     }
@@ -784,12 +974,11 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn replace(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let search_value = args.get(0);
         let replace_value = args.get(1);
@@ -813,10 +1002,15 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         }
 
         // 3. Let s be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+        let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 4. Let searchString be ? ToString(searchValue).
-        let search_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_value)?;
+        let search_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_value)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
+
+        s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 5. Let functionalReplace be IsCallable(replaceValue).
         if let Some(functional_replace) = is_callable(replace_value) {
@@ -833,19 +1027,24 @@ impl StringPrototype {
             };
 
             // Let replacement be ? ToString(? Call(replaceValue, undefined, « searchString, 𝔽(position), string »)).
+            let args = &[
+                search_string.unbind().into_value(),
+                Number::from(position as u32).into_value(),
+                s.into_value().unbind(),
+            ];
             let result = call_function(
                 agent,
                 gc.reborrow(),
                 functional_replace,
                 Value::Undefined,
-                Some(ArgumentsList(&[
-                    search_string.into_value(),
-                    Number::from(position as u32).into_value(),
-                    s.into_value(),
-                ])),
+                Some(ArgumentsList(args)),
             )?;
 
-            let result = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), result)?;
+            let result = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), result)?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc());
+
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
 
             // 10. Let preceding be the substring of s from 0 to position.
             // 11. Let following be the substring of s from position + searchLength.
@@ -855,28 +1054,35 @@ impl StringPrototype {
 
             // 14. Return the string-concatenation of preceding, replacement, and following.
             let concatenated_result = format!("{}{}{}", preceding, result.as_str(agent), following);
-            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, concatenated_result).into_value());
+            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), concatenated_result).into_value());
         }
 
+        let search_string_root = search_string.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
         // 6. If functionalReplace is false, Set replaceValue to ? ToString(replaceValue).
-        let replace_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), replace_value)?;
+        let replace_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), replace_value)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
+        s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+
+        let search_string = search_string_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+
         // Everything are strings: `"foo".replace("o", "a")` => use rust's replace
         let result =
             s.as_str(agent)
                 .replacen(search_string.as_str(agent), replace_string.as_str(agent), 1);
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, result).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [22.1.3.20 String.prototype.replaceAll ( searchValue, replaceValue )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/multipage/text-processing.html#sec-string.prototype.replaceall)
     fn replace_all(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         let search_value = args.get(0);
         let replace_value = args.get(1);
@@ -911,10 +1117,16 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         }
 
         // 3. Let s be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+        let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 4. Let searchString be ? ToString(searchValue).
-        let search_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_value)?;
+        let mut search_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), search_value)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
+        let search_string_root = search_string.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
+        s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 5. Let functionalReplace be IsCallable(replaceValue).
         if let Some(functional_replace) = is_callable(replace_value) {
@@ -951,6 +1163,8 @@ impl StringPrototype {
 
             // 14. For each element p of matchPositions, do
             for p in match_positions {
+                search_string = search_string_root.get(agent);
+                s = s_root.get(agent);
                 // b. let replacement be ? ToString(? Call(replaceValue, undefined, « searchString, 𝔽(p), string »)).
                 let replacement = call_function(
                     agent,
@@ -982,22 +1196,25 @@ impl StringPrototype {
             }
 
             // 16. Return result.
-            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, result).into_value());
+            return Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result).into_value());
         }
 
         // 6. If functionalReplace is false, Set replaceValue to ? ToString(replaceValue).
-        let replace_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), replace_value)?;
+        let replace_string = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), replace_value)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
         // Everything are strings: `"foo".replaceAll("o", "a")` => use rust's replace
+        search_string = search_string_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+        s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         let result = s
             .as_str(agent)
             .replace(search_string.as_str(agent), replace_string.as_str(agent));
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, result).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result).into_value())
     }
 
     fn search(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1007,18 +1224,19 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn slice(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+        let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 3. Let len be the length of S.
         // 4. Let intStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
         let int_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
+        s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         // 5. If intStart = -∞, let from be 0.
         // NOTE: We use `None` when `from` would be `len` in the spec.
         let from = if int_start.is_neg_infinity(agent) {
@@ -1045,6 +1263,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
             None
         } else {
             let int_end = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(1))?;
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             // 9. If intEnd = -∞, let to be 0.
             if int_end.is_neg_infinity(agent) {
                 Some(0)
@@ -1084,19 +1303,18 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // SAFETY: The memory for `substring` (and for the WTF-8 representation
         // of `s`) won't be moved or deallocated before this function returns.
         let substring: &'static str = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(substring) };
-        Ok(String::from_str(agent, substring).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), substring).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [22.1.3.23 String.prototype.split ( separator, limit )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/multipage/text-processing.html#sec-string.prototype.split)
     fn split(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
 
         // 2. If separator is neither undefined nor null, then
         let separator = args.get(0);
@@ -1117,7 +1335,8 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         }
 
         // 3. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+        let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         let limit = args.get(1);
         let lim = match limit {
@@ -1130,16 +1349,23 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         };
 
         // 5. Let R be ? ToString(separator).
-        let r = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), separator)?;
+        let r = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), separator)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 6. If lim is zero, return an empty array
         if lim == 0 {
-            return Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &[]).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &[]).into_value());
         }
 
         // 7. If separator is undefined, return an array with the whole string
         if separator.is_undefined() {
-            return Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &[s.into_value()]).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_array_from_list(
+                agent,
+                gc.nogc(),
+                &[s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()).into_value()],
+            )
+            .into_value());
         }
 
         // 8. Let separatorLength be the length of R.
@@ -1147,6 +1373,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
 
         // 9. If separatorLength = 0, the split by characters
         if separator_length == 0 {
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             let subject = s.as_str(agent);
             let head = subject.split("");
 
@@ -1162,14 +1389,15 @@ impl StringPrototype {
                 results.pop();
             }
 
-            let results = Array::from_slice(agent, results.as_slice());
+            let results = Array::from_slice(agent, gc.nogc(), results.as_slice());
             return Ok(results.into_value());
         }
 
         // 10. If S is the empty String, return CreateArrayFromList(« S »).
+        let s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         if s.is_empty_string() {
             let list: [Value; 1] = [s.into_value()];
-            return Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &list).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, gc.nogc(), &list).into_value());
         }
 
         // 11-17. Normal split
@@ -1182,40 +1410,45 @@ impl StringPrototype {
             if lim as usize == i {
                 break;
             }
-            results.push(Value::from_str(agent, part));
+            results.push(Value::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), part));
         }
 
-        let results = Array::from_slice(agent, results.as_slice());
+        let results = Array::from_slice(agent, gc.nogc(), results.as_slice());
         Ok(results.into_value())
     }
 
     fn starts_with(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+
+        let s_root = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 3. Let isRegExp be ? IsRegExp(searchString).
         // 4. If isRegExp is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         // TODO
 
         // 5. Let searchStr be ? ToString(searchString).
-        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
+        let search_str = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 6. Let len be the length of S.
         // 7. If position is undefined, let pos be 0; else let pos be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(endPosition).
         // 8. Let start be the result of clamping pos between 0 and len.
         let position = args.get(1);
         let haystack_str = if position.is_undefined() {
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             s.as_str(agent)
         } else {
             let pos = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), position)?;
+            s = s_root.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             if pos.is_sign_negative(agent) || pos.is_pos_zero(agent) {
                 s.as_str(agent)
             } else {
@@ -1238,32 +1471,42 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // 14. If substring is searchStr, return true.
         // 15. Return false.
         Ok(Value::from(
-            haystack_str.starts_with(search_str.as_str(agent)),
+            haystack_str.starts_with(search_str.get(agent).as_str(agent)),
         ))
     }
 
     fn substring(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
-        // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+        let nogc = gc.nogc();
+        let start = args.get(0).bind(nogc);
+        let end = args.get(1).bind(nogc);
+        let s = if let Ok(s) = String::try_from(this_value) {
+            s.bind(nogc)
+        } else {
+            // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
+            let o = require_object_coercible(agent, nogc, this_value)?;
+            // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
+            to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc())
+        };
+
+        let s = s.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 3. Let len be the length of S.
         // 4. Let intStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
-        let int_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(0))?;
+        let int_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), start)?;
         // 5. If end is undefined, let intEnd be len; else let intEnd be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(end).
-        let int_end = if args.get(1).is_undefined() {
+        let int_end = if end.is_undefined() {
             None
         } else {
-            Some(to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), args.get(1))?)
+            Some(to_integer_or_infinity(agent, gc.reborrow(), end)?)
         };
 
+        let s = s.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+
         // Fast path: can we return `s` without computing the UTF-16 length?
         // We can if int_start <= 0 and we know int_end must be >= len
         // (i.e. it's either None or +inf).
@@ -1305,13 +1548,12 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // SAFETY: The memory for `substring` (and for the WTF-8 representation
         // of `s`) won't be moved or deallocated before this function returns.
         let substring: &'static str = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(substring) };
-        Ok(String::from_str(agent, substring).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), substring).into_value())
     }
 
     fn to_locale_lower_case(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1321,7 +1563,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn to_locale_upper_case(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1332,12 +1573,11 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn to_lower_case(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
         let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
@@ -1346,19 +1586,18 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // 5. Let L be [CodePointsToString](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-codepointstostring)(lowerText).
         // 6. Return L.
         let lower_case_string = s.as_str(agent).to_lowercase();
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, lower_case_string).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), lower_case_string).into_value())
     }
 
     /// > NOTE: The implementation might not reflect the spec.
     fn to_upper_case(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
         let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
@@ -1367,18 +1606,17 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         // 5. Let L be [CodePointsToString](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-codepointstostring)(upperText).
         // 6. Return L.
         let upper_case_string = s.as_str(agent).to_uppercase();
-        Ok(String::from_string(agent, upper_case_string).into_value())
+        Ok(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), upper_case_string).into_value())
     }
 
     fn to_well_formed(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
-        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value)?;
+        let o = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value)?;
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(O).
         let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
 
@@ -1404,7 +1642,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn trim(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1417,15 +1654,16 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn trim_string(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         value: Value,
         trim_where: TrimWhere,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let str be ? RequireObjectCoercible(string).
-        let str = require_object_coercible(agent, value)?;
+        let str = require_object_coercible(agent, gc.nogc(), value)?;
 
         // 2. Let S be ? ToString(str)
-        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), str)?;
+        let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), str)?.unbind();
+        let gc = gc.nogc();
+        let s = s.bind(gc);
 
         let s_str = s.as_str(agent);
 
@@ -1446,7 +1684,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
             // No need to allocate a String if the string was not trimmed
             Ok(s.into_value())
         } else {
-            let t = String::from_string(agent, t.to_string());
+            let t = String::from_string(agent, gc, t.to_string());
             Ok(t.into_value())
         }
     }
@@ -1455,7 +1693,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn trim_end(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1468,7 +1705,6 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     fn trim_start(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1484,19 +1720,17 @@ impl StringPrototype {
     /// > different functions but have the exact same steps.
     fn value_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return ? ThisStringValue(this value).
-        this_string_value(agent, this_value).map(|string| string.into_value())
+        this_string_value(agent, gc.nogc(), this_value).map(|string| string.into_value())
     }
 
     fn iterator(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1574,17 +1808,24 @@ impl StringPrototype {
 fn string_padding_builtins_impl(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     o: Value,
     max_length: Value,
     fill_string: Value,
     placement_start: bool,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Let S be ? ToString(O).
-    let s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?;
+    let mut s = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), o)?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+    let mut s_root = None;
 
     // 2. Let intMaxLength be ℝ(? ToLength(maxLength)).
-    let int_max_length = to_length(agent, gc.reborrow(), max_length)?;
+    let int_max_length = if let Value::Integer(int_max_length) = max_length {
+        int_max_length.into_i64().clamp(0, SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER)
+    } else {
+        s_root = Some(s.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+        let result = to_length(agent, gc.reborrow(), max_length)?;
+        s = s_root.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+        result
+    };
 
     // 3. Let stringLength be the length of S.
     let string_length = s.utf16_len(agent) as i64;
@@ -1597,13 +1838,29 @@ fn string_padding_builtins_impl(
     // 5. If fillString is undefined, set fillString to the String value consisting solely of the code unit 0x0020 (SPACE).
     let fill_string = if fill_string.is_undefined() {
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.r#__
+    } else if let Ok(fill_string) = String::try_from(fill_string) {
+        fill_string
     } else {
+        if s_root.is_none() {
+            s_root = Some(s.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+        }
         // 6. Else, set fillString to ? ToString(fillString).
-        to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), fill_string)?
+        let result = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), fill_string)?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
+        s = s_root.unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+        result
     };
 
     // 7. Return StringPad(S, intMaxLength, fillString, placement).
-    string_pad(agent, s, int_max_length, fill_string, placement_start)
+    string_pad(
+        agent,
+        gc.nogc(),
+        s,
+        int_max_length,
+        fill_string,
+        placement_start,
+    )
 }
 
 /// ### [22.1.3.17.2 StringPad ( S, maxLength, fillString, placement )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-stringpad)
@@ -1613,6 +1870,7 @@ fn string_padding_builtins_impl(
 /// placement (start or end) and returns a String.
 fn string_pad(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     s: String,
     max_len: i64,
     fill_string: String,
@@ -1655,7 +1913,7 @@ fn string_pad(
         }
         let sub_string = std::str::from_utf8(&sub_string).unwrap();
         // let sub_string = &fill_string.as_str(agent)[..fill_len as usize];
-        vec.push_back(String::from_string(agent, sub_string.to_owned()));
+        vec.push_back(String::from_string(agent, gc, sub_string.to_owned()));
         vec
     } else {
         let fill_count = (fill_len / fill_string_len) as usize;
@@ -1669,7 +1927,7 @@ fn string_pad(
                 .encode_utf8(&mut sub_string[fill_string.utf8_index(agent, i).unwrap()..]);
         }
         let sub_string = std::str::from_utf8(&sub_string).unwrap();
-        vec.push_back(String::from_string(agent, sub_string.to_owned()));
+        vec.push_back(String::from_string(agent, gc, sub_string.to_owned()));
         vec
     };
 
@@ -1681,7 +1939,7 @@ fn string_pad(
         strings.push_front(s);
     }
 
-    Ok(String::concat(agent, strings.into_iter().collect::<Vec<String>>()).into_value())
+    Ok(String::concat(agent, gc, strings.into_iter().collect::<Vec<String>>()).into_value())
 }
 
 /// ### [22.1.3.35.1 ThisStringValue ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-thisstringvalue)
@@ -1689,7 +1947,11 @@ fn string_pad(
 /// The abstract operation ThisStringValue takes argument value (an ECMAScript
 /// language value) and returns either a normal completion containing a String
 /// or a throw completion.
-fn this_string_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<String> {
+fn this_string_value<'gc>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    value: Value,
+) -> JsResult<String<'gc>> {
     match value {
         // 1. If value is a String, return value.
         Value::String(data) => Ok(data.into()),
@@ -1708,6 +1970,7 @@ fn this_string_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<String> {
         _ => {
             // 3. Throw a TypeError exception.
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a string value",
             ))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
index 3f82ec0b1..a41c514bf 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
         builtins::{control_abstraction_objects::promise_objects::promise_abstract_operations::promise_jobs::{PromiseReactionJob, PromiseResolveThenableJob}, error::ErrorHeapData, promise::Promise},
         scripts_and_modules::ScriptOrModule,
         types::{Function, IntoValue, Object, Reference, String, Symbol, Value},
-    }, engine::{context::GcScope, rootable::HeapRootData, Vm}, heap::{heap_gc::heap_gc, CreateHeapData, PrimitiveHeapIndexable}, Heap
+    }, engine::{context::{GcScope, NoGcScope}, rootable::HeapRootData, Vm}, heap::{heap_gc::heap_gc, CreateHeapData, PrimitiveHeapIndexable}, Heap
 };
 use std::{any::Any, cell::RefCell, ptr::NonNull};
 
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ impl JsError {
         self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn to_string(self, agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> String {
-        to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), self.0).unwrap()
+    pub fn to_string<'gc>(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>) -> String<'gc> {
+        to_string(agent, gc, self.0).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -367,10 +367,11 @@ impl Agent {
 
     pub fn create_exception_with_static_message(
         &mut self,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         kind: ExceptionType,
         message: &'static str,
     ) -> Value {
-        let message = String::from_static_str(self, message);
+        let message = String::from_static_str(self, gc, message).unbind();
         self.heap
             .create(ErrorHeapData::new(kind, Some(message), None))
             .into_value()
@@ -379,18 +380,23 @@ impl Agent {
     /// ### [5.2.3.2 Throw an Exception](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-throw-an-exception)
     pub fn throw_exception_with_static_message(
         &mut self,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         kind: ExceptionType,
         message: &'static str,
     ) -> JsError {
-        JsError(self.create_exception_with_static_message(kind, message))
+        JsError(
+            self.create_exception_with_static_message(gc, kind, message)
+                .unbind(),
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn throw_exception(
         &mut self,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         kind: ExceptionType,
         message: std::string::String,
     ) -> JsError {
-        let message = String::from_string(self, message);
+        let message = String::from_string(self, gc, message).unbind();
         JsError(
             self.heap
                 .create(ErrorHeapData::new(kind, Some(message), None))
@@ -405,7 +411,7 @@ impl Agent {
     ) -> JsError {
         JsError(
             self.heap
-                .create(ErrorHeapData::new(kind, Some(message), None))
+                .create(ErrorHeapData::new(kind, Some(message.unbind()), None))
                 .into_value(),
         )
     }
@@ -463,7 +469,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_active_script_or_module(agent: &mut Agent) -> Option<ScriptOrM
 pub(crate) fn resolve_binding(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     name: String,
     env: Option<EnvironmentIndex>,
 ) -> JsResult<Reference> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
index 0ee7ce56a..5659a1f30 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) use global_environment::GlobalEnvironment;
 pub(crate) use object_environment::ObjectEnvironment;
 pub(crate) use private_environment::PrivateEnvironment;
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::types::{Base, Object, Reference, String, Value},
     heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -242,7 +241,6 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -255,7 +253,9 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
                 idx.create_mutable_binding(agent, name, is_deletable);
                 Ok(())
             }
-            EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => idx.create_mutable_binding(agent, name, is_deletable),
+            EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => {
+                idx.create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), name, is_deletable)
+            }
             EnvironmentIndex::Object(idx) => {
                 idx.create_mutable_binding(agent, gc, name, is_deletable)
             }
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn create_immutable_binding(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -284,7 +285,9 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
                 idx.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, is_strict);
                 Ok(())
             }
-            EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => idx.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, is_strict),
+            EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => {
+                idx.create_immutable_binding(agent, gc, name, is_strict)
+            }
             EnvironmentIndex::Object(idx) => {
                 idx.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, is_strict);
                 Ok(())
@@ -302,7 +305,6 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         value: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -331,17 +333,16 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
-                idx.set_mutable_binding(agent, name, value, is_strict)
+                idx.set_mutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), name, value, is_strict)
             }
             EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => {
-                idx.set_mutable_binding(agent, name, value, is_strict)
+                idx.set_mutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), name, value, is_strict)
             }
             EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => {
                 idx.set_mutable_binding(agent, gc, name, value, is_strict)
@@ -365,13 +366,16 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
-            EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => idx.get_binding_value(agent, name, is_strict),
-            EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => idx.get_binding_value(agent, name, is_strict),
+            EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
+                idx.get_binding_value(agent, gc.nogc(), name, is_strict)
+            }
+            EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => {
+                idx.get_binding_value(agent, gc.nogc(), name, is_strict)
+            }
             EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => idx.get_binding_value(agent, gc, name, is_strict),
             EnvironmentIndex::Object(idx) => idx.get_binding_value(agent, gc, name, is_strict),
         }
@@ -387,7 +391,6 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -488,7 +491,6 @@ impl Default for Environments {
 pub(crate) fn get_identifier_reference(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     env: Option<EnvironmentIndex>,
     name: String,
     strict: bool,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
index 7eda1a23b..44ebefd78 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
         execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult},
         types::{Object, String, Value},
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
 };
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) struct DeclarativeEnvironment {
     pub(crate) outer_env: OuterEnv,
 
     /// The environment's bindings.
-    pub(crate) bindings: AHashMap<String, Binding>,
+    pub(crate) bindings: AHashMap<String<'static>, Binding>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironment {
         // uninitialized. If D is true, record that the newly created binding
         // may be deleted by a subsequent DeleteBinding call.
         self.bindings.insert(
-            name,
+            name.unbind(),
             Binding {
                 value: None,
                 // Strictness only seems to matter for immutable bindings.
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironment {
         // uninitialized. If S is true, record that the newly created binding is
         // a strict binding.
         self.bindings.insert(
-            name,
+            name.unbind(),
             Binding {
                 value: None,
                 strict: is_strict,
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironment {
     /// ### [9.1.1.1.4 InitializeBinding ( N, V )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-declarative-environment-records-initializebinding-n-v)
     pub(super) fn initialize_binding(&mut self, name: String, value: Value) {
         // 1. Assert: envRec must have an uninitialized binding for N.
-        let binding = self.bindings.get_mut(&name).unwrap();
+        let binding = self.bindings.get_mut(&name.unbind()).unwrap();
 
         // 2. Set the bound value for N in envRec to V.
         // 3. Record that the binding for N in envRec has been initialized.
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironment {
         }
 
         // 3. Remove the binding for N from envRec.
-        self.bindings.remove(&name);
+        self.bindings.remove(&name.unbind());
 
         // 4. Return true.
         true
@@ -252,17 +253,22 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn set_mutable_binding(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         mut is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &mut agent[self];
         // 1. If envRec does not have a binding for N, then
-        let Some(binding) = env_rec.bindings.get_mut(&name) else {
+        let Some(binding) = env_rec.bindings.get_mut(&name.unbind()) else {
             // a. If S is true, throw a ReferenceError exception.
             if is_strict {
                 let error_message = format!("Identifier '{}' does not exist.", name.as_str(agent));
-                return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                    gc,
+                    ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
+                    error_message,
+                ));
             }
 
             // b. Perform ! envRec.CreateMutableBinding(N, true).
@@ -287,7 +293,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
                 "Identifier '{}' has not been initialized.",
                 name.as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
         }
 
         // 4. Else if the binding for N in envRec is a mutable binding, then
@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
                     "Cannot assign to immutable identifier '{}' in strict mode.",
                     name.as_str(agent)
                 );
-                return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
             }
         }
 
@@ -325,6 +331,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn get_binding_value(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -335,7 +342,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
                 // 2. If the binding for N in envRec is an uninitialized binding, throw
                 // a ReferenceError exception.
                 let error_message = format!("Identifier '{}' does not exist.", name.as_str(agent));
-                Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
+                Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
             },
             Ok,
         )
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
index 2fec3fadf..cfa23c8b0 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use super::{
     DeclarativeEnvironment, DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex, EnvironmentIndex, FunctionEnvironmentIndex,
 };
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         builtins::{ECMAScriptFunction, ThisMode},
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     /// The GetThisBinding concrete method of a Function Environment Record
     /// envRec takes no arguments and returns either a normal completion
     /// containing an ECMAScript language value or a throw completion.
-    pub(crate) fn get_this_binding(self, agent: &mut Agent) -> JsResult<Value> {
+    pub(crate) fn get_this_binding(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Assert: envRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]] is not lexical.
         // 2. If envRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]] is uninitialized, throw a ReferenceError exception.
         // 3. Return envRec.[[ThisValue]].
@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
             ThisBindingStatus::Lexical => unreachable!(),
             ThisBindingStatus::Initialized => Ok(env_rec.this_value.unwrap()),
             ThisBindingStatus::Uninitialized => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
                 "Uninitialized this binding",
             )),
@@ -268,6 +269,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn set_mutable_binding(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         mut is_strict: bool,
@@ -279,7 +281,11 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
             // a. If S is true, throw a ReferenceError exception.
             if is_strict {
                 let error_message = format!("Identifier '{}' does not exist.", name.as_str(agent));
-                return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                    gc,
+                    ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
+                    error_message,
+                ));
             }
 
             // b. Perform ! envRec.CreateMutableBinding(N, true).
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
             return Ok(());
         };
 
-        let binding = agent[dcl_rec].bindings.get_mut(&name).unwrap();
+        let binding = agent[dcl_rec].bindings.get_mut(&name.unbind()).unwrap();
 
         // 2. If the binding for N in envRec is a strict binding, set S to true.
         if binding.strict {
@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
                 "Identifier '{}' has not been initialized.",
                 name.as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
         }
 
         // 4. Else if the binding for N in envRec is a mutable binding, then
@@ -325,7 +331,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
                     "Cannot assign to immutable identifier '{}' in strict mode.",
                     name.as_str(agent)
                 );
-                return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
             }
         }
 
@@ -337,12 +343,13 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn get_binding_value(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         agent[self]
             .declarative_environment
-            .get_binding_value(agent, name, is_strict)
+            .get_binding_value(agent, gc, name, is_strict)
     }
 
     /// ### [9.1.1.1.7 DeleteBinding ( N )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-declarative-environment-records-deletebinding-n)
@@ -364,7 +371,12 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     /// envRec takes argument V (an ECMAScript language value) and returns
     /// either a normal completion containing an ECMAScript language value or a
     /// throw completion.
-    pub(crate) fn bind_this_value(self, agent: &mut Agent, value: Value) -> JsResult<Value> {
+    pub(crate) fn bind_this_value(
+        self,
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
+        value: Value,
+    ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let env_rec = &mut agent[self];
         // 1. Assert: envRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]] is not LEXICAL.
         debug_assert!(env_rec.this_binding_status != ThisBindingStatus::Lexical);
@@ -373,6 +385,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
         // ReferenceError exception.
         if env_rec.this_binding_status == ThisBindingStatus::Initialized {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
                 "[[ThisBindingStatus]] is INITIALIZED",
             ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
index 892104765..94c2c27d4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::ecmascript::execution::agent::ExceptionType;
 use crate::ecmascript::execution::JsResult;
 use crate::ecmascript::types::{Object, PropertyDescriptor, PropertyKey, String, Value};
 use crate::ecmascript::{execution::Agent, types::InternalMethods};
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues};
 
 use super::{
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub struct GlobalEnvironment {
     /// VariableDeclaration declarations in global code for the associated
     /// realm.
     // TODO: Use the Heap to set this.
-    var_names: AHashSet<String>,
+    var_names: AHashSet<String<'static>>,
 }
 
 impl GlobalEnvironment {
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -175,6 +174,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn create_mutable_binding(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         if dcl_rec.has_binding(agent, name) {
             let error_message =
                 format!("Redeclaration of global binding '{}'.", name.as_str(agent));
-            Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
+            Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
         } else {
             // 3. Return ! DclRec.CreateMutableBinding(N, D).
             dcl_rec.create_mutable_binding(agent, name, is_deletable);
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
     pub(crate) fn create_immutable_binding(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         if dcl_rec.has_binding(agent, name) {
             let error_message =
                 format!("Redeclaration of global binding '{}'.", name.as_str(agent));
-            Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
+            Err(agent.throw_exception(gc, ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
         } else {
             // 3. Return ! DclRec.CreateImmutableBinding(N, S).
             dcl_rec.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, is_strict);
@@ -235,7 +236,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         value: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -270,7 +270,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         // 2. If ! DclRec.HasBinding(N) is true, then
         if dcl_rec.has_binding(agent, name) {
             // a. Return ? DclRec.SetMutableBinding(N, V, S).
-            dcl_rec.set_mutable_binding(agent, name, value, is_strict)
+            dcl_rec.set_mutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), name, value, is_strict)
         } else {
             // 3. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
             let obj_rec = env_rec.object_record;
@@ -304,7 +303,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
         s: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -314,7 +312,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         // 2. If ! DclRec.HasBinding(N) is true, then
         if dcl_rec.has_binding(agent, n) {
             // a. Return ? DclRec.GetBindingValue(N, S).
-            dcl_rec.get_binding_value(agent, n, s)
+            dcl_rec.get_binding_value(agent, gc.nogc(), n, s)
         } else {
             // 3. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
             let obj_rec = env_rec.object_record;
@@ -333,7 +331,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -360,7 +357,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
                 let env_rec = &mut agent[self];
                 if env_rec.var_names.contains(&name) {
                     // i. Remove N from envRec.[[VarNames]].
-                    env_rec.var_names.remove(&name);
+                    env_rec.var_names.remove(&name.unbind());
                 }
             }
             // c. Return status.
@@ -455,7 +452,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -487,7 +483,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -518,7 +513,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -560,7 +554,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -585,7 +578,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         // 6. If envRec.[[VarNames]] does not contain N, then
         //    a. Append N to envRec.[[VarNames]].
         let env_rec = &mut agent[self];
-        env_rec.var_names.insert(name);
+        env_rec.var_names.insert(name.unbind());
 
         // 7. Return UNUSED.
         Ok(())
@@ -604,7 +597,6 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         d: bool,
@@ -647,7 +639,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         // 8. If envRec.[[VarNames]] does not contain N, then
         // a. Append N to envRec.[[VarNames]].
         let env_rec = &mut agent[self];
-        env_rec.var_names.insert(name);
+        env_rec.var_names.insert(name.unbind());
         // 9. Return UNUSED.
         Ok(())
         // NOTE
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
index c9cf7bb8e..cc00cb438 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
@@ -157,7 +156,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
         d: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -204,7 +202,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
         v: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -234,7 +231,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
         v: Value,
         s: bool,
@@ -247,13 +243,15 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         let still_exists = has_property(agent, gc.reborrow(), binding_object, n)?;
         // 3. If stillExists is false and S is true, throw a ReferenceError exception.
         if !still_exists && s {
-            let binding_object_repr = binding_object.into_value().string_repr(agent, gc);
+            let binding_object_repr = binding_object
+                .into_value()
+                .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
             let error_message = format!(
                 "Property '{}' does not exist in {}.",
                 n.as_display(agent),
                 binding_object_repr.as_str(agent)
             );
-            Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
+            Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
         } else {
             // 4. Perform ? Set(bindingObject, N, V, S).
             set(agent, gc, binding_object, n, v, s)?;
@@ -273,7 +271,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         n: String,
         s: bool,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -289,13 +286,15 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
             if !s {
                 Ok(Value::Undefined)
             } else {
-                let binding_object_repr = binding_object.into_value().string_repr(agent, gc);
+                let binding_object_repr = binding_object
+                    .into_value()
+                    .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
                 let error_message = format!(
                     "Property '{}' does not exist in {}.",
                     name.as_display(agent),
                     binding_object_repr.as_str(agent)
                 );
-                Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
+                Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
             }
         } else {
             // 4. Return ? Get(bindingObject, N).
@@ -314,7 +313,6 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         name: String,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
index 6dbea0b0f..c3891f8ea 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
@@ -321,7 +321,6 @@ pub(crate) fn set_realm_global_object(
 pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     realm_id: RealmIdentifier,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
     // 1. Let global be realmRec.[[GlobalObject]].
@@ -1069,7 +1068,6 @@ pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings(
 pub(crate) fn initialize_host_defined_realm(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     create_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object>,
     create_global_this_value: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object>,
     initialize_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>, Object)>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
index 765b5d772..b30519809 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         execution::{
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ impl HeapMarkAndSweep for Script {
 /// Script.
 pub fn parse_script(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     source_text: String,
     realm: RealmIdentifier,
     strict_mode: bool,
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ pub fn parse_script(
 
     // SAFETY: Script keeps the SourceCode reference alive in the Heap, thus
     // making the Program's references point to a live Allocator.
-    let parse_result = unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, source_text, source_type) };
+    let parse_result = unsafe { SourceCode::parse_source(agent, gc, source_text, source_type) };
 
     let (program, source_code) = match parse_result {
         // 2. If script is a List of errors, return script.
@@ -250,7 +251,6 @@ pub fn parse_script(
 pub fn script_evaluation(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     script: Script,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let realm_id = script.realm;
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ pub fn script_evaluation(
 
     // 13. If result.[[Type]] is normal, then
     let result: JsResult<Value> = if result.is_ok() {
-        let bytecode = Executable::compile_script(agent, script);
+        let bytecode = Executable::compile_script(agent, gc.nogc(), script);
         // a. Set result to Completion(Evaluation of script).
         // b. If result.[[Type]] is normal and result.[[Value]] is empty, then
         // i. Set result to NormalCompletion(undefined).
@@ -341,7 +341,6 @@ pub fn script_evaluation(
 pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     script: ScriptIdentifier,
     env: GlobalEnvironmentIndex,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
 
     // 3. For each element name of lexNames, do
     for name in lex_names {
-        let name = String::from_str(agent, name.as_str());
+        let name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), name.as_str()).unbind();
         if
         // a. If env.HasVarDeclaration(name) is true, throw a SyntaxError exception.
         env.has_var_declaration(agent, name)
@@ -386,18 +385,26 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
                 "Redeclaration of restricted global property '{}'.",
                 name.as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::SyntaxError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
+                error_message,
+            ));
         }
     }
 
     // 4. For each element name of varNames, do
     for name in &var_names {
         // a. If env.HasLexicalDeclaration(name) is true, throw a SyntaxError exception.
-        let name = String::from_str(agent, name.as_str());
+        let name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), name.as_str());
         if env.has_lexical_declaration(agent, name) {
             let error_message =
                 format!("Redeclaration of lexical binding '{}'.", name.as_str(agent));
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::SyntaxError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::SyntaxError,
+                error_message,
+            ));
         }
     }
 
@@ -421,7 +428,8 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
             // iv. If declaredFunctionNames does not contain fn, then
             if declared_function_names.insert(function_name.clone()) {
                 // 1. Let fnDefinable be ? env.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn).
-                let function_name = String::from_str(agent, function_name.as_str());
+                let function_name =
+                    String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), function_name.as_str()).unbind();
                 let fn_definable =
                     env.can_declare_global_function(agent, gc.reborrow(), function_name)?;
                 // 2. If fnDefinable is false, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -430,7 +438,11 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
                         "Cannot declare of global function '{}'.",
                         function_name.as_str(agent)
                     );
-                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                        gc.nogc(),
+                        ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                        error_message,
+                    ));
                 }
                 // 3. Append fn to declaredFunctionNames.
                 // 4. Insert d as the first element of functionsToInitialize.
@@ -454,13 +466,20 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
                 // 1. If declaredFunctionNames does not contain vn, then
                 if !declared_function_names.contains(&vn) {
                     // a. Let vnDefinable be ? env.CanDeclareGlobalVar(vn).
-                    let vn = String::from_str(agent, vn.as_str());
+                    // TODO: This is a very problematic area for lifetimes.
+                    // CanDeclareGlobalVar can trigger GC, but we also need to
+                    // hash the strings to eliminate duplicates...
+                    let vn = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), vn.as_str()).unbind();
                     let vn_definable = env.can_declare_global_var(agent, gc.reborrow(), vn)?;
                     // b. If vnDefinable is false, throw a TypeError exception.
                     if !vn_definable {
                         let error_message =
                             format!("Cannot declare global variable '{}'.", vn.as_str(agent));
-                        return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                        return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                            error_message,
+                        ));
                     }
                     // c. If declaredVarNames does not contain vn, then
                     // i. Append vn to declaredVarNames.
@@ -484,13 +503,17 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
         let mut bound_names = vec![];
         let mut const_bound_names = vec![];
         let mut closure = |identifier: &BindingIdentifier| {
-            bound_names.push(String::from_str(agent, identifier.name.as_str()));
+            bound_names.push(String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), identifier.name.as_str()));
         };
         match d {
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) => {
                 if decl.kind == VariableDeclarationKind::Const {
                     decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                        const_bound_names.push(String::from_str(agent, identifier.name.as_str()))
+                        const_bound_names.push(String::from_str(
+                            agent,
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            identifier.name.as_str(),
+                        ))
                     });
                 } else {
                     decl.id.bound_names(&mut closure)
@@ -506,12 +529,12 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
         for dn in const_bound_names {
             // i. If IsConstantDeclaration of d is true, then
             // 1. Perform ? env.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
-            env.create_immutable_binding(agent, dn, true)?;
+            env.create_immutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), dn, true)?;
         }
         for dn in bound_names {
             // ii. Else,
             // 1. Perform ? env.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false).
-            env.create_mutable_binding(agent, dn, false)?;
+            env.create_mutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), dn, false)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -523,7 +546,6 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
             assert!(function_name.is_none());
             function_name = Some(identifier.name.clone());
         });
-        let function_name = String::from_str(agent, function_name.unwrap().as_str());
         // b. Let fo be InstantiateFunctionObject of f with arguments env and privateEnv.
         let fo = instantiate_function_object(
             agent,
@@ -532,6 +554,8 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
             EnvironmentIndex::Global(env),
             private_env,
         );
+        let function_name =
+            String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), function_name.unwrap().as_str()).unbind();
         // c. Perform ? env.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(fn, fo, false).
         env.create_global_function_binding(
             agent,
@@ -577,8 +601,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -593,8 +617,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -609,8 +633,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "-2");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "-2");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -625,8 +649,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "void (2 + 2 + 6)");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "void (2 + 2 + 6)");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -641,8 +665,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "+(54)");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "+(54)");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -657,8 +681,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "!true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "!true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -673,8 +697,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "~0b1111");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "~0b1111");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -689,50 +713,77 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof undefined");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof undefined");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "undefined"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "undefined")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof null");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof null");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "object"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "object")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof \"string\"");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof \"string\"");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "string"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "string")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof Symbol()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof Symbol()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "symbol"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "symbol")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "boolean"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "boolean")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof 3");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof 3");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "number"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "number")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof 3n");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof 3n");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "bigint"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "bigint")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof {}");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof {}");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "object"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "object")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "typeof (function() {})");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "typeof (function() {})");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function")
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -743,8 +794,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "2 + 2 + 6");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "2 + 2 + 6");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
 
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
@@ -759,8 +810,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = 3;");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = 3;");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
     }
@@ -773,11 +824,11 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = {};");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = {};");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
-        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo");
+        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo");
         let foo = agent
             .get_realm(realm)
             .global_object
@@ -802,11 +853,11 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = { a: 3 };");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = { a: 3 };");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
-        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo");
+        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo");
         let foo = agent
             .get_realm(realm)
             .global_object
@@ -817,7 +868,7 @@ mod test {
             .unwrap();
         assert!(foo.is_object());
         let result = Object::try_from(foo).unwrap();
-        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a");
+        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a");
         assert!(result
             .internal_has_property(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), key)
             .unwrap());
@@ -846,11 +897,11 @@ mod test {
             script_or_module: None,
         });
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = [];");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = [];");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
-        let foo_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo");
+        let foo_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo").unbind();
         let foo = agent
             .get_realm(realm)
             .global_env
@@ -873,11 +924,11 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = [ 'a', 3 ];");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = [ 'a', 3 ];");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
-        let foo_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo");
+        let foo_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo").unbind();
         let foo = agent
             .get_realm(realm)
             .global_env
@@ -896,7 +947,7 @@ mod test {
                 .unwrap()
                 .unwrap()
                 .value,
-            Some(Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a"))
+            Some(Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a"))
         );
         let key = PropertyKey::Integer(1.into());
         assert!(result
@@ -920,8 +971,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function foo() {}");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function foo() {}");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_function());
     }
@@ -934,8 +985,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "(function() {})()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "(function() {})()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
     }
@@ -948,8 +999,9 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var f = function() {}; f();");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var f = function() {}; f();");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
     }
@@ -962,8 +1014,8 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function f() {}; f();");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function f() {}; f();");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_undefined());
     }
@@ -976,8 +1028,9 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "(function() { return 3 })()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "(function() { return 3 })()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
     }
@@ -998,12 +1051,12 @@ mod test {
             script_or_module: None,
         });
 
-        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "test");
+        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "test");
 
         struct TestBuiltinFunction;
 
         impl Builtin for TestBuiltinFunction {
-            const NAME: String = String::from_small_string("test");
+            const NAME: String<'static> = String::from_small_string("test");
 
             const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -1024,18 +1077,18 @@ mod test {
         create_data_property_or_throw(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), global, key, func.into_value())
             .unwrap();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "test(true)");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "test(true)");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::from(3));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "test()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "test()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Null);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "test({})");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "test({})");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Null);
     }
@@ -1048,13 +1101,13 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "if (true) 3");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "if (true) 3");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "if (false) 3");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "if (false) 3");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
     }
@@ -1069,17 +1122,19 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "var foo = function() { if (true) { return 3; } else { return 5; } }; foo()",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "var bar = function() { if (false) { return 3; } else { return 5; } }; bar()",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(5).into_value());
     }
@@ -1092,8 +1147,9 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = { a: 3 }; foo.a");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = { a: 3 }; foo.a");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
     }
@@ -1108,9 +1164,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "var fn = function() { return 3; }; var foo = { a: { b: fn } }; foo.a.b()",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
     }
@@ -1123,9 +1180,12 @@ mod test {
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
 
-        let source_text =
-            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = { a: 3 }; var prop = 'a'; foo[prop]");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(
+            &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
+            "var foo = { a: 3 }; var prop = 'a'; foo[prop]",
+        );
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Number::from(3).into_value());
     }
@@ -1136,11 +1196,12 @@ mod test {
         let mut agent = Agent::new(Options::default(), &DefaultHostHooks);
         let realm = create_realm(&mut agent);
         set_realm_global_object(&mut agent, realm, None, None);
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var i = 0; for (; i < 3; i++) {}");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var i = 0; for (; i < 3; i++) {}");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
-        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "i");
+        let key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "i");
         let i: Value = agent
             .get_realm(realm)
             .global_object
@@ -1160,13 +1221,14 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "let i = 0; const a = 'foo'; i = 3;");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "let i = 0; const a = 'foo'; i = 3;");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
         let global_env = agent.get_realm(realm).global_env.unwrap();
-        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a");
-        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "i");
+        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a").unbind();
+        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "i").unbind();
         assert!(global_env
             .has_binding(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), a_key)
             .unwrap());
@@ -1195,14 +1257,17 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text =
-            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "{ let i = 0; const a = 'foo'; i = 3; }");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(
+            &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
+            "{ let i = 0; const a = 'foo'; i = 3; }",
+        );
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
 
-        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a");
-        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "i");
+        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a");
+        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "i");
         let global_env = agent.get_realm(realm).global_env.unwrap();
         assert!(!global_env.has_lexical_declaration(&agent, a_key));
         assert!(!global_env.has_lexical_declaration(&agent, i_key));
@@ -1216,12 +1281,13 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "var foo = {}; foo.a = 42; foo");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "var foo = {}; foo.a = 42; foo");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         let object = Object::try_from(result).unwrap();
 
-        let pk = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a");
+        let pk = PropertyKey::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a");
         assert_eq!(
             object
                 .internal_get(&mut agent, gc, pk, object.into_value())
@@ -1240,9 +1306,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "let a = 0; try { a++; } catch { a = 500; }; a++; a",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc, script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(2)));
     }
@@ -1257,9 +1324,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "let a = 0; try { throw null; a = 500 } catch { a++; }; a++; a",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(2)));
     }
@@ -1274,11 +1342,15 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "let err; try { throw 'thrown'; } catch(e) { err = e; }; err",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "thrown"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "thrown")
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1291,9 +1363,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "let a = 42; try { let a = 62; throw 'thrown'; } catch { }; a",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(42)));
     }
@@ -1308,9 +1381,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "const foo = function (a) { return a + 10; }; foo(32)",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(42)));
     }
@@ -1323,13 +1397,13 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "true && true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "true && true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Boolean(true));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "true && false && true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "true && false && true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Boolean(false));
     }
@@ -1342,13 +1416,13 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "false || false");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "false || false");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Boolean(false));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "true || false || true");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "true || false || true");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Boolean(true));
     }
@@ -1361,18 +1435,18 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "null ?? 42");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "null ?? 42");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(42)));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "'foo' ?? 12");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "'foo' ?? 12");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo"));
+        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo"));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "undefined ?? null");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "undefined ?? null");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Null);
     }
@@ -1385,26 +1459,33 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "'foo' + '' + 'bar'");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "'foo' + '' + 'bar'");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foobar"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foobar")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "'foo' + ' a heap string'");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "'foo' + ' a heap string'");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             result,
-            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo a heap string")
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo a heap string")
         );
 
-        let source_text =
-            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "'Concatenating ' + 'two heap strings'");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(
+            &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
+            "'Concatenating ' + 'two heap strings'",
+        );
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             result,
-            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "Concatenating two heap strings")
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "Concatenating two heap strings")
         );
     }
 
@@ -1416,28 +1497,29 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function foo() {}; foo.bar");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function foo() {}; foo.bar");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo.bar = 42; foo.bar");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo.bar = 42; foo.bar");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(42)));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo.name");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo.name");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo"));
+        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo"));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo.length");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo.length");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::zero()));
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "foo.prototype");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "foo.prototype");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_object())
     }
@@ -1450,13 +1532,16 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "TypeError.name");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "TypeError.name");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "TypeError"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "TypeError")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "TypeError.length");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "TypeError.length");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(1)));
     }
@@ -1469,13 +1554,14 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function foo() {}; foo.prototype");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function foo() {}; foo.prototype");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         let foo_prototype = Object::try_from(result).unwrap();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "new foo()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "new foo()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = match script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script) {
             Ok(result) => result,
             Err(err) => panic!(
@@ -1500,17 +1586,19 @@ mod test {
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "function foo() { this.bar = 42; }; new foo().bar",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(42)));
 
         let source_text = String::from_static_str(
             &mut agent,
+            gc.nogc(),
             "foo.prototype.baz = function() { return this.bar + 10; }; (new foo()).baz()",
         );
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Integer(SmallInteger::from(52)));
     }
@@ -1523,23 +1611,29 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "+Symbol()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "+Symbol()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert!(script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).is_err());
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "+Symbol('foo')");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "+Symbol('foo')");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert!(script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).is_err());
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "String(Symbol())");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "String(Symbol())");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let value = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "Symbol()"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            value,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "Symbol()")
+        );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "String(Symbol('foo'))");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "String(Symbol('foo'))");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let value = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value, Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, "Symbol(foo)"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            value,
+            Value::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "Symbol(foo)")
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1550,43 +1644,43 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "3 instanceof Number");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "3 instanceof Number");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             false.into()
         );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "'foo' instanceof String");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "'foo' instanceof String");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             false.into()
         );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "({}) instanceof Object");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "({}) instanceof Object");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             true.into()
         );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "({}) instanceof Array");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "({}) instanceof Array");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             false.into()
         );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "([]) instanceof Object");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "([]) instanceof Object");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             true.into()
         );
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "([]) instanceof Array");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "([]) instanceof Array");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap(),
             true.into()
@@ -1601,12 +1695,13 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "const [a, b, , c] = [1, 2, 3, 4];");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "const [a, b, , c] = [1, 2, 3, 4];");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
-        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "a");
-        let b_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "b");
-        let c_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "c");
+        let a_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "a").unbind();
+        let b_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "b").unbind();
+        let c_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "c").unbind();
         let global_env = agent.get_realm(realm).global_env.unwrap();
         assert!(global_env.has_lexical_declaration(&agent, a_key));
         assert!(global_env.has_lexical_declaration(&agent, b_key));
@@ -1640,13 +1735,14 @@ mod test {
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
         let source_text =
-            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "let i = 0; do { i++ } while(i < 10)");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "let i = 0; do { i++ } while(i < 10)");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
 
-        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "i");
+        let i_key = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "i");
         let global_env = agent.get_realm(realm).global_env.unwrap();
         assert!(global_env.has_lexical_declaration(&agent, i_key));
+        let i_key = i_key.unbind();
         assert_eq!(
             global_env
                 .get_binding_value(&mut agent, gc, i_key, true)
@@ -1663,8 +1759,9 @@ mod test {
         initialize_default_realm(&mut agent, gc.reborrow());
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
 
-        let source_text = String::from_static_str(&mut agent, "function foo() { 42; }; foo()");
-        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text =
+            String::from_static_str(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), "function foo() { 42; }; foo()");
+        let script = parse_script(&mut agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let result = script_evaluation(&mut agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result, Value::Undefined);
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
index 1194b5fe8..87f51d3ea 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@ use crate::{
         execution::Agent,
         types::{HeapString, String},
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::{
         indexes::BaseIndex, CompactionLists, CreateHeapData, Heap, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues,
     },
 };
 
-type SourceCodeIndex = BaseIndex<SourceCodeHeapData>;
+type SourceCodeIndex = BaseIndex<'static, SourceCodeHeapData>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub(crate) struct SourceCode(SourceCodeIndex);
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ impl SourceCode {
     /// they drop the parsed code.
     pub(crate) unsafe fn parse_source(
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         source: String,
         source_type: SourceType,
     ) -> Result<(Program<'static>, Self), Vec<OxcDiagnostic>> {
@@ -55,14 +57,14 @@ impl SourceCode {
                 // Thus the source text is kept from garbage collection.
                 let source_text =
                     unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&str, &'static str>(source.as_str(agent)) };
-                (source, source_text)
+                (source.unbind(), source_text)
             }
             String::SmallString(source) => {
                 // Add 10 whitespace bytes to the end of the eval string. This
                 // should guarantee that the string gets heap-allocated.
                 let original_length = source.len();
                 let data = format!("{}          ", source.as_str());
-                let source = String::from_string(agent, data);
+                let source = String::from_string(agent, gc, data);
                 let String::String(source) = source else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };
@@ -115,7 +117,10 @@ impl SourceCode {
         // SAFETY: Caller guarantees that they will drop the Program before
         // SourceCode can be garbage collected.
         let program = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Program<'_>, Program<'static>>(program) };
-        let source_code = agent.heap.create(SourceCodeHeapData { source, allocator });
+        let source_code = agent.heap.create(SourceCodeHeapData {
+            source: source.unbind(),
+            allocator,
+        });
 
         Ok((program, source_code))
     }
@@ -135,7 +140,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SourceCodeHeapData {
     /// in the eval call may keep references to the string data. If the eval
     /// string was small-string optimised and on the stack, then those
     /// references would necessarily and definitely be invalid.
-    source: HeapString,
+    source: HeapString<'static>,
     /// The arena that contains the parsed data of the eval source.
     allocator: NonNull<Allocator>,
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
index 4f9f3435a..290e528d8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use crate::{
 pub(crate) fn base_class_default_constructor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     new_target: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
     // ii. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ pub(crate) fn base_class_default_constructor(
 pub(crate) fn derived_class_default_constructor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     args: ArgumentsList,
     new_target: Object,
 ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -71,6 +69,7 @@ pub(crate) fn derived_class_default_constructor(
     // 3. If IsConstructor(func) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(func) = func.and_then(|func| is_constructor(agent, func)) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Expected callable function",
         ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
index d1159408b..deb8bafad 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::define_property_or_throw,
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ impl ContainsExpression for ast::ArrayPattern<'_> {
 pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     function: &ast::Function<'_>,
     env: EnvironmentIndex,
     private_env: Option<PrivateEnvironmentIndex>,
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object(
         // 1. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
         let name = &id.name;
         // 4. Perform SetFunctionName(F, name).
-        PropertyKey::from_str(agent, name)
+        PropertyKey::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), name)
     } else {
         // 3. Perform SetFunctionName(F, "default").
         PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.default)
@@ -128,10 +127,10 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object(
         env,
         private_env,
     };
-    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
 
     // 4. Perform SetFunctionName(F, name).
-    set_function_name(agent, f, pk_name, None);
+    set_function_name(agent, gc.nogc(), f, pk_name, None);
     // 5. Perform MakeConstructor(F).
     if !function.r#async && !function.generator {
         make_constructor(agent, f, None, None);
@@ -182,6 +181,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object(
 
 pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_expression(
     agent: &mut Agent,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
     function: &FunctionExpression,
     name: Option<String>,
 ) -> ECMAScriptFunction {
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_expression(
             env: lexical_environment,
             private_env: private_environment,
         };
-        let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+        let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc, params);
         // 6. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
         let name = PropertyKey::from(name);
-        set_function_name(agent, closure, name, None);
+        set_function_name(agent, gc, closure, name, None);
         // 7. Perform MakeConstructor(closure).
         if !function.expression.get().r#async && !function.expression.get().generator {
             make_constructor(agent, closure, None, None);
@@ -266,7 +266,6 @@ impl CompileFunctionBodyData<'static> {
 pub(crate) fn evaluate_function_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_function_body(
         exe
     } else {
         let data = CompileFunctionBodyData::new(agent, function_object);
-        let exe = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, data);
+        let exe = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, gc.nogc(), data);
         agent[function_object].compiled_bytecode = Some(exe);
         exe
     };
@@ -288,7 +287,6 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_function_body(
 pub(crate) fn evaluate_async_function_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
 ) -> Promise {
@@ -306,7 +304,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_async_function_body(
         exe
     } else {
         let data = CompileFunctionBodyData::new(agent, function_object);
-        let exe = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, data);
+        let exe = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, gc.nogc(), data);
         agent[function_object].compiled_bytecode = Some(exe);
         exe
     };
@@ -361,8 +359,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_async_function_body(
 /// completion.
 pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
+    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -375,7 +372,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
     // 3. Set G.[[GeneratorBrand]] to empty.
     let generator = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
         agent,
-        gc,
+        gc.reborrow(),
         function_object.into_function(),
         ProtoIntrinsics::Generator,
     )?;
@@ -386,7 +383,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
     // 4. Perform GeneratorStart(G, FunctionBody).
     // SAFETY: We're alive so SourceCode must be too.
     let data = CompileFunctionBodyData::new(agent, function_object);
-    let executable = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, data);
+    let executable = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, gc.nogc(), data);
     agent[generator].generator_state = Some(GeneratorState::Suspended {
         vm_or_args: VmOrArguments::Arguments(arguments_list.0.into()),
         executable,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/miscellaneous.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/miscellaneous.rs
index aeb17f41f..66016f77b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/miscellaneous.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/miscellaneous.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ use oxc_ast::ast;
 pub(crate) fn instantiate_function_object(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     function: &ast::Function<'_>,
     env: EnvironmentIndex,
     private_env: Option<PrivateEnvironmentIndex>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/bigint.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/bigint.rs
index c9ee08d9f..c8e3d3389 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/bigint.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/bigint.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use super::{
 };
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult},
-    engine::rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    engine::{
+        context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
+        rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    },
     heap::{
         indexes::BigIntIndex, CompactionLists, CreateHeapData, Heap, HeapMarkAndSweep,
         PrimitiveHeap, WorkQueues,
@@ -207,6 +210,26 @@ pub enum BigIntRootRepr {
 }
 
 impl BigInt {
+    /// Unbind this BigInt from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the BigInt as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this BigInt to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your BigInts cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let bigint = bigint.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound BigInt cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub const fn zero() -> Self {
         Self::SmallBigInt(SmallBigInt::zero())
     }
@@ -277,6 +300,7 @@ impl BigInt {
     /// containing a BigInt or a throw completion.
     pub(crate) fn exponentiate(
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         base: BigInt,
         exponent: BigInt,
     ) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
@@ -287,6 +311,7 @@ impl BigInt {
             _ => false,
         } {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "exponent must be positive",
             ));
@@ -294,12 +319,14 @@ impl BigInt {
 
         let BigInt::SmallBigInt(exponent) = exponent else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "exponent over bounds",
             ));
         };
         let Ok(exponent) = u32::try_from(exponent.into_i64()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "exponent over bounds",
             ));
@@ -424,12 +451,18 @@ impl BigInt {
     }
 
     /// ### [6.1.6.2.5 BigInt::divide ( x, y )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-numeric-types-bigint-divide)
-    pub(crate) fn divide(agent: &mut Agent, x: BigInt, y: BigInt) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
+    pub(crate) fn divide(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
+        x: BigInt,
+        y: BigInt,
+    ) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
         match (x, y) {
             (BigInt::SmallBigInt(x), BigInt::SmallBigInt(y)) => {
                 let y = y.into_i64();
                 match y {
                     0 => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc,
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "Division by zero",
                     )),
@@ -449,6 +482,7 @@ impl BigInt {
                 let y = y.into_i64();
                 match y {
                     0 => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc,
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "Division by zero",
                     )),
@@ -481,11 +515,17 @@ impl BigInt {
     }
 
     /// ### [6.1.6.2.6 BigInt::remainder ( n, d )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-numeric-types-bigint-remainder)
-    pub(crate) fn remainder(agent: &mut Agent, n: BigInt, d: BigInt) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
+    pub(crate) fn remainder(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
+        n: BigInt,
+        d: BigInt,
+    ) -> JsResult<BigInt> {
         match (n, d) {
             (BigInt::SmallBigInt(n), BigInt::SmallBigInt(d)) => {
                 if d == SmallBigInt::zero() {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc,
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "Division by zero",
                     ));
@@ -501,6 +541,7 @@ impl BigInt {
             (BigInt::BigInt(n), BigInt::SmallBigInt(d)) => {
                 if d == SmallBigInt::zero() {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc,
                         ExceptionType::RangeError,
                         "Division by zero",
                     ));
@@ -538,14 +579,19 @@ impl BigInt {
     }
 
     // ### [6.1.6.2.21 BigInt::toString ( x, radix )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-numeric-types-bigint-tostring)
-    pub(crate) fn to_string_radix_10(agent: &mut Agent, x: Self) -> JsResult<String> {
-        Ok(String::from_string(
+    pub(crate) fn to_string_radix_10<'gc>(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+        x: Self,
+    ) -> String<'gc> {
+        String::from_string(
             agent,
+            gc,
             match x {
                 BigInt::SmallBigInt(x) => x.into_i64().to_string(),
                 BigInt::BigInt(x) => agent[x].data.to_string(),
             },
-        ))
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
index 22a169ada..2783a14a8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
@@ -173,6 +173,26 @@ impl From<Function> for Value {
 }
 
 impl Function {
+    /// Unbind this Function from its current lifetime. This is necessary to
+    /// use the Function as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Function to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables
+    // Rust's borrow checker to verify that your Functions cannot not be
+    // invalidated by garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let function = function.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Function cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) const fn new_builtin_function(idx: BuiltinFunctionIndex) -> Self {
         Self::BuiltinFunction(BuiltinFunction(idx))
     }
@@ -265,7 +285,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -316,7 +335,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self {
@@ -339,7 +357,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -369,7 +386,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -392,7 +408,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -416,7 +431,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -445,7 +459,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -483,7 +496,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_argument: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -511,7 +523,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
@@ -571,7 +582,6 @@ impl Function {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_argument: Value,
         args: &[Value],
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/data.rs
index 7b482b0e2..ba4347dcd 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/data.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct BoundFunctionHeapData {
     /// A list of values whose elements are used as the first arguments to any
     /// call to the wrapped function.
     pub(crate) bound_arguments: ElementsVector,
-    pub(crate) name: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) name: Option<String<'static>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub struct BuiltinFunctionHeapData {
     /// #### \[\[InitialName]]
     /// A String that is the initial name of the function. It is used by
     /// 20.2.3.5 (`Function.prototype.toString()`).
-    pub(crate) initial_name: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) initial_name: Option<String<'static>>,
     pub(crate) behaviour: Behaviour,
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub struct ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData {
     pub(crate) ecmascript_function: ECMAScriptFunctionObjectHeapData,
     /// Stores the compiled bytecode of an ECMAScript function.
     pub(crate) compiled_bytecode: Option<Executable>,
-    pub(crate) name: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) name: Option<String<'static>>,
 }
 
 unsafe impl Send for ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData {}
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
index d14f06e0d..07728f20b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_define_own_property(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -124,7 +123,6 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_has_property(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     property_key: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -145,7 +143,6 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_get(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     receiver: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -167,7 +164,6 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_set(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     receiver: Value,
@@ -189,7 +185,6 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_delete(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     property_key: PropertyKey,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/number.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/number.rs
index 02332ce67..2332cdd77 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/number.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/number.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ use super::{
     value::{FLOAT_DISCRIMINANT, INTEGER_DISCRIMINANT, NUMBER_DISCRIMINANT},
     IntoNumeric, IntoPrimitive, IntoValue, Numeric, Primitive, String, Value,
 };
-use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::{to_int32_number, to_uint32_number};
+use crate::{
+    ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::{to_int32_number, to_uint32_number},
+    engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
+};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::execution::Agent,
     engine::{
@@ -232,6 +235,26 @@ impl TryFrom<Numeric> for Number {
 }
 
 impl Number {
+    /// Unbind this Number from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the Number as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Number to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your Numbers cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let number = number.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Number cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn from_f64(agent: &mut Agent, value: f64) -> Self {
         if let Ok(value) = Number::try_from(value) {
             value
@@ -1230,19 +1253,24 @@ impl Number {
     }
 
     // ### [6.1.6.1.20 Number::toString ( x, radix )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-numeric-types-number-tostring)
-    pub(crate) fn to_string_radix_10(agent: &mut Agent, x: Self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn to_string_radix_10<'gc>(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+        x: Self,
+    ) -> String<'gc> {
         match x {
             Number::Number(_) => {
                 let mut buffer = ryu_js::Buffer::new();
-                String::from_string(agent, buffer.format(x.into_f64(agent)).to_string())
+                String::from_string(agent, gc, buffer.format(x.into_f64(agent)).to_string())
+                    .bind(gc)
             }
             Number::Integer(x) => {
                 let x = x.into_i64();
-                String::from_string(agent, format!("{x}"))
+                String::from_string(agent, gc, format!("{x}")).bind(gc)
             }
             Number::SmallF64(x) => {
                 let mut buffer = ryu_js::Buffer::new();
-                String::from_string(agent, buffer.format(x.into_f64()).to_string())
+                String::from_string(agent, gc, buffer.format(x.into_f64()).to_string()).bind(gc)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/numeric.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/numeric.rs
index 6b6ed62f3..50ee9d6b7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/numeric.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/numeric.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,26 @@ pub enum NumericRootRepr {
 }
 
 impl Numeric {
+    /// Unbind this Numeric from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the Numeric as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Numeric to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables
+    // Rust's borrow checker to verify that your Numerics cannot not be
+    // invalidated by garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let numeric = numeric.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Numeric cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn is_bigint(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::BigInt(_) | Self::SmallBigInt(_))
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
index 74a807dea..745ce5b76 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
@@ -532,6 +532,26 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Object {
 }
 
 impl Object {
+    /// Unbind this Object from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the Object as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Object to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your Objects cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let object = object.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Object cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         self.into()
     }
@@ -1073,7 +1093,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -1365,7 +1384,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self {
@@ -1476,7 +1494,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -1638,7 +1655,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -1742,7 +1758,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -1849,7 +1864,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -1995,7 +2009,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
@@ -2195,7 +2208,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         this_value: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -2218,7 +2230,6 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
index a214172cb..e4d59293f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         // Note: Because of Proxies, this can trigger GC.
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         prototype: Option<Object>,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         // 1. Return OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O, P).
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -165,7 +162,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryHasProperty(O, P).
@@ -194,7 +190,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -225,7 +220,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
@@ -243,7 +237,6 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         property_key: PropertyKey,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryDelete(O, P).
@@ -273,7 +266,6 @@ where
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -285,7 +277,6 @@ where
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Function,
     ) -> JsResult<Object> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_key.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_key.rs
index b7dcb767a..4d883595b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_key.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_key.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
             String, Symbol, Value,
         },
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
     SmallInteger, SmallString,
 };
@@ -26,26 +27,26 @@ use crate::{
 pub enum PropertyKey {
     Integer(SmallInteger) = INTEGER_DISCRIMINANT,
     SmallString(SmallString) = SMALL_STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+    String(HeapString<'static>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     Symbol(Symbol) = SYMBOL_DISCRIMINANT,
     // TODO: PrivateKey
 }
 
 impl PropertyKey {
     // FIXME: This API is not necessarily in the right place.
-    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &str) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, str: &str) -> Self {
         parse_string_to_integer_property_key(str)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_str(agent, str).into())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_str(agent, gc, str).into())
     }
 
-    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, str: &'static str) -> Self {
         parse_string_to_integer_property_key(str)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_static_str(agent, str).into())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_static_str(agent, gc, str).into())
     }
 
-    pub fn from_string(agent: &mut Agent, string: std::string::String) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_string(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, string: std::string::String) -> Self {
         parse_string_to_integer_property_key(&string)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_string(agent, string).into())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from_string(agent, gc, string).into())
     }
 
     pub fn into_value(self) -> Value {
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ impl PropertyKey {
                 s1.as_str() == s2.as_str()
             }
             (PropertyKey::String(s), PropertyKey::Integer(n)) => {
-                let s = agent[s].as_str();
+                let s = agent[s.unbind()].as_str();
 
                 Self::is_str_eq_num(s, n.into_i64())
             }
@@ -177,10 +178,10 @@ impl From<Symbol> for PropertyKey {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<String> for PropertyKey {
+impl From<String<'_>> for PropertyKey {
     fn from(value: String) -> Self {
         match value {
-            String::String(x) => PropertyKey::String(x),
+            String::String(x) => PropertyKey::String(x.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(x) => PropertyKey::SmallString(x),
         }
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/primitive.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/primitive.rs
index 75e154c2c..b08000bc4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/primitive.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/primitive.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use small_string::SmallString;
 
 use crate::{
     engine::{
+        context::GcScope,
         rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
         small_f64::SmallF64,
     },
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ pub enum Primitive {
     /// UTF-8 string on the heap. Accessing the data must be done through the
     /// Agent. ECMAScript specification compliant UTF-16 indexing is
     /// implemented through an index mapping.
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+    String(HeapString<'static>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     /// ### [6.1.4 The String Type](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ecmascript-language-types-string-type)
     ///
     /// 7-byte UTF-8 string on the stack. End of the string is determined by
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ pub(crate) enum HeapPrimitive {
     /// UTF-8 string on the heap. Accessing the data must be done through the
     /// Agent. ECMAScript specification compliant UTF-16 indexing is
     /// implemented through an index mapping.
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+    String(HeapString<'static>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     /// ### [6.1.6.1 The Number Type](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ecmascript-language-types-number-type)
     ///
     /// f64 on the heap. Accessing the data must be done through the Agent.
@@ -152,6 +153,26 @@ impl IntoValue for Primitive {
 }
 
 impl Primitive {
+    /// Unbind this Primitive from its current lifetime. This is necessary to
+    /// use the Primitive as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Primitive to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables
+    // Rust's borrow checker to verify that your Primitives cannot not be
+    // invalidated by garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let primitive = primitive.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Primitive cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn is_boolean(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::Boolean(_))
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/string.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/string.rs
index 12ba710db..36d609251 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/string.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/string.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ use super::{
 };
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{execution::Agent, types::PropertyDescriptor},
-    engine::rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    engine::{
+        context::NoGcScope,
+        rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+        Scoped,
+    },
     heap::{
         indexes::StringIndex, CompactionLists, CreateHeapData, Heap, HeapMarkAndSweep,
         PrimitiveHeap, WorkQueues,
@@ -25,9 +29,29 @@ pub use data::StringHeapData;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct HeapString(pub(crate) StringIndex);
+pub struct HeapString<'a>(pub(crate) StringIndex<'a>);
+
+impl HeapString<'_> {
+    /// Unbind this HeapString from its current lifetime. This is necessary to
+    /// use the HeapString as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub const fn unbind(self) -> HeapString<'static> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<HeapString<'_>, HeapString<'static>>(self) }
+    }
+
+    // Bind this HeapString to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables
+    // Rust's borrow checker to verify that your HeapStrings cannot not be
+    // invalidated by garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let heap_string = heap_string.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound HeapString cannot be used after binding.
+    pub const fn bind<'gc>(self, _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>) -> HeapString<'gc> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<HeapString<'_>, HeapString<'gc>>(self) }
+    }
 
-impl HeapString {
     pub fn len(self, agent: &Agent) -> usize {
         agent[self].len()
     }
@@ -45,32 +69,32 @@ impl HeapString {
     }
 }
 
-impl Index<HeapString> for PrimitiveHeap<'_> {
+impl Index<HeapString<'_>> for PrimitiveHeap<'_> {
     type Output = StringHeapData;
 
-    fn index(&self, index: HeapString) -> &Self::Output {
+    fn index(&self, index: HeapString<'_>) -> &Self::Output {
         &self.strings[index]
     }
 }
 
-impl Index<HeapString> for Agent {
+impl Index<HeapString<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = StringHeapData;
 
-    fn index(&self, index: HeapString) -> &Self::Output {
+    fn index(&self, index: HeapString<'_>) -> &Self::Output {
         &self.heap.strings[index]
     }
 }
 
-impl IndexMut<HeapString> for Agent {
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: HeapString) -> &mut Self::Output {
+impl IndexMut<HeapString<'_>> for Agent {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: HeapString<'_>) -> &mut Self::Output {
         &mut self.heap.strings[index]
     }
 }
 
-impl Index<HeapString> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
+impl Index<HeapString<'_>> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
     type Output = StringHeapData;
 
-    fn index(&self, index: HeapString) -> &Self::Output {
+    fn index(&self, index: HeapString<'_>) -> &Self::Output {
         self.get(index.get_index())
             .expect("HeapString out of bounds")
             .as_ref()
@@ -78,8 +102,8 @@ impl Index<HeapString> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IndexMut<HeapString> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: HeapString) -> &mut Self::Output {
+impl IndexMut<HeapString<'_>> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: HeapString<'_>) -> &mut Self::Output {
         self.get_mut(index.get_index())
             .expect("HeapString out of bounds")
             .as_mut()
@@ -90,8 +114,8 @@ impl IndexMut<HeapString> for Vec<Option<StringHeapData>> {
 /// ### [6.1.4 The String Type](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ecmascript-language-types-string-type)
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[repr(u8)]
-pub enum String {
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+pub enum String<'a> {
+    String(HeapString<'a>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     SmallString(SmallString) = SMALL_STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
 }
 
@@ -102,13 +126,13 @@ pub enum StringRootRepr {
     HeapRef(HeapRootRef) = 0x80,
 }
 
-impl IntoValue for HeapString {
+impl IntoValue for HeapString<'_> {
     fn into_value(self) -> Value {
-        Value::String(self)
+        Value::String(self.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Value> for HeapString {
+impl TryFrom<Value> for HeapString<'_> {
     type Error = ();
 
     fn try_from(value: Value) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
@@ -120,44 +144,44 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for HeapString {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoValue for String {
+impl IntoValue for String<'_> {
     fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         match self {
-            String::String(idx) => Value::String(idx),
+            String::String(idx) => Value::String(idx.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(data) => Value::SmallString(data),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoPrimitive for String {
+impl IntoPrimitive for String<'_> {
     fn into_primitive(self) -> Primitive {
         match self {
-            String::String(idx) => Primitive::String(idx),
+            String::String(idx) => Primitive::String(idx.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(data) => Primitive::SmallString(data),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl From<HeapString> for String {
-    fn from(value: HeapString) -> Self {
+impl<'a> From<HeapString<'a>> for String<'a> {
+    fn from(value: HeapString<'a>) -> Self {
         String::String(value)
     }
 }
 
-impl From<HeapString> for Primitive {
-    fn from(value: HeapString) -> Self {
-        Self::String(value)
+impl From<HeapString<'_>> for Primitive {
+    fn from(value: HeapString<'_>) -> Self {
+        Self::String(value.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<&str> for String {
+impl TryFrom<&str> for String<'static> {
     type Error = ();
     fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         SmallString::try_from(value).map(String::SmallString)
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Value> for String {
+impl TryFrom<Value> for String<'_> {
     type Error = ();
     fn try_from(value: Value) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
@@ -168,7 +192,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for String {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Primitive> for String {
+impl TryFrom<Primitive> for String<'_> {
     type Error = ();
     fn try_from(value: Primitive) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
@@ -179,10 +203,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Primitive> for String {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<String> for Value {
+impl From<String<'_>> for Value {
     fn from(value: String) -> Self {
         match value {
-            String::String(x) => Value::String(x),
+            String::String(x) => Value::String(x.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(x) => Value::SmallString(x),
         }
     }
@@ -194,7 +218,7 @@ impl From<SmallString> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<SmallString> for String {
+impl From<SmallString> for String<'static> {
     fn from(value: SmallString) -> Self {
         Self::SmallString(value)
     }
@@ -218,38 +242,49 @@ impl IntoPrimitive for SmallString {
     }
 }
 
-impl String {
-    pub const EMPTY_STRING: String = String::from_small_string("");
+impl String<'_> {
+    pub const EMPTY_STRING: String<'static> = String::from_small_string("");
 
-    pub fn is_empty_string(self) -> bool {
-        self == Self::EMPTY_STRING
+    /// Unbind this String from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the String as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> String<'static> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<String<'_>, String<'static>>(self) }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &str) -> String {
-        agent.heap.create(str)
+    // Bind this String to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your Strings cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let string = string.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound String cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind<'gc>(self, _gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>) -> String<'gc> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<String<'_>, String<'gc>>(self) }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_string(agent: &mut Agent, string: std::string::String) -> String {
-        agent.heap.create(string)
+    pub fn scope<'scope>(
+        self,
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'_, 'scope>,
+    ) -> Scoped<'scope, String<'static>> {
+        Scoped::new(agent, gc, self.unbind())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty_string(self) -> bool {
+        self == Self::EMPTY_STRING
     }
 
     pub const fn to_property_key(self) -> PropertyKey {
         match self {
-            String::String(data) => PropertyKey::String(data),
+            String::String(data) => PropertyKey::String(data.unbind()),
             String::SmallString(data) => PropertyKey::SmallString(data),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &'static str) -> Self {
-        if let Ok(value) = String::try_from(str) {
-            value
-        } else {
-            // SAFETY: String couldn't be represented as a SmallString.
-            unsafe { agent.heap.alloc_static_str(str) }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn from_small_string(message: &'static str) -> String {
+    pub const fn from_small_string(message: &'static str) -> Self {
         assert!(
             message.len() < 8
                 && (message.is_empty() || message.as_bytes()[message.as_bytes().len() - 1] != 0)
@@ -257,16 +292,20 @@ impl String {
         String::SmallString(SmallString::from_str_unchecked(message))
     }
 
-    pub fn concat(agent: &mut Agent, strings: impl AsRef<[String]>) -> String {
+    pub fn concat<'gc>(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+        strings: impl AsRef<[Self]>,
+    ) -> String<'gc> {
         // TODO: This function will need heavy changes once we support creating
         // WTF-8 strings, since WTF-8 concatenation isn't byte concatenation.
 
         // We use this status enum so we can reuse one of the heap string inputs
         // if the output would be identical, and so we don't allocate at all
         // until it's clear we need a new heap string.
-        enum Status {
+        enum Status<'a> {
             Empty,
-            ExistingString(HeapString),
+            ExistingString(HeapString<'a>),
             SmallString { data: [u8; 7], len: usize },
             String(std::string::String),
         }
@@ -318,14 +357,14 @@ impl String {
 
         match status {
             Status::Empty => String::EMPTY_STRING,
-            Status::ExistingString(idx) => String::String(idx),
+            Status::ExistingString(idx) => String::String(idx.bind(gc)),
             Status::SmallString { data, len } => {
                 // SAFETY: Since SmallStrings are guaranteed UTF-8, `&data[..len]` is the result of
                 // concatenating UTF-8 strings, which is always valid UTF-8.
                 let str_slice = unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&data[..len]) };
                 SmallString::from_str_unchecked(str_slice).into()
             }
-            Status::String(string) => agent.heap.create(string),
+            Status::String(string) => agent.heap.create(string).bind(gc),
         }
     }
 
@@ -334,17 +373,20 @@ impl String {
     }
 
     /// Byte length of the string.
-    pub fn len(self, agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>) -> usize {
+    pub fn len(self, agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>) -> usize {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[s].len(),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].len(),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.len(),
         }
     }
 
     /// UTF-16 length of the string.
-    pub fn utf16_len(self, agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>) -> usize {
+    pub fn utf16_len(
+        self,
+        agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
+    ) -> usize {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[s].utf16_len(),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].utf16_len(),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.utf16_len(),
         }
     }
@@ -352,11 +394,11 @@ impl String {
     // TODO: This should return a wtf8::CodePoint.
     pub fn utf16_char(
         self,
-        agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>,
+        agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
         idx: usize,
     ) -> char {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[s].utf16_char(idx),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].utf16_char(idx),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.utf16_char(idx),
         }
     }
@@ -371,11 +413,11 @@ impl String {
     /// UTF-16 string length.
     pub fn utf8_index(
         self,
-        agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>,
+        agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
         utf16_idx: usize,
     ) -> Option<usize> {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[s].utf8_index(utf16_idx),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].utf8_index(utf16_idx),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.utf8_index(utf16_idx),
         }
     }
@@ -389,21 +431,21 @@ impl String {
     /// or if it is past the end (but not *at* the end) of the UTF-8 string.
     pub fn utf16_index(
         self,
-        agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>,
+        agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
         utf8_idx: usize,
     ) -> usize {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[s].utf16_index(utf8_idx),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].utf16_index(utf8_idx),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.utf16_index(utf8_idx),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn as_str<'string, 'agent: 'string>(
         &'string self,
-        agent: &'agent impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>,
+        agent: &'agent impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
     ) -> &'string str {
         match self {
-            String::String(s) => agent[*s].as_str(),
+            String::String(s) => agent[s.unbind()].as_str(),
             String::SmallString(s) => s.as_str(),
         }
     }
@@ -411,17 +453,17 @@ impl String {
     /// If x and y have the same length and the same code units in the same
     /// positions, return true; otherwise, return false.
     pub fn eq(
-        agent: &impl Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>,
-        x: String,
-        y: String,
+        agent: &impl Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>,
+        x: Self,
+        y: Self,
     ) -> bool {
         match (x, y) {
-            (String::String(x), String::String(y)) => {
-                let x = &agent[x];
-                let y = &agent[y];
+            (Self::String(x), Self::String(y)) => {
+                let x = &agent[x.unbind()];
+                let y = &agent[y.unbind()];
                 x == y
             }
-            (String::SmallString(x), String::SmallString(y)) => x == y,
+            (Self::SmallString(x), Self::SmallString(y)) => x == y,
             // The string heap guarantees that small strings must never equal
             // heap strings.
             _ => false,
@@ -465,14 +507,51 @@ impl String {
     }
 }
 
-impl CreateHeapData<StringHeapData, String> for Heap {
-    fn create(&mut self, data: StringHeapData) -> String {
+impl<'gc> String<'gc> {
+    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, _gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>, str: &str) -> Self {
+        agent.heap.create(str)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_string(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+        string: std::string::String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        agent.heap.create(string).bind(gc)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, _gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>, str: &'static str) -> Self {
+        if let Ok(value) = String::try_from(str) {
+            value
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: String couldn't be represented as a SmallString.
+            unsafe { agent.heap.alloc_static_str(str) }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Scoped<'_, String<'static>> {
+    pub fn as_str<'string, 'agent: 'string>(&'string self, agent: &'agent Agent) -> &'string str {
+        match &self.inner {
+            StringRootRepr::SmallString(small_string) => small_string.as_str(),
+            StringRootRepr::HeapRef(_) => {
+                let String::String(string) = self.get(agent) else {
+                    unreachable!();
+                };
+                string.as_str(agent)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CreateHeapData<StringHeapData, String<'static>> for Heap {
+    fn create(&mut self, data: StringHeapData) -> String<'static> {
         self.strings.push(Some(data));
         String::String(HeapString(StringIndex::last(&self.strings)))
     }
 }
 
-impl HeapMarkAndSweep for String {
+impl HeapMarkAndSweep for String<'static> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
         if let Self::String(idx) = self {
@@ -488,7 +567,7 @@ impl HeapMarkAndSweep for String {
     }
 }
 
-impl HeapMarkAndSweep for HeapString {
+impl HeapMarkAndSweep for HeapString<'static> {
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
         queues.strings.push(*self);
     }
@@ -498,7 +577,7 @@ impl HeapMarkAndSweep for HeapString {
     }
 }
 
-impl Rootable for String {
+impl Rootable for String<'static> {
     type RootRepr = StringRootRepr;
 
     #[inline]
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol.rs
index bc19cb5e0..e89ce6403 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ pub use data::SymbolHeapData;
 
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{execution::Agent, types::String},
-    engine::rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    engine::{
+        context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
+        rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    },
     heap::{
         indexes::SymbolIndex, CompactionLists, CreateHeapData, Heap, HeapMarkAndSweep,
         WellKnownSymbolIndexes, WorkQueues, LAST_WELL_KNOWN_SYMBOL_INDEX,
@@ -36,6 +39,26 @@ enum SymbolRootReprInner {
 pub struct SymbolRootRepr(SymbolRootReprInner);
 
 impl Symbol {
+    /// Unbind this Symbol from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the Symbol as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Symbol to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your Symbols cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let symbol = symbol.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Symbol cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _: &GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub(crate) const fn _def() -> Self {
         Self(SymbolIndex::from_u32_index(0))
     }
@@ -45,10 +68,11 @@ impl Symbol {
     }
 
     /// ### [20.4.3.3.1 SymbolDescriptiveString ( sym )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-symboldescriptivestring)
-    pub fn descriptive_string(self, agent: &mut Agent) -> String {
+    pub fn descriptive_string<'gc>(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>) -> String<'gc> {
         if let Some(descriptor) = agent[self].descriptor {
             String::concat(
                 agent,
+                gc,
                 [
                     String::from_small_string("Symbol("),
                     descriptor,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol/data.rs
index 455d51d6a..05d5e34f6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/symbol/data.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SymbolHeapData {
-    pub(crate) descriptor: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) descriptor: Option<String<'static>>,
 }
 
 impl HeapMarkAndSweep for SymbolHeapData {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
index 439401579..6e085a4db 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use super::{
     bigint::{HeapBigInt, SmallBigInt},
     number::HeapNumber,
     string::HeapString,
-    BigInt, BigIntHeapData, IntoValue, Number, Numeric, OrdinaryObject, String, StringHeapData,
-    Symbol,
+    BigInt, BigIntHeapData, IntoValue, Number, Numeric, OrdinaryObject, Primitive, String,
+    StringHeapData, Symbol,
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "date")]
 use crate::ecmascript::builtins::date::Date;
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@ use crate::{
         types::BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY,
     },
     engine::{
-        context::GcScope,
+        context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
         rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable},
         small_f64::SmallF64,
+        Scoped,
     },
     heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
     SmallInteger, SmallString,
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ pub enum Value {
     /// UTF-8 string on the heap. Accessing the data must be done through the
     /// Agent. ECMAScript specification compliant UTF-16 indexing is
     /// implemented through an index mapping.
-    String(HeapString),
+    String(HeapString<'static>),
     /// ### [6.1.4 The String Type](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ecmascript-language-types-string-type)
     ///
     /// 7-byte UTF-8 string on the stack. End of the string is determined by
@@ -351,16 +352,43 @@ pub(crate) const EMBEDDER_OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT: u8 =
     value_discriminant(Value::EmbedderObject(EmbedderObject::_def()));
 
 impl Value {
-    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &str) -> Value {
-        String::from_str(agent, str).into_value()
+    /// Unbind this Value from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the Value as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Bind this Value to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your Values cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let value = value.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound Value cannot be used after binding.
+    pub fn bind(self, _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn scope<'scope>(
+        self,
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'_, 'scope>,
+    ) -> Scoped<'scope, Value> {
+        Scoped::new(agent, gc, self.unbind())
     }
 
-    pub fn from_string(agent: &mut Agent, string: std::string::String) -> Value {
-        String::from_string(agent, string).into_value()
+    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>, str: &str) -> Value {
+        String::from_str(agent, gc, str).into_value()
     }
 
-    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &'static str) -> Value {
-        String::from_static_str(agent, str).into_value()
+    pub fn from_string(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, string: std::string::String) -> Value {
+        String::from_string(agent, gc, string).into_value()
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_static_str(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, str: &'static str) -> Value {
+        String::from_static_str(agent, gc, str).into_value()
     }
 
     pub fn from_f64(agent: &mut Agent, value: f64) -> Value {
@@ -406,6 +434,10 @@ impl Value {
         )
     }
 
+    pub fn is_primitive(self) -> bool {
+        Primitive::try_from(self).is_ok()
+    }
+
     pub fn is_string(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Value::String(_) | Value::SmallString(_))
     }
@@ -467,6 +499,10 @@ impl Value {
         )
     }
 
+    pub fn is_integer(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Value::Integer(_))
+    }
+
     pub fn is_empty_string(self) -> bool {
         if let Value::SmallString(s) = self {
             s.is_empty()
@@ -503,17 +539,17 @@ impl Value {
         to_uint16(agent, gc, self)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_string(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<String> {
+    pub fn to_string<'gc>(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>) -> JsResult<String<'gc>> {
         to_string(agent, gc, self)
     }
 
     /// A string conversion that will never throw, meant for things like
     /// displaying exceptions.
-    pub fn string_repr(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> String {
+    pub fn string_repr<'gc>(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>) -> String<'gc> {
         if let Value::Symbol(symbol_idx) = self {
             // ToString of a symbol always throws. We use the descriptive
             // string instead (the result of `String(symbol)`).
-            return symbol_idx.descriptive_string(agent);
+            return symbol_idx.descriptive_string(agent, gc.into_nogc());
         };
         match self.to_string(agent, gc) {
             Ok(result) => result,
@@ -538,7 +574,7 @@ impl Value {
     pub(crate) fn hash<H, A>(self, arena: &A, hasher: &mut H)
     where
         H: Hasher,
-        A: Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>
+        A: Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>
             + Index<HeapNumber, Output = f64>
             + Index<HeapBigInt, Output = BigIntHeapData>,
     {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/data_block.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/data_block.rs
index d29f1e16e..d2e660d36 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/data_block.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/data_block.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
         execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult, ProtoIntrinsics},
         types::{BigInt, IntoValue, Value},
     },
-    engine::context::GcScope,
+    engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
 };
 
 /// Sentinel pointer for a detached data block.
@@ -488,11 +488,12 @@ impl DataBlock {
     /// The abstract operation CreateByteDataBlock takes argument size (a
     /// non-negative integer) and returns either a normal completion containing
     /// a Data Block or a throw completion.
-    pub fn create_byte_data_block(agent: &mut Agent, size: u64) -> JsResult<Self> {
+    pub fn create_byte_data_block(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, size: u64) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // 1. If size > 2**53 - 1, throw a RangeError exception.
         if size > u64::pow(2, 53) - 1 {
             // TODO: throw a RangeError exception
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Not a safe integer",
             ))
@@ -505,6 +506,7 @@ impl DataBlock {
             // 2. cont: If it is impossible to create such a Data Block, throw a RangeError exception.
             // TODO: throw a RangeError exception
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::RangeError,
                 "Invalid Data Block length",
             ))
@@ -516,7 +518,11 @@ impl DataBlock {
     /// The abstract operation CreateSharedByteDataBlock takes argument size (a
     /// non-negative integer) and returns either a normal completion containing
     /// a Shared Data Block or a throw completion.
-    pub fn create_shared_byte_data_block(agent: &mut Agent, size: u64) -> JsResult<Self> {
+    pub fn create_shared_byte_data_block(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
+        size: u64,
+    ) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // 1. Let db be a new Shared Data Block value consisting of size bytes. If it is impossible to create such a Shared Data Block, throw a RangeError exception.
         if let Ok(size) = usize::try_from(size) {
             // 2. Let execution be the [[CandidateExecution]] field of the surrounding agent's Agent Record.
@@ -527,6 +533,7 @@ impl DataBlock {
             Ok(Self::new(size))
         } else {
             Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc,
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Invalid Shared Data Block length",
             ))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
index 03ae6080e..810179f2d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
@@ -179,17 +179,16 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
     pub fn to_property_descriptor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         obj: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // 1. If Obj is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Ok(obj) = Object::try_from(obj) else {
-            let obj_repr = obj.string_repr(agent, gc);
+            let obj_repr = obj.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
             let error_message = format!(
                 "Property descriptor must be an object, got '{}'.",
                 obj_repr.as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 2. Let desc be a new Property Descriptor that initially has no
         // fields.
@@ -284,6 +283,7 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
             if !getter.is_undefined() {
                 let Some(getter) = is_callable(getter) else {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "getter is not callable",
                     ));
@@ -297,12 +297,13 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
         // 14. If hasSet is true, then
         if has_set {
             // a. Let setter be ? Get(Obj, "set").
-            let setter = get(agent, gc, obj, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set.into())?;
+            let setter = get(agent, gc.reborrow(), obj, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set.into())?;
             // b. If IsCallable(setter) is false and setter is not undefined,
             // throw a TypeError exception.
             if !setter.is_undefined() {
                 let Some(setter) = is_callable(setter) else {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "setter is not callable",
                     ));
@@ -317,6 +318,7 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
             // field, throw a TypeError exception.
             if desc.writable.is_some() || desc.writable.is_some() {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                    gc.nogc(),
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "Over-defined property descriptor",
                 ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
index e5c027cbf..a1a1a6667 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ pub(crate) fn is_private_reference(_: &Reference) -> bool {
 pub(crate) fn get_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     reference: &Reference,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let referenced_name = reference.referenced_name;
@@ -133,14 +132,22 @@ pub(crate) fn get_value(
                             "Cannot read property '{}' of undefined.",
                             referenced_name.as_display(agent)
                         );
-                        Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
+                        Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                            error_message,
+                        ))
                     }
                     Value::Null => {
                         let error_message = format!(
                             "Cannot read property '{}' of null.",
                             referenced_name.as_display(agent)
                         );
-                        Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message))
+                        Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                            gc.nogc(),
+                            ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                            error_message,
+                        ))
                     }
                     Value::Boolean(_) => agent
                         .current_realm()
@@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_value(
                 "Cannot access undeclared variable '{}'.",
                 referenced_name.as_display(agent)
             );
-            Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
+            Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -211,7 +218,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_value(
 pub(crate) fn put_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     v: &Reference,
     w: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -224,7 +230,11 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
                 "Cannot assign to undeclared variable '{}'.",
                 v.referenced_name.as_display(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::ReferenceError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                gc.nogc(),
+                ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
+                error_message,
+            ));
         }
         // b. Let globalObj be GetGlobalObject().
         let global_obj = get_global_object(agent);
@@ -240,7 +250,7 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
             Base::Value(value) => value,
             Base::Environment(_) | Base::Unresolvable => unreachable!(),
         };
-        let base_obj = to_object(agent, base)?;
+        let base_obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), base)?;
         // b. If IsPrivateReference(V) is true, then
         if is_private_reference(v) {
             // i. Return ? PrivateSet(baseObj, V.[[ReferencedName]], W).
@@ -253,13 +263,13 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
             base_obj.internal_set(agent, gc.reborrow(), referenced_name, w, this_value)?;
         if !succeeded && v.strict {
             // d. If succeeded is false and V.[[Strict]] is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-            let base_obj_repr = base_obj.into_value().string_repr(agent, gc);
+            let base_obj_repr = base_obj.into_value().string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
             let error_message = format!(
                 "Could not set property '{}' of {}.",
                 referenced_name.as_display(agent),
                 base_obj_repr.as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         }
         // e. Return UNUSED.
         Ok(())
@@ -290,7 +300,6 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
 pub(crate) fn initialize_referenced_binding(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     v: Reference,
     w: Value,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler.rs
index daa95a595..899e785a5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use crate::{
         },
         types::{BigInt, IntoValue, Number, PropertyKey, String, Value, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY},
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::CreateHeapData,
 };
 use num_traits::Num;
@@ -45,8 +46,9 @@ pub(crate) enum NamedEvaluationParameter {
     ReferenceStack,
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct CompileContext<'agent> {
+pub(crate) struct CompileContext<'agent, 'gc, 'scope> {
     pub(crate) agent: &'agent mut Agent,
+    pub(crate) gc: NoGcScope<'gc, 'scope>,
     /// Instructions being built
     instructions: Vec<u8>,
     /// Constants being built
@@ -73,10 +75,14 @@ pub(crate) struct CompileContext<'agent> {
     is_call_optional_chain_this: bool,
 }
 
-impl CompileContext<'_> {
-    pub(super) fn new(agent: &'_ mut Agent) -> CompileContext<'_> {
+impl<'a, 'gc, 'scope> CompileContext<'a, 'gc, 'scope> {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        agent: &'a mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, 'scope>,
+    ) -> CompileContext<'a, 'gc, 'scope> {
         CompileContext {
             agent,
+            gc,
             instructions: Vec::new(),
             constants: Vec::new(),
             function_expressions: Vec::new(),
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
     ) {
         let identifier = match property_key {
             ast::PropertyKey::StaticIdentifier(identifier_name) => {
-                String::from_str(self.agent, identifier_name.name.as_str())
+                String::from_str(self.agent, self.gc, identifier_name.name.as_str())
             }
             ast::PropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(_private_identifier) => todo!(),
             ast::PropertyKey::BooleanLiteral(_boolean_literal) => todo!(),
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
     /// current context.
     pub(crate) fn compile_class_computed_field(
         &mut self,
-        property_key_id: String,
+        property_key_id: String<'gc>,
         value: &Option<ast::Expression<'_>>,
     ) {
         // Resolve 'this' into the stack.
@@ -228,7 +234,7 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
         })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn create_identifier(&mut self, atom: &Atom<'_>) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn create_identifier(&mut self, atom: &Atom<'_>) -> String<'gc> {
         let existing = self.constants.iter().find_map(|constant| {
             if let Ok(existing_identifier) = String::try_from(*constant) {
                 if existing_identifier.as_str(self.agent) == atom.as_str() {
@@ -243,7 +249,7 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
         if let Some(existing) = existing {
             existing
         } else {
-            String::from_str(self.agent, atom.as_str())
+            String::from_str(self.agent, self.gc, atom.as_str())
         }
     }
 
@@ -341,7 +347,11 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
         self.add_index(constant);
     }
 
-    fn add_instruction_with_identifier(&mut self, instruction: Instruction, identifier: String) {
+    fn add_instruction_with_identifier(
+        &mut self,
+        instruction: Instruction,
+        identifier: String<'gc>,
+    ) {
         debug_assert_eq!(instruction.argument_count(), 1);
         debug_assert!(instruction.has_identifier_index());
         self._push_instruction(instruction);
@@ -352,7 +362,7 @@ impl CompileContext<'_> {
     fn add_instruction_with_identifier_and_constant(
         &mut self,
         instruction: Instruction,
-        identifier: String,
+        identifier: String<'gc>,
         constant: impl Into<Value>,
     ) {
         debug_assert_eq!(instruction.argument_count(), 2);
@@ -528,21 +538,21 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::NullLiteral {
 
 impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StringLiteral<'_> {
     fn compile(&self, ctx: &mut CompileContext) {
-        let constant = String::from_str(ctx.agent, self.value.as_str());
+        let constant = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, self.value.as_str());
         ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::StoreConstant, constant);
     }
 }
 
 impl CompileEvaluation for ast::IdentifierReference<'_> {
     fn compile(&self, ctx: &mut CompileContext) {
-        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, self.name.as_str());
+        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, self.name.as_str());
         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::ResolveBinding, identifier);
     }
 }
 
 impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BindingIdentifier<'_> {
     fn compile(&self, ctx: &mut CompileContext) {
-        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, self.name.as_str());
+        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, self.name.as_str());
         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::ResolveBinding, identifier);
     }
 }
@@ -1001,7 +1011,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ObjectExpression<'_> {
                                     );
                                 }
                             } else {
-                                let identifier = PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, &id.name);
+                                let identifier = PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &id.name);
                                 ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(
                                     Instruction::StoreConstant,
                                     identifier,
@@ -1010,7 +1020,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ObjectExpression<'_> {
                         }
                         ast::PropertyKey::StaticMemberExpression(init) => init.compile(ctx),
                         ast::PropertyKey::StringLiteral(init) => {
-                            let identifier = PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, &init.value);
+                            let identifier = PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &init.value);
                             ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(
                                 Instruction::StoreConstant,
                                 identifier,
@@ -1419,7 +1429,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StaticMemberExpression<'_> {
         }
 
         // 4. Return EvaluatePropertyAccessWithIdentifierKey(baseValue, IdentifierName, strict).
-        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, self.property.name.as_str());
+        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, self.property.name.as_str());
         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
             Instruction::EvaluatePropertyAccessWithIdentifierKey,
             identifier,
@@ -1568,7 +1578,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::RegExpLiteral<'_> {
             // We probably shouldn't be getting parsed RegExps?
             ast::RegExpPattern::Pattern(_) => unreachable!(),
         };
-        let pattern = String::from_str(ctx.agent, pattern);
+        let pattern = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, pattern);
         let regexp = reg_exp_create(ctx.agent, pattern, Some(self.regex.flags)).unwrap();
         ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::StoreConstant, regexp);
     }
@@ -1599,6 +1609,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::TemplateLiteral<'_> {
         if self.is_no_substitution_template() {
             let constant = String::from_str(
                 ctx.agent,
+                ctx.gc,
                 self.quasi()
                     .as_ref()
                     .expect("Invalid escape sequence in template literal")
@@ -1612,8 +1623,11 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::TemplateLiteral<'_> {
             while let Some((head, rest)) = quasis.split_first() {
                 quasis = rest;
                 // 1. Let head be the TV of TemplateHead as defined in 12.9.6.
-                let head =
-                    String::from_str(ctx.agent, head.value.cooked.as_ref().unwrap().as_str());
+                let head = String::from_str(
+                    ctx.agent,
+                    ctx.gc,
+                    head.value.cooked.as_ref().unwrap().as_str(),
+                );
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::LoadConstant, head);
                 count += 1;
                 if let Some((expression, rest)) = expressions.split_first() {
@@ -2053,18 +2067,18 @@ fn simple_object_pattern(
         } else {
             let key_string = match &ele.key {
                 ast::PropertyKey::StaticIdentifier(identifier) => {
-                    PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, &identifier.name).into_value()
+                    PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &identifier.name).into_value()
                 }
                 ast::PropertyKey::NumericLiteral(literal) => {
                     let numeric_value = Number::from_f64(ctx.agent, literal.value);
                     if let Number::Integer(_) = numeric_value {
                         numeric_value.into_value()
                     } else {
-                        Number::to_string_radix_10(ctx.agent, numeric_value).into_value()
+                        Number::to_string_radix_10(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, numeric_value).into_value()
                     }
                 }
                 ast::PropertyKey::StringLiteral(literal) => {
-                    PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, &literal.value).into_value()
+                    PropertyKey::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &literal.value).into_value()
                 }
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             };
@@ -2273,7 +2287,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::VariableDeclaration<'_> {
 
                     // 1. Let bindingId be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
                     // 2. Let lhs be ? ResolveBinding(bindingId).
-                    let identifier_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, identifier.name.as_str());
+                    let identifier_string =
+                        String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, identifier.name.as_str());
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                         Instruction::ResolveBinding,
                         identifier_string,
@@ -2330,7 +2345,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::VariableDeclaration<'_> {
                     };
 
                     // 1. Let lhs be ! ResolveBinding(StringValue of BindingIdentifier).
-                    let identifier_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, identifier.name.as_str());
+                    let identifier_string =
+                        String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, identifier.name.as_str());
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                         Instruction::ResolveBinding,
                         identifier_string,
@@ -2412,7 +2428,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BlockStatement<'_> {
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) => {
                     if decl.kind.is_const() {
                         decl.id.bound_names(&mut |name| {
-                            let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, name.name.as_str());
+                            let identifier =
+                                String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, name.name.as_str());
                             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                                 Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding,
                                 identifier,
@@ -2420,7 +2437,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BlockStatement<'_> {
                         });
                     } else if decl.kind.is_lexical() {
                         decl.id.bound_names(&mut |name| {
-                            let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, name.name.as_str());
+                            let identifier =
+                                String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, name.name.as_str());
                             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                                 Instruction::CreateMutableBinding,
                                 identifier,
@@ -2431,7 +2449,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BlockStatement<'_> {
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Function(decl) => {
                     // TODO: InstantiateFunctionObject and InitializeBinding
                     decl.bound_names(&mut |name| {
-                        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, name.name.as_str());
+                        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, name.name.as_str());
                         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                             Instruction::CreateMutableBinding,
                             identifier,
@@ -2440,7 +2458,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BlockStatement<'_> {
                 }
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Class(decl) => {
                     decl.bound_names(&mut |name| {
-                        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, name.name.as_str());
+                        let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, name.name.as_str());
                         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                             Instruction::CreateMutableBinding,
                             identifier,
@@ -2462,11 +2480,11 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::BlockStatement<'_> {
 }
 
 impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForStatement<'_> {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &mut CompileContext) {
+    fn compile<'gc>(&self, ctx: &mut CompileContext<'_, 'gc, '_>) {
         let previous_continue = ctx.current_continue.replace(vec![]);
         let previous_break = ctx.current_break.replace(vec![]);
 
-        let mut per_iteration_lets = vec![];
+        let mut per_iteration_lets: Vec<String<'_>> = vec![];
         let mut is_lexical = false;
 
         if let Some(init) = &self.init {
@@ -2522,7 +2540,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForStatement<'_> {
                         if is_const {
                             init.bound_names(&mut |dn| {
                                 // i. Perform ! loopEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
-                                let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, dn.name.as_str());
+                                let identifier =
+                                    String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, dn.name.as_str());
                                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                                     Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding,
                                     identifier,
@@ -2532,7 +2551,8 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForStatement<'_> {
                             // b. Else,
                             // i. Perform ! loopEnv.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false).
                             init.bound_names(&mut |dn| {
-                                let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, dn.name.as_str());
+                                let identifier =
+                                    String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, dn.name.as_str());
                                 // 9. If isConst is false, let perIterationLets
                                 // be boundNames; otherwise let perIterationLets
                                 // be a new empty List.
@@ -2559,7 +2579,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForStatement<'_> {
         }
         // 2. Perform ? CreatePerIterationEnvironment(perIterationBindings).
         let create_per_iteration_env = if !per_iteration_lets.is_empty() {
-            Some(|ctx: &mut CompileContext| {
+            Some(|ctx: &mut CompileContext<'_, 'gc, '_>| {
                 if per_iteration_lets.len() == 1 {
                     // NOTE: Optimization for the usual case of a single let
                     // binding. We do not need to push and pop from the stack
@@ -2774,7 +2794,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::TryStatement<'_> {
                 todo!("{:?}", exception_param.pattern.kind);
             };
             ctx.add_instruction(Instruction::EnterDeclarativeEnvironment);
-            let identifier_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, identifier.name.as_str());
+            let identifier_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, identifier.name.as_str());
             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateCatchBinding, identifier_string);
         }
         catch_clause.body.compile(ctx);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/class_definition_evaluation.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/class_definition_evaluation.rs
index 97acf3d04..be601f3a8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/class_definition_evaluation.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/class_definition_evaluation.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
         let mut class_identifier = None;
         if let Some(class_binding) = &self.id {
             // a. Perform ! classEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(classBinding, true).
-            let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, class_binding.name.as_str());
+            let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, class_binding.name.as_str());
             class_identifier = Some(identifier);
             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding, identifier);
         } else if let Some(anonymous_class_name) = anonymous_class_name {
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
             .filter(|class_element| class_element.private_bound_identifiers().is_some())
         {
             let dn = dn.private_bound_identifiers().unwrap();
-            let _dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, dn.name.as_str());
+            let _dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, dn.name.as_str());
             // TODO: Private elements.
             // a. For each String dn of the PrivateBoundIdentifiers of ClassBody, do
             //     i. If classPrivateEnvironment.[[Names]] contains a Private Name pn such that pn.[[Description]] is dn, then
@@ -146,8 +146,11 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
                 // Pop the superclass from the stack.
                 ctx.add_instruction(Instruction::Store);
                 // i. Throw a TypeError exception.
-                let error_message =
-                    String::from_static_str(ctx.agent, "class heritage is not a constructor");
+                let error_message = String::from_static_str(
+                    ctx.agent,
+                    ctx.gc,
+                    "class heritage is not a constructor",
+                );
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::StoreConstant, error_message);
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_immediate(
                     Instruction::ThrowError,
@@ -178,8 +181,11 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
                 let jump_over_throw = ctx.add_instruction_with_jump_slot(Instruction::JumpIfTrue);
 
                 // ... throw a TypeError exception.
-                let error_message =
-                    String::from_static_str(ctx.agent, "class heritage is not an object or null");
+                let error_message = String::from_static_str(
+                    ctx.agent,
+                    ctx.gc,
+                    "class heritage is not an object or null",
+                );
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::StoreConstant, error_message);
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_immediate(
                     Instruction::ThrowError,
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
         // 28. Set F.[[PrivateMethods]] to instancePrivateMethods.
         // 29. Set F.[[Fields]] to instanceFields.
         if !instance_fields.is_empty() {
-            let mut constructor_ctx = CompileContext::new(ctx.agent);
+            let mut constructor_ctx = CompileContext::new(ctx.agent, ctx.gc);
             for ele in instance_fields {
                 match ele {
                     PropertyInitializerField::Static((property_key, value)) => {
@@ -508,18 +514,20 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::Class<'_> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-enum PropertyInitializerField<'a> {
+enum PropertyInitializerField<'a, 'gc> {
     Static((&'a ast::PropertyKey<'a>, &'a Option<ast::Expression<'a>>)),
-    Computed((String, &'a Option<ast::Expression<'a>>)),
+    Computed((String<'gc>, &'a Option<ast::Expression<'a>>)),
 }
 
-fn compile_computed_field_name<'a>(
-    ctx: &mut CompileContext,
-    property_fields: &mut Vec<PropertyInitializerField<'a>>,
+fn compile_computed_field_name<'a, 'gc>(
+    ctx: &mut CompileContext<'_, 'gc, '_>,
+    property_fields: &mut Vec<PropertyInitializerField<'a, 'gc>>,
     key: &ast::PropertyKey<'_>,
     value: &'a Option<ast::Expression<'a>>,
 ) {
-    let computed_key_id = String::from_string(ctx.agent, format!("^{}", property_fields.len()));
+    // TODO: Handle lifetime logic.
+    let computed_key_id =
+        String::from_string(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, format!("^{}", property_fields.len()));
     let key = match key {
         // These should not show up as computed
         ast::PropertyKey::StaticMemberExpression(_)
@@ -596,7 +604,7 @@ fn define_constructor_method(
 fn define_method(class_element: &ast::MethodDefinition, ctx: &mut CompileContext) -> IndexType {
     // 1. Let propKey be ? Evaluation of ClassElementName.
     if let Some(prop_name) = class_element.prop_name() {
-        let prop_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, prop_name.0);
+        let prop_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, prop_name.0);
         ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::LoadConstant, prop_name);
     } else {
         // Computed method name.
@@ -682,7 +690,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StaticBlock<'_> {
                 continue;
             }
             // 1. Append n to instantiatedVarNames.
-            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &n);
+            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &n);
             instantiated_var_names.insert(n);
             // 2. Perform ! env.CreateMutableBinding(n, false).
             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, n_string);
@@ -701,7 +709,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StaticBlock<'_> {
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) if decl.kind.is_const() => {
                     {
                         decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                            let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &identifier.name);
+                            let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &identifier.name);
                             // 1. Perform ! lexEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
                             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                                 Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding,
@@ -714,16 +722,16 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StaticBlock<'_> {
                 //   1. Perform ! lexEnv.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false).
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) => {
                     decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                        let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &identifier.name);
+                        let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &identifier.name);
                         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
                     })
                 }
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Function(decl) => {
-                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
                 }
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Class(decl) => {
-                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
                 }
                 LexicallyScopedDeclaration::DefaultExport => {
@@ -738,7 +746,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::StaticBlock<'_> {
             // b. Let fo be InstantiateFunctionObject of f with arguments lexEnv and privateEnv.
             f.compile(ctx);
             // a. Let fn be the sole element of the BoundNames of f.
-            let f_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &f.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+            let f_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &f.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
             // c. Perform ! varEnv.SetMutableBinding(fn, fo, false).
             // TODO: This compilation is incorrect if !strict, when varEnv != lexEnv.
             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::ResolveBinding, f_name);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/for_in_of_statement.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/for_in_of_statement.rs
index 5bc785e34..a765ef2fb 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/for_in_of_statement.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/for_in_of_statement.rs
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ enum IteratorKind {
     Async,
 }
 
-fn for_in_of_head_evaluation(
-    ctx: &mut CompileContext,
-    uninitialized_bound_names: Vec<String>,
+fn for_in_of_head_evaluation<'gc>(
+    ctx: &mut CompileContext<'_, 'gc, '_>,
+    uninitialized_bound_names: Vec<String<'gc>>,
     expr: &ast::Expression<'_>,
     iteration_kind: IterationKind,
 ) -> Option<JumpIndex> {
@@ -186,8 +186,11 @@ fn for_in_of_body_evaluation(
                         let declaration = decl.declarations.first().unwrap();
                         match &declaration.id.kind {
                             ast::BindingPatternKind::BindingIdentifier(binding_identifier) => {
-                                let identifier =
-                                    String::from_str(ctx.agent, binding_identifier.name.as_str());
+                                let identifier = String::from_str(
+                                    ctx.agent,
+                                    ctx.gc,
+                                    binding_identifier.name.as_str(),
+                                );
                                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                                     Instruction::ResolveBinding,
                                     identifier,
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ fn for_in_of_body_evaluation(
                     }
                     ast::ForStatementLeft::AssignmentTargetIdentifier(identifier_reference) => {
                         let identifier =
-                            String::from_str(ctx.agent, identifier_reference.name.as_str());
+                            String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, identifier_reference.name.as_str());
                         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                             Instruction::ResolveBinding,
                             identifier,
@@ -233,7 +236,8 @@ fn for_in_of_body_evaluation(
                     ctx.add_instruction(Instruction::EnterDeclarativeEnvironment);
                     entered_declarative_environment = true;
                 }
-                let identifier = String::from_str(ctx.agent, binding_identifier.name.as_str());
+                let identifier =
+                    String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, binding_identifier.name.as_str());
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(
                     if lhs.kind.is_const() {
                         Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding
@@ -256,7 +260,8 @@ fn for_in_of_body_evaluation(
                     assert!(!bound);
                     bound = true;
                     // 2. Let lhsName be the sole element of the BoundNames of lhs.
-                    let lhs_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, binding_identifier.name.as_str());
+                    let lhs_name =
+                        String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, binding_identifier.name.as_str());
                     // 3. Let lhsRef be ! ResolveBinding(lhsName).
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::ResolveBinding, lhs_name);
                     // 4. Let status be Completion(InitializeReferencedBinding(lhsRef, nextValue)).
@@ -341,6 +346,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForInStatement<'_> {
                     var_decl.bound_names(&mut |binding_identifier| {
                         uninitialized_bound_names.push(String::from_str(
                             ctx.agent,
+                            ctx.gc,
                             binding_identifier.name.as_str(),
                         ));
                     });
@@ -393,6 +399,7 @@ impl CompileEvaluation for ast::ForOfStatement<'_> {
                     var_decl.bound_names(&mut |binding_identifier| {
                         uninitialized_bound_names.push(String::from_str(
                             ctx.agent,
+                            ctx.gc,
                             binding_identifier.name.as_str(),
                         ));
                     });
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/function_declaration_instantiation.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/function_declaration_instantiation.rs
index 76256573f..353a0e275 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/function_declaration_instantiation.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/bytecode_compiler/function_declaration_instantiation.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
         // NOTE: Since `parameter_names` is a set, `alreadyDeclared` here should always be false.
 
         // i. Perform ! env.CreateMutableBinding(paramName, false).
-        let param_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, param_name);
+        let param_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, param_name);
         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, param_name);
         // ii. If hasDuplicates is true, then
         if has_duplicates {
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
                 continue;
             }
             // 1. Append n to instantiatedVarNames.
-            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &n);
+            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &n);
             instantiated_var_names.insert(n);
             // 2. Perform ! env.CreateMutableBinding(n, false).
             ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, n_string);
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
             // 1. Append n to instantiatedVarNames.
             instantiated_var_names.insert(n.clone());
             // 3. If parameterBindings does not contain n, or if functionNames contains n, then
-            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &n);
+            let n_string = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &n);
             if !parameter_names.contains(&n) || functions.contains_key(&n) {
                 // a. Let initialValue be undefined.
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_constant(Instruction::LoadConstant, Value::Undefined);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
             // i. If IsConstantDeclaration of d is true, then
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) if decl.kind.is_const() => {
                 decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &identifier.name);
+                    let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &identifier.name);
                     // 1. Perform ! lexEnv.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
                     ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateImmutableBinding, dn);
                 })
@@ -287,15 +287,15 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
             // ii. Else,
             //   1. Perform ! lexEnv.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false).
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Variable(decl) => decl.id.bound_names(&mut |identifier| {
-                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &identifier.name);
+                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &identifier.name);
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
             }),
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Function(decl) => {
-                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
             }
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::Class(decl) => {
-                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+                let dn = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &decl.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
                 ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::CreateMutableBinding, dn);
             }
             LexicallyScopedDeclaration::DefaultExport => {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiation(
         // b. Let fo be InstantiateFunctionObject of f with arguments lexEnv and privateEnv.
         f.compile(ctx);
         // a. Let fn be the sole element of the BoundNames of f.
-        let f_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, &f.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
+        let f_name = String::from_str(ctx.agent, ctx.gc, &f.id.as_ref().unwrap().name);
         // c. Perform ! varEnv.SetMutableBinding(fn, fo, false).
         // TODO: This compilation is incorrect if !strict, when varEnv != lexEnv.
         ctx.add_instruction_with_identifier(Instruction::ResolveBinding, f_name);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/executable.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/executable.rs
index 1f296e078..299ffea05 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/executable.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/executable.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
         syntax_directed_operations::function_definitions::CompileFunctionBodyData,
         types::{String, Value},
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::{CompactionLists, CreateHeapData, Heap, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
 };
 use oxc_ast::ast::{self, Statement};
@@ -105,7 +106,11 @@ pub(crate) struct ExecutableHeapData {
 }
 
 impl Executable {
-    pub(crate) fn compile_script(agent: &mut Agent, script: ScriptIdentifier) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn compile_script(
+        agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
+        script: ScriptIdentifier,
+    ) -> Self {
         if agent.options.print_internals {
             eprintln!();
             eprintln!("=== Compiling Script ===");
@@ -115,7 +120,7 @@ impl Executable {
         // not move under any circumstances during heap operations.
         let body: &[Statement] =
             unsafe { std::mem::transmute(agent[script].ecmascript_code.body.as_slice()) };
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
+        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent, gc);
 
         ctx.compile_statements(body);
         ctx.do_implicit_return();
@@ -124,9 +129,10 @@ impl Executable {
 
     pub(crate) fn compile_function_body(
         agent: &mut Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
         data: CompileFunctionBodyData<'_>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
+        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent, gc);
 
         let is_concise = data.is_concise_body;
 
@@ -139,13 +145,13 @@ impl Executable {
         ctx.finish()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn compile_eval_body(agent: &mut Agent, body: &[Statement]) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn compile_eval_body(agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope, body: &[Statement]) -> Self {
         if agent.options.print_internals {
             eprintln!();
             eprintln!("=== Compiling Eval Body ===");
             eprintln!();
         }
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
+        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent, gc);
 
         ctx.compile_statements(body);
         ctx.do_implicit_return();
@@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ impl Executable {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub(super) fn fetch_identifier(self, agent: &Agent, index: usize) -> String {
+    pub(super) fn fetch_identifier(self, agent: &Agent, index: usize) -> String<'static> {
         // SAFETY: As long as we're alive the constants Box lives. It is
         // accessed mutably only during GC, during which this function is never
         // called. As we do not hand out a reference here, the mutable
@@ -269,60 +275,6 @@ pub(super) fn get_instruction(instructions: &[u8], ip: &mut usize) -> Option<Ins
     Some(Instr { kind, args })
 }
 
-impl ExecutableHeapData {
-    #[inline]
-    pub(super) fn get_instruction(&self, ip: &mut usize) -> Option<Instr> {
-        get_instruction(&self.instructions, ip)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn compile_script(agent: &mut Agent, script: ScriptIdentifier) -> Executable {
-        if agent.options.print_internals {
-            eprintln!();
-            eprintln!("=== Compiling Script ===");
-            eprintln!();
-        }
-        // SAFETY: Script uniquely owns the Program and the body buffer does
-        // not move under any circumstances during heap operations.
-        let body: &[Statement] =
-            unsafe { std::mem::transmute(agent[script].ecmascript_code.body.as_slice()) };
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
-
-        ctx.compile_statements(body);
-        ctx.do_implicit_return();
-        ctx.finish()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn compile_function_body(
-        agent: &mut Agent,
-        data: CompileFunctionBodyData<'_>,
-    ) -> Executable {
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
-
-        let is_concise = data.is_concise_body;
-
-        ctx.compile_function_body(data);
-
-        if is_concise {
-            ctx.do_implicit_return();
-        }
-
-        ctx.finish()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn compile_eval_body(agent: &mut Agent, body: &[Statement]) -> Executable {
-        if agent.options.print_internals {
-            eprintln!();
-            eprintln!("=== Compiling Eval Body ===");
-            eprintln!();
-        }
-        let mut ctx = CompileContext::new(agent);
-
-        ctx.compile_statements(body);
-        ctx.do_implicit_return();
-        ctx.finish()
-    }
-}
-
 impl Index<Executable> for Agent {
     type Output = ExecutableHeapData;
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
index 0699a0793..576b9ef9b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
                 if let Some(result) = result {
                     Ok(Some(match result {
                         PropertyKey::Integer(int) => {
-                            Value::from_string(agent, format!("{}", int.into_i64()))
+                            Value::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), format!("{}", int.into_i64()))
                         }
                         PropertyKey::SmallString(data) => Value::SmallString(data),
                         PropertyKey::String(data) => Value::String(data),
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
                 )?;
                 let Ok(result) = Object::try_from(result) else {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                        gc.nogc(),
                         ExceptionType::TypeError,
                         "Iterator returned a non-object result",
                     ));
@@ -120,7 +121,6 @@ impl VmIterator {
     pub(super) fn from_value(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         value: Value,
     ) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // a. Let method be ? GetMethod(obj, %Symbol.iterator%).
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
         let Some(method) = method else {
             // 3. If method is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                gc.nogc(),
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Iterator method cannot be undefined",
             ));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
index 9c40ddafe..05d20137d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,6 @@ impl SuspendedVm {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
         value: Value,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
@@ -161,7 +160,6 @@ impl SuspendedVm {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
         err: Value,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
@@ -217,7 +215,6 @@ impl Vm {
     pub(crate) fn execute(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
         arguments: Option<&[Value]>,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
@@ -266,7 +263,6 @@ impl Vm {
         mut self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
         value: Value,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
@@ -278,7 +274,6 @@ impl Vm {
         mut self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
         err: Value,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
@@ -293,7 +288,6 @@ impl Vm {
         mut self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         executable: Executable,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         #[cfg(feature = "interleaved-gc")]
@@ -373,7 +367,6 @@ impl Vm {
     fn execute_instruction(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         vm: &mut Vm,
         executable: Executable,
         instr: &Instr,
@@ -384,7 +377,8 @@ impl Vm {
         match instr.kind {
             Instruction::ArrayCreate => {
                 vm.stack.push(
-                    array_create(agent, 0, instr.args[0].unwrap() as usize, None)?.into_value(),
+                    array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, instr.args[0].unwrap() as usize, None)?
+                        .into_value(),
                 );
             }
             Instruction::ArrayPush => {
@@ -450,7 +444,7 @@ impl Vm {
                 // 2. Return ? envRec.GetThisBinding().
                 vm.result = Some(match env_rec {
                     EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(_) => unreachable!(),
-                    EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => idx.get_this_binding(agent)?,
+                    EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => idx.get_this_binding(agent, gc.nogc())?,
                     EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => idx.get_this_binding(agent).into_value(),
                     EnvironmentIndex::Object(_) => unreachable!(),
                 });
@@ -514,7 +508,7 @@ impl Vm {
                 );
             }
             Instruction::ToObject => {
-                vm.result = Some(to_object(agent, vm.result.unwrap())?.into_value());
+                vm.result = Some(to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), vm.result.unwrap())?.into_value());
             }
             Instruction::ApplyStringOrNumericBinaryOperator(op_text) => {
                 let lval = vm.stack.pop().unwrap();
@@ -579,11 +573,11 @@ impl Vm {
                 //      env,
                 //      privateEnv
                 //  ).
-                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 // 8. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
                 make_method(agent, closure, object);
                 // 2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey).
-                set_function_name(agent, closure, prop_key, None);
+                set_function_name(agent, gc.nogc(), closure, prop_key, None);
                 // 3. Return ? DefineMethodProperty(
                 //      object,
                 //      methodDef.[[Key]],
@@ -672,12 +666,18 @@ impl Vm {
                 //      env,
                 //      privateEnv
                 //  ).
-                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 // 7. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
                 let object = Object::try_from(*vm.stack.last().unwrap()).unwrap();
                 make_method(agent, closure, object);
                 // 8. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey, "get").
-                set_function_name(agent, closure, prop_key, Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get));
+                set_function_name(
+                    agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    closure,
+                    prop_key,
+                    Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get),
+                );
                 // 9. If propKey is a Private Name, then
                 // a. Return PrivateElement { [[Key]]: propKey, [[Kind]]: accessor, [[Get]]: closure, [[Set]]: undefined }.
                 // 10. Else,
@@ -735,12 +735,18 @@ impl Vm {
                 //      env,
                 //      privateEnv
                 //  ).
-                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let closure = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 // 6. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
                 let object = Object::try_from(*vm.stack.last().unwrap()).unwrap();
                 make_method(agent, closure, object);
                 // 7. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey, "set").
-                set_function_name(agent, closure, prop_key, Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set));
+                set_function_name(
+                    agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    closure,
+                    prop_key,
+                    Some(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set),
+                );
                 // 8. If propKey is a Private Name, then
                 // a. Return PrivateElement { [[Key]]: propKey, [[Kind]]: accessor, [[Get]]: undefined, [[Set]]: closure }.
                 // 9. Else,
@@ -883,7 +889,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     env: lexical_environment,
                     private_env: private_environment,
                 };
-                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 let name = if let Some(parameter) = &identifier {
                     match parameter {
                         NamedEvaluationParameter::Result => {
@@ -902,7 +908,7 @@ impl Vm {
                 } else {
                     String::EMPTY_STRING.into()
                 };
-                set_function_name(agent, function, name, None);
+                set_function_name(agent, gc.nogc(), function, name, None);
                 vm.result = Some(function.into_value());
             }
             Instruction::InstantiateOrdinaryFunctionExpression => {
@@ -942,7 +948,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     };
                     (name, lexical_environment, false)
                 } else if let Some(binding_identifier) = &function_expression.id {
-                    let name = String::from_str(agent, &binding_identifier.name);
+                    let name = String::from_str(agent, gc.nogc(), &binding_identifier.name);
                     let func_env = new_declarative_environment(agent, Some(lexical_environment));
                     func_env.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, false);
                     (name.into(), EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(func_env), true)
@@ -962,11 +968,11 @@ impl Vm {
                     env,
                     private_env: private_environment,
                 };
-                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 if let Some(compiled_bytecode) = compiled_bytecode {
                     agent[function].compiled_bytecode = Some(compiled_bytecode);
                 }
-                set_function_name(agent, function, name, None);
+                set_function_name(agent, gc.nogc(), function, name, None);
                 if !function_expression.r#async && !function_expression.generator {
                     make_constructor(agent, function, None, None);
                 }
@@ -1065,11 +1071,11 @@ impl Vm {
                     env: lexical_environment,
                     private_env: private_environment,
                 };
-                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, params);
+                let function = ordinary_function_create(agent, gc.nogc(), params);
                 if let Some(compiled_bytecode) = compiled_bytecode {
                     agent[function].compiled_bytecode = Some(compiled_bytecode);
                 }
-                set_function_name(agent, function, class_name.into(), None);
+                set_function_name(agent, gc.nogc(), function, class_name.into(), None);
                 make_constructor(agent, function, Some(false), Some(proto));
                 agent[function].ecmascript_function.home_object = Some(proto);
                 agent[function].ecmascript_function.constructor_status =
@@ -1285,7 +1291,11 @@ impl Vm {
                         "'{}' is not a constructor.",
                         constructor.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
                     );
-                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                        gc.nogc(),
+                        ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                        error_message,
+                    ));
                 };
 
                 if cfg!(feature = "interleaved-gc") {
@@ -1342,7 +1352,11 @@ impl Vm {
                             .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),)
                             .as_str(agent)
                     );
-                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                        gc.nogc(),
+                        ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                        error_message,
+                    ));
                 };
                 // 6. Let result be ? Construct(func, argList, newTarget).
                 let result = construct(
@@ -1357,7 +1371,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     unreachable!();
                 };
                 // 8. Perform ? thisER.BindThisValue(result).
-                this_er.bind_this_value(agent, result.into_value())?;
+                this_er.bind_this_value(agent, gc.nogc(), result.into_value())?;
                 // 9. Let F be thisER.[[FunctionObject]].
                 // 10. Assert: F is an ECMAScript function object.
                 let Function::ECMAScriptFunction(_f) = agent[this_er].function_object else {
@@ -1482,7 +1496,11 @@ impl Vm {
                         "The right-hand side of an `in` expression must be an object, got '{}'.",
                         rval.string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),).as_str(agent)
                     );
-                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+                    return Err(agent.throw_exception(
+                        gc.nogc(),
+                        ExceptionType::TypeError,
+                        error_message,
+                    ));
                 };
                 // 6. Return ? HasProperty(rval, ? ToPropertyKey(lval)).
                 let property_key = to_property_key(agent, gc.reborrow(), lval)?;
@@ -1677,7 +1695,9 @@ impl Vm {
                     .unwrap()
                     .lexical_environment;
                 let name = executable.fetch_identifier(agent, instr.args[0].unwrap() as usize);
-                lex_env.create_immutable_binding(agent, name, true).unwrap();
+                lex_env
+                    .create_immutable_binding(agent, gc.nogc(), name, true)
+                    .unwrap();
             }
             Instruction::CreateCatchBinding => {
                 let lex_env = agent
@@ -1771,7 +1791,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     // Var binding, var {} = a;
                     None
                 };
-                let object = to_object(agent, vm.stack.pop().unwrap())?;
+                let object = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), vm.stack.pop().unwrap())?;
                 Self::execute_simple_object_binding(agent, gc, vm, executable, object, env)?
             }
             Instruction::BindingPatternBind
@@ -1801,7 +1821,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     result_string.push_str(string.as_str(agent));
                 }
                 vm.stack.truncate(last_item);
-                vm.result = Some(String::from_string(agent, result_string).into_value());
+                vm.result = Some(String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), result_string).into_value());
             }
             Instruction::Delete => {
                 let refer = vm.reference.take().unwrap();
@@ -1820,12 +1840,13 @@ impl Vm {
                         // b. If IsSuperReference(ref) is true, throw a ReferenceError exception.
                         if is_super_reference(&refer) {
                             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                                gc.nogc(),
                                 ExceptionType::ReferenceError,
                                 "Invalid delete involving 'super'.",
                             ));
                         }
                         // c. Let baseObj be ? ToObject(ref.[[Base]]).
-                        let base_obj = to_object(agent, base)?;
+                        let base_obj = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), base)?;
                         // d. If ref.[[ReferencedName]] is not a property key, then
                         // TODO: Is this relevant?
                         // i. Set ref.[[ReferencedName]] to ? ToPropertyKey(ref.[[ReferencedName]]).
@@ -1838,6 +1859,7 @@ impl Vm {
                         // f. If deleteStatus is false and ref.[[Strict]] is true, throw a TypeError exception.
                         if !delete_status && refer.strict {
                             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+                                gc.nogc(),
                                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                                 "Cannot delete property",
                             ));
@@ -1877,7 +1899,7 @@ impl Vm {
                 // choose to avoid the actual creation of that object.
             }
             Instruction::EnumerateObjectProperties => {
-                let object = to_object(agent, vm.result.take().unwrap()).unwrap();
+                let object = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), vm.result.take().unwrap()).unwrap();
                 vm.iterator_stack
                     .push(VmIterator::ObjectProperties(ObjectPropertiesIterator::new(
                         object,
@@ -1923,7 +1945,7 @@ impl Vm {
             Instruction::IteratorRestIntoArray => {
                 let mut iterator = vm.iterator_stack.pop().unwrap();
                 let capacity = iterator.remaining_length_estimate(agent).unwrap_or(0);
-                let array = array_create(agent, 0, capacity, None)?;
+                let array = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, capacity, None)?;
 
                 let mut idx: u32 = 0;
                 while let Some(value) = iterator.step_value(agent, gc.reborrow())? {
@@ -1977,7 +1999,6 @@ impl Vm {
     fn execute_simple_array_binding(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         vm: &mut Vm,
         executable: Executable,
         mut iterator: VmIterator,
@@ -2004,10 +2025,12 @@ impl Vm {
                 Instruction::BindingPatternBindRest | Instruction::BindingPatternGetRestValue => {
                     break_after_bind = true;
                     if iterator_is_done {
-                        array_create(agent, 0, 0, None).unwrap().into_value()
+                        array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, 0, None)
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .into_value()
                     } else {
                         let capacity = iterator.remaining_length_estimate(agent).unwrap_or(0);
-                        let rest = array_create(agent, 0, capacity, None).unwrap();
+                        let rest = array_create(agent, gc.nogc(), 0, capacity, None).unwrap();
                         let mut idx = 0u32;
                         while let Some(result) = iterator.step_value(agent, gc.reborrow())? {
                             create_data_property_or_throw(
@@ -2074,7 +2097,6 @@ impl Vm {
     fn execute_simple_object_binding(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         vm: &mut Vm,
         executable: Executable,
         object: Object,
@@ -2155,7 +2177,6 @@ impl Vm {
     fn execute_nested_simple_binding(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         vm: &mut Vm,
         executable: Executable,
         value: Value,
@@ -2175,7 +2196,7 @@ impl Vm {
                 )
             }
             Instruction::BeginSimpleObjectBindingPattern => {
-                let object = to_object(agent, value)?;
+                let object = to_object(agent, gc.nogc(), value)?;
                 Vm::execute_simple_object_binding(
                     agent,
                     gc.reborrow(),
@@ -2201,7 +2222,6 @@ impl Vm {
 fn apply_string_or_numeric_binary_operator(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     lval: Value,
     op_text: BinaryOperator,
     rval: Value,
@@ -2217,15 +2237,40 @@ fn apply_string_or_numeric_binary_operator(
         let rprim = to_primitive(agent, gc.reborrow(), rval, None)?;
 
         // c. If lprim is a String or rprim is a String, then
-        if lprim.is_string() || rprim.is_string() {
-            // i. Let lstr be ? ToString(lprim).
-            let lstr = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), lprim)?;
-
-            // ii. Let rstr be ? ToString(rprim).
-            let rstr = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), rprim)?;
-
-            // iii. Return the string-concatenation of lstr and rstr.
-            return Ok(String::concat(agent, [lstr, rstr]).into_value());
+        match (String::try_from(lprim), String::try_from(rprim)) {
+            (Ok(lstr), Ok(rstr)) => {
+                // iii. Return the string-concatenation of lstr and rstr.
+                return Ok(String::concat(agent, gc.nogc(), [lstr, rstr]).into_value());
+            }
+            (Ok(lstr), Err(_)) => {
+                let lstr = lstr.bind(gc.nogc()).scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                // ii. Let rstr be ? ToString(rprim).
+                let rstr = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), rprim)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .bind(gc.nogc());
+                // iii. Return the string-concatenation of lstr and rstr.
+                return Ok(String::concat(
+                    agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    [lstr.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()), rstr],
+                )
+                .into_value());
+            }
+            (Err(_), Ok(rstr)) => {
+                let rstr = rstr.bind(gc.nogc()).scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                // i. Let lstr be ? ToString(lprim).
+                let lstr = to_string(agent, gc.reborrow(), lprim)?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .bind(gc.nogc());
+                // iii. Return the string-concatenation of lstr and rstr.
+                return Ok(String::concat(
+                    agent,
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                    [lstr, rstr.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc())],
+                )
+                .into_value());
+            }
+            (Err(_), Err(_)) => {}
         }
 
         // d. Set lval to lprim.
@@ -2246,16 +2291,15 @@ fn apply_string_or_numeric_binary_operator(
     if let (Ok(lnum), Ok(rnum)) = (BigInt::try_from(lnum), BigInt::try_from(rnum)) {
         Ok(match op_text {
             // a. If opText is **, return ? BigInt::exponentiate(lnum, rnum).
-            BinaryOperator::Exponential => {
-                BigInt::exponentiate(agent, lnum, rnum).map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?
-            }
+            BinaryOperator::Exponential => BigInt::exponentiate(agent, gc.nogc(), lnum, rnum)
+                .map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?,
             // b. If opText is /, return ? BigInt::divide(lnum, rnum).
             BinaryOperator::Division => {
-                BigInt::divide(agent, lnum, rnum).map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?
+                BigInt::divide(agent, gc.nogc(), lnum, rnum).map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?
             }
             // c. If opText is %, return ? BigInt::remainder(lnum, rnum).
             BinaryOperator::Remainder => {
-                BigInt::remainder(agent, lnum, rnum).map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?
+                BigInt::remainder(agent, gc.nogc(), lnum, rnum).map(|bigint| bigint.into_value())?
             }
             // d. If opText is >>>, return ? BigInt::unsignedRightShift(lnum, rnum).
             BinaryOperator::ShiftRightZeroFill => todo!(),
@@ -2317,6 +2361,7 @@ fn apply_string_or_numeric_binary_operator(
     } else {
         // 5. If Type(lnum) is not Type(rnum), throw a TypeError exception.
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
+            gc.nogc(),
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "The left and right-hand sides do not have the same type.",
         ))
@@ -2420,7 +2465,6 @@ fn typeof_operator(_: &mut Agent, val: Value) -> String {
 pub(crate) fn instanceof_operator(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
     value: impl IntoValue,
     target: impl IntoValue,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
@@ -2433,7 +2477,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instanceof_operator(
                 .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),)
                 .as_str(agent)
         );
-        return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+        return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
     };
     // 2. Let instOfHandler be ? GetMethod(target, @@hasInstance).
     let inst_of_handler = get_method(
@@ -2463,7 +2507,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instanceof_operator(
                     .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow(),)
                     .as_str(agent)
             );
-            return Err(agent.throw_exception(ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
+            return Err(agent.throw_exception(gc.nogc(), ExceptionType::TypeError, error_message));
         };
         // 5. Return ? OrdinaryHasInstance(target, V).
         Ok(ordinary_has_instance(agent, gc, target, value)?)
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/context.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/context.rs
index 120a3894c..9c8efb005 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/context.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/context.rs
@@ -24,24 +24,57 @@ pub(crate) struct GcToken;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct ScopeToken;
 
-/// # Access to garbage collector
+/// # JavaScript call scope that may trigger garbage collection
 ///
-/// Holding this token is required for garbage collection.
+/// This marker represents access to the JavaScript call stack and specifically
+/// gives the call stack the possibility of performing garbage collection.
+/// In the engine, most values are by-default not rooted during operations
+/// which means that garbage collection invalidates them. This GcScope marker
+/// is a way for the borrow checker to ensure that all values are rooted /
+/// returned to the heap / registered with the heap before the garbage
+/// collector potentially runs.
+///
+/// In essence, this is a compile-time method of ensuring safepoint garbage
+/// collection safety.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct GcScope<'a, 'b> {
+    /// A GcScope "owns" the GC access: There is only ever one "active" GcToken
+    /// in the world at a time. Reborrowing a GcScope binds the previous one,
+    /// so its contained GcToken is "inactive" during the lifetime of the
+    /// reborrowed one.
     gc: GcToken,
+    /// A GcScope also "owns" the scope access: This is the access to the
+    /// Scoped roots stack. This is not yet well-defined but probably only
+    /// GC scopes are allowed to shrink the Scoped roots stack.
     scope: ScopeToken,
+    /// We must also keep an exclusive borrow on a GcToken. This enables
+    /// various engine values to reborrow this lifetime as shared and that way
+    /// have the borrow checker check that those values are not used while
+    /// garbage collection may run.
     _gc_marker: PhantomData<&'a mut GcToken>,
+    /// We keep a shared borrow on the ScopeToken. This is not yet well-defined
+    /// but probably we'll create new ScopeToken borrow lifetimes using the
+    /// for<'a> closure trick.
     _scope_marker: PhantomData<&'b ScopeToken>,
 }
 
-/// # Access to the JavaScript call stack
+/// # JavaScript call scope that may not trigger garbage collection
 ///
-/// Holding this token is required for JavaScript calls.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Scope<'a> {
-    inner: ScopeToken,
-    _marker: PhantomData<&'a ScopeToken>,
+/// This marker represents access to the JavaScript call stack in a way that
+/// cannot trigger garbage collection. Actions like working with primitive
+/// JavaScript Values and accessing non-Proxy object prototypes are examples of
+/// actions that can never trigger garbage collection.
+///
+/// This marker allows performing these sort of actions without rooting other
+/// values held on the stack.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NoGcScope<'a, 'b> {
+    /// A NoGcScope does not own the GC access, and naturally cannot trigger
+    /// garbage collection. We keep a shared borrow on this lifetime to ensure
+    /// that the GcScope we derive from cannot be used concurrently.
+    _gc_marker: PhantomData<&'a GcToken>,
+    /// We also don't own scope access. This is not yet well-defined.
+    _scope_marker: PhantomData<&'b ScopeToken>,
 }
 
 impl GcToken {
@@ -76,8 +109,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> GcScope<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Create a GcScope marker that inherits the current GcScope's lifetimes.
+    /// This reborrowing is necessary to ensure that only one GcScope is active
+    /// at any point in time, and the existence of the active GcScope binds any
+    /// "parent" GcScopes from being used concurrently.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn reborrow(&mut self) -> Self {
+    pub fn reborrow(&mut self) -> GcScope<'_, 'b> {
         Self {
             gc: GcToken,
             scope: ScopeToken,
@@ -86,29 +123,41 @@ impl<'a, 'b> GcScope<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn print(&mut self) {
-        println!("GC!");
+    /// Create a NoGcScope marker that is used to bind the garbage collector
+    /// lifetime to various engine values. Existence of the NoGcScope is a
+    /// build-time proof that garbage collection cannot happen.
+    ///
+    /// When a garbage collection can happen, the borrow checker will ensure
+    /// that all engine values that were boudn to the NoGcScope are dropped or
+    /// are registered with the heap using Scoped or Global roots.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn nogc(&self) -> NoGcScope<'_, 'b> {
+        NoGcScope::from_gc(self)
     }
-}
 
-impl Scope<'_> {
+    /// Turn a GcScope marker into a NoGcScope. This is otherwise equivalent to
+    /// [the `nogc()` method](Self::nogc) with the exception that this consumes
+    /// the parent GcScope.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when a method ends in a NoGC scope based return within
+    /// an if/else branch while another branch still uses the GcScope. The
+    /// borrow checker does not like this with the `nogc()` method but allows
+    /// it with this method.
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn new(_: &mut ScopeToken) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: ScopeToken,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+    pub fn into_nogc(self) -> NoGcScope<'a, 'b> {
+        NoGcScope {
+            _gc_marker: PhantomData,
+            _scope_marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl<'a, 'b> NoGcScope<'a, 'b> {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn reborrow(&self) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn from_gc(_: &GcScope<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            inner: ScopeToken,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _gc_marker: PhantomData,
+            _scope_marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn print(&self) {
-        println!("GC!");
-    }
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
index 5e3614706..230aa4a16 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ mod private {
     impl RootableSealed for SetIterator {}
     #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
     impl RootableSealed for SharedArrayBuffer {}
-    impl RootableSealed for String {}
+    impl RootableSealed for String<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for Symbol {}
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
     impl RootableSealed for TypedArray {}
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ pub trait Rootable: std::fmt::Debug + Copy + RootableSealed {
 pub enum HeapRootData {
     // First the Value variants: This list should match 1-to-1 the list in
     // value.rs, but with the
-    String(HeapString) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
+    String(HeapString<'static>) = STRING_DISCRIMINANT,
     Symbol(Symbol) = SYMBOL_DISCRIMINANT,
     Number(HeapNumber) = NUMBER_DISCRIMINANT,
     BigInt(HeapBigInt) = BIGINT_DISCRIMINANT,
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub enum HeapRootData {
 /// as-is. It only make sense within some root list referring type,
 /// specifically `Local<T>` and `Global<T>`, and then those types should never
 /// appear within the heap directly.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct HeapRootRef(u32);
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/scoped.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/scoped.rs
index 1d8e8405f..5dfbb2550 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/scoped.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/scoped.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::execution::Agent,
-    engine::rootable::{HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    engine::{
+        context::NoGcScope,
+        rootable::{HeapRootRef, Rootable},
+    },
 };
 
 /// # Scoped heap root
@@ -18,21 +21,23 @@ use crate::{
 /// current call context. This type is intended for cheap rooting of JavaScript
 /// Values that need to be used after calling into functions that may trigger
 /// garbage collection.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Hash)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct Scoped<T: Rootable> {
-    inner: T::RootRepr,
+pub struct Scoped<'a, T: 'static + Rootable> {
+    pub(crate) inner: T::RootRepr,
     _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+    _scope: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Rootable> Scoped<T> {
-    pub fn new(agent: &Agent, value: T) -> Self {
+impl<'scope, T: 'static + Rootable> Scoped<'scope, T> {
+    pub fn new(agent: &Agent, _gc: NoGcScope<'_, 'scope>, value: T) -> Self {
         let value = match T::to_root_repr(value) {
             Ok(stack_repr) => {
                 // The value doesn't need rooting.
                 return Self {
                     inner: stack_repr,
                     _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _scope: PhantomData,
                 };
             }
             Err(heap_data) => heap_data,
@@ -43,10 +48,11 @@ impl<T: Rootable> Scoped<T> {
         Self {
             inner: T::from_heap_ref(HeapRootRef::from_index(next_index)),
             _marker: PhantomData,
+            _scope: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get(self, agent: &Agent) -> T {
+    pub fn get(&self, agent: &Agent) -> T {
         match T::from_root_repr(&self.inner) {
             Ok(value) => value,
             Err(heap_root_ref) => {
@@ -61,6 +67,77 @@ impl<T: Rootable> Scoped<T> {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn replace(&mut self, agent: &Agent, value: T) {
+        let heap_data = match T::to_root_repr(value) {
+            Ok(stack_repr) => {
+                // The value doesn't need rooting.
+                *self = Self {
+                    inner: stack_repr,
+                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _scope: PhantomData,
+                };
+                return;
+            }
+            Err(heap_data) => heap_data,
+        };
+        match T::from_root_repr(&self.inner) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                // We do not have an existing slot but now need one.
+                let mut stack_refs = agent.stack_refs.borrow_mut();
+                let next_index = stack_refs.len();
+                stack_refs.push(heap_data);
+                *self = Self {
+                    inner: T::from_heap_ref(HeapRootRef::from_index(next_index)),
+                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _scope: PhantomData,
+                }
+            }
+            Err(heap_root_ref) => {
+                // Existing slot, we can just replace the data.
+                let mut stack_refs_borrow = agent.stack_refs.borrow_mut();
+                let Some(heap_slot) = stack_refs_borrow.get_mut(heap_root_ref.to_index()) else {
+                    handle_bound_check_failure()
+                };
+                *heap_slot = heap_data;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_scoped<U: 'static + Rootable>(
+        agent: &Agent,
+        gc: NoGcScope<'_, 'scope>,
+        scoped: Scoped<'scope, U>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let heap_data = match T::to_root_repr(value) {
+            Ok(stack_repr) => {
+                // The value doesn't need rooting.
+                return Self {
+                    inner: stack_repr,
+                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _scope: PhantomData,
+                };
+            }
+            Err(heap_data) => heap_data,
+        };
+        let Err(heap_root_ref) = U::from_root_repr(&scoped.inner) else {
+            // Previous Scoped is an on-stack value, we can't reuse its heap
+            // slot.
+            return Self::new(agent, gc, value);
+        };
+        // Previous Scoped had a heap slot, we can reuse it.
+        let mut stack_refs_borrow = agent.stack_refs.borrow_mut();
+        let Some(heap_slot) = stack_refs_borrow.get_mut(heap_root_ref.to_index()) else {
+            handle_bound_check_failure()
+        };
+        *heap_slot = heap_data;
+        Self {
+            inner: T::from_heap_ref(heap_root_ref),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _scope: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cold]
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
index d6326bfa8..293202469 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ pub trait CreateHeapData<T, F> {
     fn create(&mut self, data: T) -> F;
 }
 
-impl CreateHeapData<&str, String> for Heap {
-    fn create(&mut self, data: &str) -> String {
+impl CreateHeapData<&str, String<'static>> for Heap {
+    fn create(&mut self, data: &str) -> String<'static> {
         if let Ok(value) = String::try_from(data) {
             value
         } else {
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ impl CreateHeapData<&str, String> for Heap {
     }
 }
 
-impl CreateHeapData<std::string::String, String> for Heap {
-    fn create(&mut self, data: std::string::String) -> String {
+impl CreateHeapData<std::string::String, String<'static>> for Heap {
+    fn create(&mut self, data: std::string::String) -> String<'static> {
         if let Ok(value) = String::try_from(data.as_str()) {
             value
         } else {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl Heap {
     /// SmallString. All SmallStrings must be kept on the stack to ensure that
     /// comparison between heap allocated strings and SmallStrings can be
     /// guaranteed to never equal true.
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn alloc_str(&mut self, message: &str) -> String {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn alloc_str(&mut self, message: &str) -> String<'static> {
         let found = self.find_equal_string(message);
         if let Some(idx) = found {
             return idx;
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl Heap {
     /// SmallString. All SmallStrings must be kept on the stack to ensure that
     /// comparison between heap allocated strings and SmallStrings can be
     /// guaranteed to never equal true.
-    unsafe fn alloc_string(&mut self, message: std::string::String) -> String {
+    unsafe fn alloc_string(&mut self, message: std::string::String) -> String<'static> {
         let found = self.find_equal_string(message.as_str());
         if let Some(idx) = found {
             return idx;
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ impl Heap {
     /// SmallString. All SmallStrings must be kept on the stack to ensure that
     /// comparison between heap allocated strings and SmallStrings can be
     /// guaranteed to never equal true.
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn alloc_static_str(&mut self, message: &'static str) -> String {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn alloc_static_str(&mut self, message: &'static str) -> String<'static> {
         let found = self.find_equal_string(message);
         if let Some(idx) = found {
             return idx;
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ impl Heap {
         self.create(data)
     }
 
-    fn find_equal_string(&self, message: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    fn find_equal_string(&self, message: &str) -> Option<String<'static>> {
         debug_assert!(message.len() > 7);
         self.strings
             .iter()
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl PrimitiveHeap<'_> {
 /// Helper trait for primitive heap data indexing.
 pub(crate) trait PrimitiveHeapIndexable:
     Index<HeapNumber, Output = f64>
-    + Index<HeapString, Output = StringHeapData>
+    + Index<HeapString<'static>, Output = StringHeapData>
     + Index<HeapBigInt, Output = BigIntHeapData>
 {
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_bits.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_bits.rs
index 6e713f0f7..e08e7d011 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_bits.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_bits.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ pub(crate) struct WorkQueues {
     pub set_iterators: Vec<SetIterator>,
     #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
     pub shared_array_buffers: Vec<SharedArrayBuffer>,
-    pub strings: Vec<HeapString>,
+    pub strings: Vec<HeapString<'static>>,
     pub symbols: Vec<Symbol>,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
     pub typed_arrays: Vec<TypedArrayIndex>,
@@ -1075,13 +1075,13 @@ pub(crate) fn sweep_heap_elements_vector_descriptors<T>(
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn sweep_side_table_values<T, K, V>(
+pub(crate) fn sweep_side_table_values<'a, T, K, V>(
     side_table: &mut AHashMap<K, V>,
     compactions: &CompactionList,
     marks: &[bool],
 ) where
-    T: ?Sized,
-    K: IntoBaseIndex<T> + From<BaseIndex<T>> + Copy + Ord + Hash,
+    T: 'a + ?Sized,
+    K: IntoBaseIndex<'a, T> + From<BaseIndex<'a, T>> + Copy + Ord + Hash,
 {
     let mut keys_to_remove = Vec::with_capacity(marks.len() / 4);
     let mut keys_to_reassign = Vec::with_capacity(marks.len() / 4);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
index c819755b9..b924eacbb 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
@@ -17,29 +17,32 @@ use crate::ecmascript::builtins::{
     weak_map::data::WeakMapHeapData, weak_ref::data::WeakRefHeapData,
     weak_set::data::WeakSetHeapData,
 };
-use crate::ecmascript::{
-    builtins::{
-        control_abstraction_objects::generator_objects::GeneratorHeapData,
-        embedder_object::data::EmbedderObjectHeapData,
-        error::ErrorHeapData,
-        finalization_registry::data::FinalizationRegistryHeapData,
-        indexed_collections::array_objects::array_iterator_objects::array_iterator::ArrayIteratorHeapData,
-        keyed_collections::{
-            map_objects::map_iterator_objects::map_iterator::MapIteratorHeapData,
-            set_objects::set_iterator_objects::set_iterator::SetIteratorHeapData,
+use crate::{
+    ecmascript::{
+        builtins::{
+            control_abstraction_objects::generator_objects::GeneratorHeapData,
+            embedder_object::data::EmbedderObjectHeapData,
+            error::ErrorHeapData,
+            finalization_registry::data::FinalizationRegistryHeapData,
+            indexed_collections::array_objects::array_iterator_objects::array_iterator::ArrayIteratorHeapData,
+            keyed_collections::{
+                map_objects::map_iterator_objects::map_iterator::MapIteratorHeapData,
+                set_objects::set_iterator_objects::set_iterator::SetIteratorHeapData,
+            },
+            map::data::MapHeapData,
+            primitive_objects::PrimitiveObjectHeapData,
+            promise::data::PromiseHeapData,
+            proxy::data::ProxyHeapData,
+            set::data::SetHeapData,
+            ArrayHeapData,
+        },
+        types::{
+            BigIntHeapData, BoundFunctionHeapData, BuiltinConstructorHeapData,
+            BuiltinFunctionHeapData, ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData, NumberHeapData, ObjectHeapData,
+            StringHeapData, SymbolHeapData, Value,
         },
-        map::data::MapHeapData,
-        primitive_objects::PrimitiveObjectHeapData,
-        promise::data::PromiseHeapData,
-        proxy::data::ProxyHeapData,
-        set::data::SetHeapData,
-        ArrayHeapData,
-    },
-    types::{
-        BigIntHeapData, BoundFunctionHeapData, BuiltinConstructorHeapData, BuiltinFunctionHeapData,
-        ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData, NumberHeapData, ObjectHeapData, StringHeapData, SymbolHeapData,
-        Value,
     },
+    engine::context::GcToken,
 };
 use core::fmt::Debug;
 use std::{
@@ -54,58 +57,58 @@ use std::{marker::PhantomData, mem::size_of, num::NonZeroU32};
 ///
 /// This index implies a tracing reference count from this
 /// struct to T at the given index.
-pub struct BaseIndex<T: ?Sized>(NonZeroU32, PhantomData<T>);
+pub struct BaseIndex<'a, T: ?Sized>(NonZeroU32, PhantomData<T>, PhantomData<&'a GcToken>);
 
 const _INDEX_SIZE_IS_U32: () = assert!(size_of::<BaseIndex<()>>() == size_of::<u32>());
 const _OPTION_INDEX_SIZE_IS_U32: () =
     assert!(size_of::<Option<BaseIndex<()>>>() == size_of::<u32>());
 
-pub(crate) trait IntoBaseIndex<T: ?Sized> {
-    fn into_base_index(self) -> BaseIndex<T>;
+pub(crate) trait IntoBaseIndex<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    fn into_base_index(self) -> BaseIndex<'a, T>;
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Debug for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Debug for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         assert!(self.0.get() != 0);
         (&self.0.get() - 1).fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Clone for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         *self
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Copy for BaseIndex<T> {}
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Copy for BaseIndex<'a, T> {}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> PartialEq for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialEq for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.0 == other.0
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Eq for BaseIndex<T> {}
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Eq for BaseIndex<'a, T> {}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> PartialOrd for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialOrd for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
         Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Ord for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Ord for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
         self.0.cmp(&other.0)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> Hash for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Hash for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         self.0.hash(state);
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     pub const fn into_index(self) -> usize {
         self.0.get() as usize - 1
     }
@@ -127,14 +130,22 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> BaseIndex<T> {
         assert!(value != u32::MAX);
         // SAFETY: Number is not max value and will not overflow to zero.
         // This check is done manually to allow const context.
-        Self(unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value + 1) }, PhantomData)
+        Self(
+            unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value + 1) },
+            PhantomData,
+            PhantomData,
+        )
     }
 
     pub const fn from_u32_index(value: u32) -> Self {
         assert!(value != u32::MAX);
         // SAFETY: Number is not max value and will not overflow to zero.
         // This check is done manually to allow const context.
-        Self(unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value + 1) }, PhantomData)
+        Self(
+            unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value + 1) },
+            PhantomData,
+            PhantomData,
+        )
     }
 
     pub const fn from_usize(value: usize) -> Self {
@@ -142,14 +153,22 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> BaseIndex<T> {
         assert!(value != 0);
         // SAFETY: Number is not zero.
         // This check is done manually to allow const context.
-        Self(unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value) }, PhantomData)
+        Self(
+            unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value) },
+            PhantomData,
+            PhantomData,
+        )
     }
 
     pub const fn from_u32(value: u32) -> Self {
         assert!(value != 0);
         // SAFETY: Number is not zero.
         // This check is done manually to allow const context.
-        Self(unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value) }, PhantomData)
+        Self(
+            unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(value) },
+            PhantomData,
+            PhantomData,
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn last(vec: &[Option<T>]) -> Self
@@ -161,59 +180,63 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> BaseIndex<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> Default for BaseIndex<T> {
+impl<'a, T> Default for BaseIndex<'a, T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::from_u32_index(0)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-pub type ArrayBufferIndex = BaseIndex<ArrayBufferHeapData>;
-pub type ArrayIndex = BaseIndex<ArrayHeapData>;
-pub type ArrayIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<ArrayIteratorHeapData>;
-pub type BigIntIndex = BaseIndex<BigIntHeapData>;
-pub type BoundFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<BoundFunctionHeapData>;
-pub type BuiltinFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<BuiltinFunctionHeapData>;
-pub type BuiltinConstructorIndex = BaseIndex<BuiltinConstructorHeapData>;
+pub type ArrayBufferIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ArrayBufferHeapData>;
+pub type ArrayIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ArrayHeapData>;
+pub type ArrayIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ArrayIteratorHeapData>;
+pub type BigIntIndex = BaseIndex<'static, BigIntHeapData>;
+pub type BoundFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<'static, BoundFunctionHeapData>;
+pub type BuiltinFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<'static, BuiltinFunctionHeapData>;
+pub type BuiltinConstructorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, BuiltinConstructorHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-pub type DataViewIndex = BaseIndex<DataViewHeapData>;
+pub type DataViewIndex = BaseIndex<'static, DataViewHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-pub type DateIndex = BaseIndex<DateHeapData>;
-pub type ECMAScriptFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData>;
-pub type ElementIndex = BaseIndex<[Option<Value>]>;
-pub type EmbedderObjectIndex = BaseIndex<EmbedderObjectHeapData>;
-pub type ErrorIndex = BaseIndex<ErrorHeapData>;
-pub type FinalizationRegistryIndex = BaseIndex<FinalizationRegistryHeapData>;
-pub type GeneratorIndex = BaseIndex<GeneratorHeapData>;
-pub type MapIndex = BaseIndex<MapHeapData>;
-pub type MapIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<MapIteratorHeapData>;
-pub type NumberIndex = BaseIndex<NumberHeapData>;
-pub type ObjectIndex = BaseIndex<ObjectHeapData>;
-pub type PrimitiveObjectIndex = BaseIndex<PrimitiveObjectHeapData>;
-pub type PromiseIndex = BaseIndex<PromiseHeapData>;
-pub type ProxyIndex = BaseIndex<ProxyHeapData>;
+pub type DateIndex = BaseIndex<'static, DateHeapData>;
+pub type ECMAScriptFunctionIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ECMAScriptFunctionHeapData>;
+pub type ElementIndex = BaseIndex<'static, [Option<Value>]>;
+pub type EmbedderObjectIndex = BaseIndex<'static, EmbedderObjectHeapData>;
+pub type ErrorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ErrorHeapData>;
+pub type FinalizationRegistryIndex = BaseIndex<'static, FinalizationRegistryHeapData>;
+pub type GeneratorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, GeneratorHeapData>;
+pub type MapIndex = BaseIndex<'static, MapHeapData>;
+pub type MapIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, MapIteratorHeapData>;
+pub type NumberIndex = BaseIndex<'static, NumberHeapData>;
+pub type ObjectIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ObjectHeapData>;
+pub type PrimitiveObjectIndex = BaseIndex<'static, PrimitiveObjectHeapData>;
+pub type PromiseIndex = BaseIndex<'static, PromiseHeapData>;
+pub type ProxyIndex = BaseIndex<'static, ProxyHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-pub type RegExpIndex = BaseIndex<RegExpHeapData>;
-pub type SetIndex = BaseIndex<SetHeapData>;
-pub type SetIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<SetIteratorHeapData>;
+pub type RegExpIndex = BaseIndex<'static, RegExpHeapData>;
+pub type SetIndex = BaseIndex<'static, SetHeapData>;
+pub type SetIteratorIndex = BaseIndex<'static, SetIteratorHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
-pub type SharedArrayBufferIndex = BaseIndex<SharedArrayBufferHeapData>;
-pub type StringIndex = BaseIndex<StringHeapData>;
-pub type SymbolIndex = BaseIndex<SymbolHeapData>;
+pub type SharedArrayBufferIndex = BaseIndex<'static, SharedArrayBufferHeapData>;
+pub type StringIndex<'a> = BaseIndex<'a, StringHeapData>;
+pub type SymbolIndex = BaseIndex<'static, SymbolHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-pub type TypedArrayIndex = BaseIndex<TypedArrayHeapData>;
+pub type TypedArrayIndex = BaseIndex<'static, TypedArrayHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-pub type WeakMapIndex = BaseIndex<WeakMapHeapData>;
+pub type WeakMapIndex = BaseIndex<'static, WeakMapHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-pub type WeakRefIndex = BaseIndex<WeakRefHeapData>;
+pub type WeakRefIndex = BaseIndex<'static, WeakRefHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-pub type WeakSetIndex = BaseIndex<WeakSetHeapData>;
+pub type WeakSetIndex = BaseIndex<'static, WeakSetHeapData>;
 
 // Implement Default for ElementIndex: This is done to support Default
 // constructor of ElementsVector.
 impl Default for ElementIndex {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self(unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(1) }, Default::default())
+        Self(
+            unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(1) },
+            PhantomData,
+            PhantomData,
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs b/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
index 30fd30aea..1e1908fac 100644
--- a/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, global: Obje
     fn print(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-
         _this: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -36,10 +35,11 @@ fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>, global: Obje
     }
     let function = create_builtin_function(
         agent,
+        gc.nogc(),
         Behaviour::Regular(print),
         BuiltinFunctionArgs::new(1, "print", agent.current_realm_id()),
     );
-    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, "print");
+    let property_key = PropertyKey::from_static_str(agent, gc.nogc(), "print");
     global
         .internal_define_own_property(
             agent,
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ fn garbage_collection_tests() {
     );
     agent.run_in_realm(&realm, |agent, mut gc| {
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
-        let source_text = String::from_string(agent, header_contents);
-        let script = parse_script(agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), header_contents);
+        let script = parse_script(agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let _ = script_evaluation(agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
             panic!(
                 "Header evaluation failed: '{}' failed: {:?}",
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ fn garbage_collection_tests() {
     for i in 0..2 {
         agent.run_in_realm(&realm, |agent, mut gc| {
             let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
-            let source_text = String::from_string(agent, call_contents.clone());
-            let script = parse_script(agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+            let source_text = String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), call_contents.clone());
+            let script = parse_script(agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
             let _ = script_evaluation(agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                 println!("Error kind: {:?}", err.value());
                 panic!(
diff --git a/nova_vm/tests/object_prototype_tests.rs b/nova_vm/tests/object_prototype_tests.rs
index 1a9e67071..b038ac77c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/tests/object_prototype_tests.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/tests/object_prototype_tests.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ fn object_prototype_tests() {
     let realm = agent.create_default_realm();
     agent.run_in_realm(&realm, |agent, mut gc| {
         let realm = agent.current_realm_id();
-        let source_text = String::from_string(agent, contents);
-        let script = parse_script(agent, source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
+        let source_text = String::from_string(agent, gc.nogc(), contents);
+        let script = parse_script(agent, gc.nogc(), source_text, realm, false, None).unwrap();
         let _ = script_evaluation(agent, gc.reborrow(), script).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
             panic!(
                 "Test '{}' failed: {:?}",
diff --git a/tests/Cargo.toml b/tests/Cargo.toml
index 5e9f2deac..542c3b9a6 100644
--- a/tests/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tests/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@ name = "tests"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
-# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "test262"
 path = "test262_runner.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "4.5.7", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { workspace = true}
 rayon = "1.10.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.203", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0.117"
diff --git a/tests/expectations.json b/tests/expectations.json
index fb1a73843..1ec3e5473 100644
--- a/tests/expectations.json
+++ b/tests/expectations.json
@@ -455,23 +455,8 @@
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/toSpliced/this-value-nullish.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/toSpliced/unmodified.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/toString/non-callable-join-string-tag.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A1_T1.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A1_T2.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A2_T1.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A2_T2.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A2_T3.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A3_T2.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A4_T1.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/S15.4.4.13_A4_T2.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/call-with-boolean.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/clamps-to-integer-limit.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/length-near-integer-limit.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/set-length-array-is-frozen.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/set-length-array-length-is-non-writable.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/set-length-zero-array-is-frozen.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/set-length-zero-array-length-is-non-writable.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/throws-if-integer-limit-exceeded.js": "CRASH",
-  "built-ins/Array/prototype/unshift/throws-with-string-receiver.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/values/resizable-buffer-grow-mid-iteration.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/values/resizable-buffer-shrink-mid-iteration.js": "CRASH",
   "built-ins/Array/prototype/values/resizable-buffer.js": "CRASH",
@@ -5678,15 +5663,8 @@
   "built-ins/String/prototype/codePointAt/return-single-code-unit.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/endsWith/return-abrupt-from-searchstring-regexp-test.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/endsWith/searchstring-is-regexp-throws.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/String.prototype.includes_FailBadLocation.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/String.prototype.includes_FailLocation.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/coerced-values-of-position.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/return-abrupt-from-position-as-symbol.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/return-abrupt-from-position.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/return-abrupt-from-searchstring-regexp-test.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/return-false-with-out-of-bounds-position.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/searchstring-is-regexp-throws.js": "FAIL",
-  "built-ins/String/prototype/includes/searchstring-not-found-with-position.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/indexOf/searchstring-tostring-bigint.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/isWellFormed/returns-boolean.js": "FAIL",
   "built-ins/String/prototype/isWellFormed/to-string-primitive.js": "CRASH",
@@ -13078,17 +13056,14 @@
   "language/expressions/bitwise-and/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-and/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-and/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/bitwise-and/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-or/bigint-non-primitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-or/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-or/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-or/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/bitwise-or/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-xor/bigint-non-primitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-xor/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-xor/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/bitwise-xor/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/bitwise-xor/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/call/eval-realm-indirect.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/call/eval-strictness-inherit-non-strict.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/call/tco-call-args.js": "CRASH",
@@ -16000,7 +15975,6 @@
   "language/expressions/division/S11.5.2_A4_T10.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/division/S11.5.2_A4_T5.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/division/S11.5.2_A4_T8.js": "FAIL",
-  "language/expressions/division/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/does-not-equals/S11.9.2_A5.2.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/does-not-equals/bigint-and-boolean.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/does-not-equals/bigint-and-incomparable-primitive.js": "FAIL",
@@ -16573,7 +16547,6 @@
   "language/expressions/exponentiation/bigint-arithmetic.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/exponentiation/exp-operator-evaluation-order.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/exponentiation/exp-operator-precedence-unary-expression-semantics.js": "FAIL",
-  "language/expressions/exponentiation/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/function/dstr/ary-ptrn-elem-ary-elem-init.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/function/dstr/ary-ptrn-elem-ary-elem-iter.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/function/dstr/ary-ptrn-elem-ary-rest-init.js": "CRASH",
@@ -16841,7 +16814,6 @@
   "language/expressions/left-shift/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/left-shift/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/left-shift/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/left-shift/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/less-than-or-equal/S11.8.3_A4.9.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/less-than-or-equal/bigint-and-bigint.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/less-than-or-equal/bigint-and-incomparable-string.js": "CRASH",
@@ -16889,10 +16861,8 @@
   "language/expressions/logical-not/bigint.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/logical-or/tco-right.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/member-expression/computed-reference-null-or-undefined.js": "FAIL",
-  "language/expressions/modulus/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/multiplication/S11.5.1_A4_T5.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/multiplication/S11.5.1_A4_T7.js": "FAIL",
-  "language/expressions/multiplication/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/new.target/asi.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/new.target/unary-expr.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/new.target/value-via-call.js": "CRASH",
@@ -17463,8 +17433,6 @@
   "language/expressions/right-shift/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/right-shift/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/right-shift/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/right-shift/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
-  "language/expressions/subtraction/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/super/call-construct-invocation.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/super/prop-dot-cls-null-proto.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/super/prop-dot-cls-ref-strict.js": "CRASH",
@@ -17563,7 +17531,6 @@
   "language/expressions/unsigned-right-shift/bigint-toprimitive.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/unsigned-right-shift/bigint-wrapped-values.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/unsigned-right-shift/bigint.js": "CRASH",
-  "language/expressions/unsigned-right-shift/order-of-evaluation.js": "FAIL",
   "language/expressions/yield/formal-parameters-after-reassignment-non-strict.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/yield/from-with.js": "CRASH",
   "language/expressions/yield/rhs-regexp.js": "CRASH",