From 73368f2d5f96364eca26f52860176717bb30677a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathon Belotti <jonathon.i.belotti@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2024 19:33:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] computers-are-fast

---
 .../spam/a_plan_for_spam/mail_server.py       |   2 +-
 performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.lock     | 489 ++++++++++++++++++
 performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.toml     |  21 +
 performance/computers-are-fast/README.md      |   3 +
 performance/computers-are-fast/benches.py     | 203 ++++++++
 performance/computers-are-fast/main.py        | 153 ++++++
 performance/computers-are-fast/message.json   |   1 +
 .../computers-are-fast/modal_runtime.py       |  25 +
 performance/computers-are-fast/src/lib.rs     | 155 ++++++
 performance/computers-are-fast/src/main.rs    | 328 ++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 1379 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/README.md
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/benches.py
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/main.py
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/message.json
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/modal_runtime.py
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 performance/computers-are-fast/src/main.rs

diff --git a/machine_learning/applications/spam/a_plan_for_spam/mail_server.py b/machine_learning/applications/spam/a_plan_for_spam/mail_server.py
index 7c67239..99dc850 100644
--- a/machine_learning/applications/spam/a_plan_for_spam/mail_server.py
+++ b/machine_learning/applications/spam/a_plan_for_spam/mail_server.py
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def check_for_spam(email_bytes: bytes) -> bool:
             [str(component) for component in config.spam_detect_api_addr]
         )
 
-        req = urllib.request.Request(f"http://{spam_detect_api_url}")
+            
         req.add_header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
         data = json.dumps(body)
         data_b = data.encode("utf-8")
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.lock b/performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4944085
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.toml b/performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69a6c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/Cargo.toml
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diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/README.md b/performance/computers-are-fast/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abfe591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+### Computers are (still) Fast
+
+Code for the 'Computers Are Fast' blog post at [thundergolfer.com/blog](https://thundergolfer.com/blog).
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/benches.py b/performance/computers-are-fast/benches.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5c077c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/benches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+import hashlib
+import json
+import pathlib
+import os
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import urllib.request
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+
+
+hints: dict[str, list] = {}
+notes: dict[str, list] = {}
+
+def bench_loop(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many iterations of an empty loop can we go through in a second?
+    """
+    for _ in range(n):
+        pass
+
+hints[bench_loop.__name__] = [
+    "A CPU can execute around a few billion instructions per second."
+]
+
+def bench_parse_http_request(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many HTTP GET requests can we parse in a second?
+    """
+    class HTTPRequest(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+        def __init__(self, request_data: bytes):
+            self.rfile = BytesIO(request_data)
+            self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
+            self.error_code = self.error_message = None
+            self.parse_request()
+
+        def send_error(self, code, message):
+            self.error_code = code
+            self.error_message = message
+
+    request = b"""GET / HTTP/1.1
+Host: localhost:8001
+Connection: keep-alive
+Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
+Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
+User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.85 Safari/537.36
+Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch
+Accept-Language: en-GB,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6
+"""
+    for _ in range(n):
+        _parsed = HTTPRequest(request)
+
+
+def bench_dict_mutation(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many entries can we add to a dictionary in a second?
+    """
+    d = {}
+    max_entries = 1000
+    for i in range(n):
+        d[i % max_entries] = i
+
+
+def bench_download_webpage(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many times can we download google.com in a second?
+    """
+    for _ in range(n):
+        response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://google.com")
+        response.read()
+
+hints[bench_download_webpage.__name__] = [
+    "This inefficiently establishes a new HTTP connection on each iteration"
+]
+
+def bench_run_python(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many times can we start the Python interpreter in a second?
+    """
+    for _ in range(n):
+        subprocess.run("python3 -c ''", shell=True, check=True)
+
+hints[bench_run_python.__name__] = [
+    "This is much less than 100 million :)",
+    "On startup Python reads of 100 files!",
+    "Before running any code Python executes around 1000 syscalls",
+]
+
+def bench_create_files(n: int):
+    """
+    How many fsync'd files can be created against an SSD in a second?
+    """
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+        for i in range(n):
+            file_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, f"{i}.txt")
+            with open(file_path, "w") as file:
+                file.flush()
+        # Sync the directory to ensure the file metadata is written to disk
+        dir_fd = os.open(temp_dir, os.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            os.fsync(dir_fd)
+        finally:
+            os.close(dir_fd)
+
+
+hints[bench_create_files.__name__] = [
+    "The fsync syscall per-file significantly impacts performance",
+] 
+
+def bench_write_to_disk(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many bytes can we write to an output file in a second?
+    """
+    def cleanup(f, name):
+        f.flush()
+        os.fsync(f.fileno())
+        f.close()
+        try:
+            os.remove(name)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    chunk_size = 1_000_000  # 1 megabyte
+    data_chunk = b"a" * chunk_size
+    name = "/tmp/bench-write-to-disk"
+    bytes_written = 0
+    with open(name, 'wb') as f:
+        while bytes_written < n:
+            written = f.write(data_chunk)
+            bytes_written += chunk_size
+            assert written == chunk_size, "incomplete disk write"
+        cleanup(f, name)
+
+
+hints[bench_write_to_disk.__name__] = [
+    "We make sure everything is sync'd to disk before exiting"
+]
+
+def bench_write_to_memory(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: How many bytes can we write to a string in memory in a second?
+    """
+    chunk_size = 1_000_000  # 1 megabyte
+    data_chunk = "a" * chunk_size
+    output = StringIO()
+    bytes_written = 0
+    while bytes_written < n:
+        _ = output.write(data_chunk)
+        bytes_written += chunk_size
+    output.getvalue()
+
+
+def bench_json_parse(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: parse iterations possible within one second.
+    """
+    data = pathlib.Path("message.json").read_text()
+    for _ in range(n):
+        json.loads(data)
+
+
+def bench_sha256_digest(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: bytes hashed in one second.
+    """
+    CHUNK_SIZE = 10_000
+    s = b'a' * CHUNK_SIZE
+    h = hashlib.md5()
+    bytes_hashed = 0
+    while bytes_hashed < n:
+        h.update(s)
+        bytes_hashed += CHUNK_SIZE
+    h.digest()
+
+hints[bench_sha256_digest.__name__] = [
+    "sha256 is cryptographically secure and slower than md5, siphash, CRC32."
+]
+
+
+def bench_fill_array(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: bytes written to array in one second.
+    """
+    array = bytearray(n)
+    for i in range(n):
+        array[i] = i % 256  # Ensure value fits in a byte
+    print(array[n // 7], end='')
+
+
+def bench_fill_array_out_of_order(n: int):
+    """
+    Number to guess: bytes written to array in one second.
+    """
+    array = bytearray(n)
+    jmp_around = 1
+    for _ in range(n):
+        jmp_around = jmp_around * 2
+        if jmp_around > n:
+            jmp_around -= n
+        array[jmp_around % n] = jmp_around % 256  # Ensure index and value fit in range
+
+    print(array[n // 7])
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/main.py b/performance/computers-are-fast/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dd6be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import dataclasses
+import json
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import sys
+import timeit
+
+import benches
+
+benchmarks = [
+    "bench_loop",
+    "bench_dict_mutation",
+    "bench_parse_http_request",
+    "bench_download_webpage",
+    "bench_run_python",
+    "bench_create_files",
+    "bench_write_to_disk",
+    "bench_write_to_memory",
+    "bench_json_parse",
+    "bench_sha256_digest",
+    "bench_fill_array",
+    "bench_fill_array_out_of_order",
+]
+
+# The possible guesses proceed through 10 orders of magnitude.
+choices = [10 ** i for i in range(10)]
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class BenchResult:
+    name: str
+    platform: str
+    lang_version: str
+    # TODO: cpu info, mem info, ssd info
+    # TODO: mount info for /tmp/
+    answer: int
+    # How many milliseconds benchmark took on answer.
+    answer_duration_ms: float
+    # Estimation/extrapolation of what N would be for bench
+    # to take exactly one second.
+    estimated_n: int
+    bench_source: str
+    bench_doc: str
+    hints: list[str] | None = None
+    language: str = "python"
+
+def snake_number_format(z: int):
+    if z < 0:
+        return '-' + snake_number_format(-z)
+    s = []
+    while z:
+        if len(s) % 4 == 3:
+            s.append("_")
+        s.append(str(z % 10))
+        z //= 10
+    return ''.join(reversed(s))
+
+def extract_clean_bench_source(bench_fn: callable) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """
+    Grab the source code of the bench function without the docstring.
+    """
+    import inspect
+    import textwrap
+    src = inspect.getsource(bench_fn)   
+    src = textwrap.dedent(src) 
+    seen_start_of_docstring = False
+    lines = [ln.replace("    ", "\t") for ln in src.splitlines()]
+    for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+        if not seen_start_of_docstring and line.strip().startswith('"""'):
+            seen_start_of_docstring = True
+            continue
+        elif line.strip().endswith('"""'):
+            if seen_start_of_docstring:
+                break
+            else:
+                RuntimeError("unexpected end of docstring")
+    return inspect.getdoc(bench_fn), textwrap.dedent("\n".join(lines[i+1:]))
+
+
+def run_benchmark(name: str, validate: bool = True) -> BenchResult:
+    """
+    Exercises a benchmark by first gathering hardware and OS information
+    about the host and then running the bench function against each 'guess'
+    option until it reaches the correct answer.
+
+    This function is slow because it runs 5 iterations to confirm the
+    correct answer.
+    """
+    print(f"running benchmark {name} on {platform.platform()} {sys.version}")
+
+    bench_fn = getattr(benches, name)
+    for n in choices:
+        stmt = lambda: bench_fn(n)  # noqa: E731
+        duration_s = timeit.timeit(stmt, number=1)
+        print(f"N {snake_number_format(n):10}: {duration_s * 1000:.3f}ms")
+        # Found answer. 
+        # If we ran next answer we'd exceed one second.
+        # NB: we're assuming that all benchmarks have linear scaling. 
+        if 0.1 < duration_s <= 1.0:
+            estimated_n = int(n / duration_s)
+            print(
+                f"benchmark {name} answer: {snake_number_format(n)} (est. exact N={snake_number_format(estimated_n)})"
+            )
+            break
+    else:
+        estimated_n = int(n / duration_s)
+
+    # Confirm by measure on estimated_n for more iterations.
+    if validate:
+        cofirm_stmt = lambda: bench_fn(estimated_n)  # noqa: E731
+        if name in {"bench_write_to_disk", "bench_write_to_memory", "bench_download_webpage"}:
+            delta_tolerance = 0.5
+        elif n < 10_000:
+            delta_tolerance = 0.25
+        else:
+            delta_tolerance = 0.2
+        iterations = 5
+        duration_total_s = timeit.timeit(cofirm_stmt, number=iterations)
+        duration_s = duration_total_s / 5
+        delta = abs(duration_s - 1.0)
+        assert delta < delta_tolerance, f"inaccurate benchmark on {name}: {delta=} (took {duration_s}s on N={estimated_n})"
+        print(f"accurate benchmark on {name}: {delta=} (took {duration_s}s on N={estimated_n})")
+
+    doc, source = extract_clean_bench_source(bench_fn)
+    return BenchResult(
+        name=name,
+        platform=platform.platform(),
+        lang_version=sys.version,
+        answer=n,
+        answer_duration_ms=duration_s * 1000,
+        estimated_n=estimated_n,
+        bench_doc=doc,
+        bench_source=source,
+        hints=benches.hints.get(name, []),
+    )
+
+
+def main():
+    skip = {
+        # Uncomment if running without internet connectivity.
+        # "bench_download_webpage"
+    }
+    results = [
+        run_benchmark(b)
+        for b in benchmarks
+        if b not in skip
+    ] 
+    out = pathlib.Path("out.json")
+    out.write_text(json.dumps([dataclasses.asdict(d) for d in results]))
+    
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/message.json b/performance/computers-are-fast/message.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1e885b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/message.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"rep_int": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99], "flag": true, "id": 123, "nested_msgs": [{"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": 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"http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": 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"http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}, {"url": "http://localhost/", "id": 456, "title": "test title"}]}
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/modal_runtime.py b/performance/computers-are-fast/modal_runtime.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d58c5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/modal_runtime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""
+Execute the computers-are-fast benchmarks in Modal to gather data
+from the Modal runtime. Allows easily gathering data across Python
+versions and cloud provider.
+"""
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+
+import modal
+
+image = modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.11")
+app = modal.App("computers-are-fast", image=image)
+
+import main
+
+@app.function(mounts=[modal.Mount.from_local_file(
+    local_path="./message.json",
+    remote_path="/root/message.json",
+)])
+def run():
+    cloud_provider = os.environ["MODAL_CLOUD_PROVIDER"]
+    print(f"{cloud_provider=}")
+    main.main()
+    print(json.dumps(pathlib.Path("out.json").read_text()))
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/src/lib.rs b/performance/computers-are-fast/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40901ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use proc_macro2::Span;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use rust_format::{Formatter, PrettyPlease};
+use syn::Attribute;
+use syn::Meta;
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, ItemFn, Lit, ReturnType, Type};
+
+/// Procedural macro that provides easy access (via two generated functions) to
+/// the documentation and source code body of a function.
+/// Used as part of the benchmarking data export.
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn gen_docs(
+    _attr: proc_macro::TokenStream,
+    item: proc_macro::TokenStream,
+) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    // Extract a well-formatted fn body is actually pretty annoying.
+    // We must:
+    // 1. Remove the doc string comments
+    // 2. Remove the fn signature, which is identical for each bench and thus boring boilerplate
+    // 3. Format the fn signature-less code, which is hella fiddly.
+    // 4. Stripe the surrounding braces from the code block.
+    //
+    // Only after all those steps do we get the function body un-indented and nicely formatted.
+    let input_fn = parse_macro_input!(item as ItemFn);
+    // (1) Filter out doc attributes from the fn AST.
+    let non_doc_attrs: Vec<&Attribute> = input_fn
+        .attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|attr| !attr.path().is_ident("doc"))
+        .collect();
+    let func_without_docs = ItemFn {
+        attrs: non_doc_attrs.into_iter().cloned().collect(),
+        ..input_fn.clone()
+    };
+    // (2) Remove fn signature it's boring
+    let block = func_without_docs.block;
+    let input_fn_src = block.to_token_stream().to_string();
+    // (3) Annoyingly rust_format can't format just a single code block, so we temporary give this
+    //     a fake fn wrapping.
+    let mut source = "fn foo() ".to_string();
+    source.push_str(&input_fn_src);
+    source = PrettyPlease::default().format_str(source).unwrap();
+    let source = source
+        .strip_prefix("fn foo() ")
+        .unwrap()
+        .replace("    ", "\t");
+    // (4) We now have this:
+    //
+    // {
+    //     BODY
+    // }
+    //
+    // Remove the braces and un-indent.
+    let source: String = source
+        .split("\n")
+        .skip(1)
+        .take_while(|x| !x.starts_with("}"))
+        .map(|l| l.strip_prefix("\t").unwrap_or(l))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Create the function which returns fn body source code (with "_src" suffix)
+    let fn_name = &input_fn.sig.ident;
+    let src_fn_name = syn::Ident::new(&format!("{}_src", fn_name), fn_name.span());
+    let src_fn = syn::ItemFn {
+        attrs: vec![],
+        vis: input_fn.vis.clone(),
+        sig: syn::Signature {
+            output: ReturnType::Type(
+                syn::token::RArrow::default(),
+                Box::new(Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference {
+                    and_token: syn::token::And::default(),
+                    lifetime: Some(syn::Lifetime::new("'static", Span::call_site())),
+                    mutability: None,
+                    elem: Box::new(Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
+                        qself: None,
+                        path: syn::Path::from(syn::Ident::new("str", Span::call_site())),
+                    })),
+                })),
+            ),
+            inputs: syn::punctuated::Punctuated::new(),
+            variadic: None,
+            ident: src_fn_name,
+            ..input_fn.sig.clone()
+        },
+        block: Box::new(syn::parse_quote!({
+            const SOURCE: &'static str = #source;
+            SOURCE
+        })),
+    };
+
+    // Create the function which returns fn doc string (with "_doc" suffix)
+    let doc_fn_name = syn::Ident::new(&format!("{}_doc", fn_name), fn_name.span());
+    let doc_string = extract_doc_strings(&input_fn).join("\n");
+    let doc_fn = syn::ItemFn {
+        attrs: vec![],
+        vis: input_fn.vis.clone(),
+        sig: syn::Signature {
+            output: ReturnType::Type(
+                syn::token::RArrow::default(),
+                Box::new(Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference {
+                    and_token: syn::token::And::default(),
+                    lifetime: Some(syn::Lifetime::new("'static", Span::call_site())),
+                    mutability: None,
+                    elem: Box::new(Type::Path(syn::TypePath {
+                        qself: None,
+                        path: syn::Path::from(syn::Ident::new("str", Span::call_site())),
+                    })),
+                })),
+            ),
+            inputs: syn::punctuated::Punctuated::new(),
+            variadic: None,
+            ident: doc_fn_name,
+            ..input_fn.sig.clone()
+        },
+        block: Box::new(syn::parse_quote!({
+            const DOCS: &'static str = #doc_string;
+            DOCS
+        })),
+    };
+
+    // Generate the output, including both the original and new function
+    let output = quote! {
+        #input_fn
+
+        #src_fn
+
+        #doc_fn
+    };
+
+    output.into()
+}
+
+fn extract_doc_strings(item_fn: &ItemFn) -> Vec<String> {
+    item_fn
+        .attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|attr| {
+            if attr.path().is_ident("doc") {
+                match &attr.meta {
+                    Meta::NameValue(name_value) => match &name_value.value {
+                        syn::Expr::Lit(expr_lit) => match &expr_lit.lit {
+                            Lit::Str(ls) => Some(ls.value()),
+                            _ => None,
+                        },
+                        _ => None,
+                    },
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/performance/computers-are-fast/src/main.rs b/performance/computers-are-fast/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ed1642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance/computers-are-fast/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::net::TcpStream;
+use std::time::Instant;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, hint::black_box};
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use computers_are_fast::gen_docs;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sysinfo::System;
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+const CHOICES: [u64; 10] = [
+    1,
+    10,
+    100,
+    1_000,
+    10_000,
+    100_000,
+    1_000_000,
+    10_000_000,
+    100_000_000,
+    1_000_000_000,
+];
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Serialize)]
+struct BenchResult {
+    name: String,
+    platform: String,
+    lang_version: String,
+    answer: i32,
+    answer_duration_ms: f64,
+    estimated_n: u64,
+    bench_source: String,
+    bench_doc: String,
+    hints: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    language: Option<String>,
+}
+
+struct Bench {
+    name: String,
+    f: fn(n: u64),
+    source: &'static str,
+    doc: &'static str,
+    hints: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+macro_rules! bnchmrk {
+    ($b_name:ident) => {
+        bnchmrk!($b_name, None)
+    };
+    ($b_name:ident, $hints:expr) => {
+        Bench {
+            name: stringify!($b_name).to_string(),
+            f: $b_name,
+            source: paste::item! { [<$b_name _src>]() },
+            doc: paste::item! { [<$b_name _doc>]() },
+            hints: $hints,
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many iterations of an empty loop can we go through in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_loop(n: u64) {
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        black_box(());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many entries can we add to a std::HashMap in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_dict_mutation(n: u64) {
+    let mut m = HashMap::new();
+
+    let max_entries = 1000;
+
+    for i in 0..n {
+        m.insert(i % max_entries, i);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many times can we download google.com in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_download_webpage(n: u64) {
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        let mut stream = TcpStream::connect("google.com:80").unwrap();
+
+        let request = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: google.com\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n";
+
+        stream.write_all(request.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+
+        let mut response = String::new();
+        stream.read_to_string(&mut response).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many times can we start the Python interpreter in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_run_python(n: u64) {
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        let mut child = std::process::Command::new("python3")
+            .args(["-c", "''"])
+            .spawn()
+            .expect("failed to execute child");
+        let ecode = child.wait().expect("failed to wait on child");
+        assert!(ecode.success());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many fsync'd files can be created against an SSD in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_create_files(n: u64) {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let file_path = dir.path().join(format!("{}.txt", i));
+        let file = File::create(file_path).unwrap();
+        file.sync_all().unwrap();
+    }
+    let dir_path = dir.path();
+    let dir_file = OpenOptions::new().read(true).open(dir_path).unwrap();
+    dir_file.sync_all().unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many bytes can we write to an output file in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_write_to_disk(n: u64) {
+    const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 1_000_000; // 1 megabyte
+    let data_chunk: [u8; CHUNK_SIZE] = [b'a'; CHUNK_SIZE];
+    let mut f = std::fs::File::create("/tmp/bench-write-to-disk").unwrap();
+    let mut bytes_written = 0;
+    while bytes_written < n {
+        let written = f.write(&data_chunk).unwrap();
+        bytes_written += CHUNK_SIZE as u64;
+        assert_eq!(written, CHUNK_SIZE, "incomplete disk write");
+    }
+    f.sync_all().unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: How many bytes can we write to a string in memory in a second?
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_write_to_memory(n: u64) {
+    const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 1_000_000; // 1 megabyte
+    let data_chunk: [u8; CHUNK_SIZE] = [b'a'; CHUNK_SIZE];
+    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = vec![];
+    let mut bytes_written = 0;
+    while bytes_written < n {
+        buffer.extend(&data_chunk);
+        bytes_written += CHUNK_SIZE as u64;
+    }
+    assert!(buffer.len() >= n as usize);
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: parse iterations possible within one second.
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_json_parse(n: u64) {
+    // NB: reading the 64KiB file is a small constant overhead on each run.
+    // WARN: no err handling
+    let data = std::fs::read_to_string("message.json").unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        let _json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&data).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: bytes hashed in one second.
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_sha256_digest(n: u64) {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+    const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 10_000;
+    let s = "a".repeat(CHUNK_SIZE);
+    let mut bytes_hashed: usize = 0;
+    let mut h = Sha256::new();
+
+    while bytes_hashed < (n as usize) {
+        h.update(s.as_bytes());
+        bytes_hashed += CHUNK_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    h.finalize();
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: bytes written to array in one second.
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_fill_array(n: u64) {
+    let n: usize = n as usize;
+    let mut a = vec![0u8; n]; // mem alloc
+    let mut j: usize = 1;
+    for i in 0..n {
+        j *= 2;
+        if j > n {
+            j -= n;
+        }
+        a[i] = (j % 256) as u8; // Ensure value fits in a byte
+    }
+    println!("{}", a[n / 7]);
+}
+
+/// Number to guess: bytes written to array in one second.
+#[gen_docs]
+fn bench_fill_array_out_of_order(n: u64) {
+    let n: usize = n as usize;
+    let mut a = vec![0u8; n];
+    let mut jump_around: usize = 1;
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        jump_around *= 2;
+        if jump_around > n {
+            jump_around -= n;
+        }
+        a[jump_around % n] = (jump_around % 256) as u8; // Ensure index and value fit in range
+    }
+    println!("{}", a[n / 7]);
+}
+
+fn snake_number_format(mut z: u64) -> String {
+    let mut s = Vec::new();
+    while z > 0 {
+        if s.len() % 4 == 3 {
+            s.push('_');
+        }
+        s.push(char::from_digit((z % 10) as u32, 10).unwrap());
+        z /= 10;
+    }
+
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return "0".to_string();
+    }
+
+    s.reverse();
+    s.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+// Exercises a benchmark by first gathering hardware and OS information
+// about the host and then running the bench function against each 'guess'
+// option until it reaches the correct answer.
+
+// This function is slow because it runs 5 iterations to confirm the
+// correct answer.
+fn run_benchmark(b: &Bench) -> BenchResult {
+    let name = &b.name;
+    let f = b.f;
+
+    println!("running benchmark {}", name);
+    let mut answer = None;
+    let mut elapsed_ms = std::time::Duration::MAX.as_millis() as u64;
+    let mut estimated_n = 0;
+    for n in CHOICES {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+
+        black_box(f(black_box(n)));
+
+        let elapsed = now.elapsed();
+        elapsed_ms = elapsed.as_millis() as u64;
+        println!("Elapsed: {:.2?}", elapsed);
+        if elapsed_ms > 100 {
+            estimated_n = n * 1000 / elapsed_ms;
+            // Found answer.
+            // If we ran next answer we'd exceed one second.
+            // NB: we're assuming that all benchmarks have linear scaling.
+            println!(
+                "benchmark {} answer: {} (est. exact N={})",
+                name,
+                snake_number_format(n),
+                snake_number_format(estimated_n),
+            );
+            answer = Some(n);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let answer: u64 = answer.unwrap_or(*CHOICES.last().expect("hardcoded non-empty"));
+
+    let platform = format!(
+        "{}-{}-{}",
+        System::name().unwrap(),
+        System::os_version().unwrap(),
+        System::cpu_arch().unwrap()
+    );
+
+    BenchResult {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        platform,
+        // NB: only the *minimum* version, not the actual version.
+        lang_version: env!("CARGO_PKG_RUST_VERSION").into(),
+        answer: answer as i32,
+        answer_duration_ms: elapsed_ms as f64,
+        estimated_n,
+        bench_source: b.source.into(),
+        bench_doc: b.doc.into(),
+        hints: b.hints.clone(),
+        language: Some("rust".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let benchmarks: [Bench; 11] = [
+        bnchmrk![bench_loop, Some(vec![
+            "black_box(()) is used only to avoid compiler optimizing out the loop. It adds no run time overhead.".to_string(), 
+            "A CPU can execute around a few billion instructions per second.".to_string()
+        ])],
+        bnchmrk!(bench_dict_mutation),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_download_webpage),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_run_python, Some(vec![
+            "This is much less than 100 million :)".to_string(),
+            "On startup Python reads of 100 files!".into(),
+            "Before running any code Python executes around 1000 syscalls".into(),
+        ])),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_create_files),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_write_to_disk, Some(vec![
+            "We make sure everything is sync'd to disk before exiting".to_string(),
+        ])),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_write_to_memory),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_json_parse),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_sha256_digest, Some(vec![
+            "sha256 is cryptographically secure and slower than md5, siphash, CRC32.".to_string()
+        ])),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_fill_array),
+        bnchmrk!(bench_fill_array_out_of_order),
+    ];
+
+    let mut results = vec![];
+    for b in benchmarks {
+        let r = black_box(run_benchmark(&b));
+        results.push(r);
+    }
+
+    std::fs::write("out.rs.json", serde_json::to_string(&results)?)?;
+    Ok(())
+}