jquery.ba-bbq.js

/*!
 * jQuery BBQ: Back Button & Query Library - v1.2.1 - 2/17/2010
 * http://benalman.com/projects/jquery-bbq-plugin/
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 2010 "Cowboy" Ben Alman
 * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
 * http://benalman.com/about/license/
 */

// Script: jQuery BBQ: Back Button & Query Library
//
// *Version: 1.2.1, Last updated: 2/17/2010*
// 
// Project Home - http://benalman.com/projects/jquery-bbq-plugin/
// GitHub       - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-bbq/
// Source       - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-bbq/raw/master/jquery.ba-bbq.js
// (Minified)   - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-bbq/raw/master/jquery.ba-bbq.min.js (4.0kb)
// 
// About: License
// 
// Copyright (c) 2010 "Cowboy" Ben Alman,
// Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
// http://benalman.com/about/license/
// 
// About: Examples
// 
// These working examples, complete with fully commented code, illustrate a few
// ways in which this plugin can be used.
// 
// Basic AJAX     - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-bbq/examples/fragment-basic/
// Advanced AJAX  - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-bbq/examples/fragment-advanced/
// jQuery UI Tabs - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-bbq/examples/fragment-jquery-ui-tabs/
// Deparam        - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-bbq/examples/deparam/
// 
// About: Support and Testing
// 
// Information about what version or versions of jQuery this plugin has been
// tested with, what browsers it has been tested in, and where the unit tests
// reside (so you can test it yourself).
// 
// jQuery Versions - 1.3.2, 1.4.1, 1.4.2
// Browsers Tested - Internet Explorer 6-8, Firefox 2-3.7, Safari 3-4,
//                   Chrome 4-5, Opera 9.6-10.1.
// Unit Tests      - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-bbq/unit/
// 
// About: Release History
// 
// 1.2.1 - (2/17/2010) Actually fixed the stale window.location Safari bug from
//         <jQuery hashchange event> in BBQ, which was the main reason for the
//         previous release!
// 1.2   - (2/16/2010) Integrated <jQuery hashchange event> v1.2, which fixes a
//         Safari bug, the event can now be bound before DOM ready, and IE6/7
//         page should no longer scroll when the event is first bound. Also
//         added the <jQuery.param.fragment.noEscape> method, and reworked the
//         <hashchange event (BBQ)> internal "add" method to be compatible with
//         changes made to the jQuery 1.4.2 special events API.
// 1.1.1 - (1/22/2010) Integrated <jQuery hashchange event> v1.1, which fixes an
//         obscure IE8 EmulateIE7 meta tag compatibility mode bug.
// 1.1   - (1/9/2010) Broke out the jQuery BBQ event.special <hashchange event>
//         functionality into a separate plugin for users who want just the
//         basic event & back button support, without all the extra awesomeness
//         that BBQ provides. This plugin will be included as part of jQuery BBQ,
//         but also be available separately. See <jQuery hashchange event>
//         plugin for more information. Also added the <jQuery.bbq.removeState>
//         method and added additional <jQuery.deparam> examples.
// 1.0.3 - (12/2/2009) Fixed an issue in IE 6 where location.search and
//         location.hash would report incorrectly if the hash contained the ?
//         character. Also <jQuery.param.querystring> and <jQuery.param.fragment>
//         will no longer parse params out of a URL that doesn't contain ? or #,
//         respectively.
// 1.0.2 - (10/10/2009) Fixed an issue in IE 6/7 where the hidden IFRAME caused
//         a "This page contains both secure and nonsecure items." warning when
//         used on an https:// page.
// 1.0.1 - (10/7/2009) Fixed an issue in IE 8. Since both "IE7" and "IE8
//         Compatibility View" modes erroneously report that the browser
//         supports the native window.onhashchange event, a slightly more
//         robust test needed to be added.
// 1.0   - (10/2/2009) Initial release

(function($,window){
  '$:nomunge'; // Used by YUI compressor.
  
  // Some convenient shortcuts.
  var undefined,
    aps = Array.prototype.slice,
    decode = decodeURIComponent,
    
    // Method / object references.
    jq_param = $.param,
    jq_param_fragment,
    jq_deparam,
    jq_deparam_fragment,
    jq_bbq = $.bbq = $.bbq || {},
    jq_bbq_pushState,
    jq_bbq_getState,
    jq_elemUrlAttr,
    jq_event_special = $.event.special,
    
    // Reused strings.
    str_hashchange = 'hashchange',
    str_querystring = 'querystring',
    str_fragment = 'fragment',
    str_elemUrlAttr = 'elemUrlAttr',
    str_location = 'location',
    str_href = 'href',
    str_src = 'src',
    
    // Reused RegExp.
    re_trim_querystring = /^.*\?|#.*$/g,
    re_trim_fragment = /^.*\#/,
    re_no_escape,
    
    // Used by jQuery.elemUrlAttr.
    elemUrlAttr_cache = {};
  
  // A few commonly used bits, broken out to help reduce minified file size.
  
  function is_string( arg ) {
    return typeof arg === 'string';
  };
  
  // Why write the same function twice? Let's curry! Mmmm, curry..
  
  function curry( func ) {
    var args = aps.call( arguments, 1 );
    
    return function() {
      return func.apply( this, args.concat( aps.call( arguments ) ) );
    };
  };
  
  // Get location.hash (or what you'd expect location.hash to be) sans any
  // leading #. Thanks for making this necessary, Firefox!
  function get_fragment( url ) {
    return url.replace( /^[^#]*#?(.*)$/, '$1' );
  };
  
  // Get location.search (or what you'd expect location.search to be) sans any
  // leading #. Thanks for making this necessary, IE6!
  function get_querystring( url ) {
    return url.replace( /(?:^[^?#]*\?([^#]*).*$)?.*/, '$1' );
  };
  
  // Section: Param (to string)
  // 
  // Method: jQuery.param.querystring
  // 
  // Retrieve the query string from a URL or if no arguments are passed, the
  // current window.location.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.param.querystring( [ url ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) A URL containing query string params to be parsed. If url
  //    is not passed, the current window.location is used.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (String) The parsed query string, with any leading "?" removed.
  //
  
  // Method: jQuery.param.querystring (build url)
  // 
  // Merge a URL, with or without pre-existing query string params, plus any
  // object, params string or URL containing query string params into a new URL.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.param.querystring( url, params [, merge_mode ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) A valid URL for params to be merged into. This URL may
  //    contain a query string and/or fragment (hash).
  //  params - (String) A params string or URL containing query string params to
  //    be merged into url.
  //  params - (Object) A params object to be merged into url.
  //  merge_mode - (Number) Merge behavior defaults to 0 if merge_mode is not
  //    specified, and is as-follows:
  // 
  //    * 0: params in the params argument will override any query string
  //         params in url.
  //    * 1: any query string params in url will override params in the params
  //         argument.
  //    * 2: params argument will completely replace any query string in url.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (String) Either a params string with urlencoded data or a URL with a
  //    urlencoded query string in the format 'a=b&c=d&e=f'.
  
  // Method: jQuery.param.fragment
  // 
  // Retrieve the fragment (hash) from a URL or if no arguments are passed, the
  // current window.location.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.param.fragment( [ url ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) A URL containing fragment (hash) params to be parsed. If
  //    url is not passed, the current window.location is used.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (String) The parsed fragment (hash) string, with any leading "#" removed.
  
  // Method: jQuery.param.fragment (build url)
  // 
  // Merge a URL, with or without pre-existing fragment (hash) params, plus any
  // object, params string or URL containing fragment (hash) params into a new
  // URL.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.param.fragment( url, params [, merge_mode ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) A valid URL for params to be merged into. This URL may
  //    contain a query string and/or fragment (hash).
  //  params - (String) A params string or URL containing fragment (hash) params
  //    to be merged into url.
  //  params - (Object) A params object to be merged into url.
  //  merge_mode - (Number) Merge behavior defaults to 0 if merge_mode is not
  //    specified, and is as-follows:
  // 
  //    * 0: params in the params argument will override any fragment (hash)
  //         params in url.
  //    * 1: any fragment (hash) params in url will override params in the
  //         params argument.
  //    * 2: params argument will completely replace any query string in url.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (String) Either a params string with urlencoded data or a URL with a
  //    urlencoded fragment (hash) in the format 'a=b&c=d&e=f'.
  
  function jq_param_sub( is_fragment, get_func, url, params, merge_mode ) {
    var result,
      qs,
      matches,
      url_params,
      hash;
    
    if ( params !== undefined ) {
      // Build URL by merging params into url string.
      
      // matches[1] = url part that precedes params, not including trailing ?/#
      // matches[2] = params, not including leading ?/#
      // matches[3] = if in 'querystring' mode, hash including leading #, otherwise ''
      matches = url.match( is_fragment ? /^([^#]*)\#?(.*)$/ : /^([^#?]*)\??([^#]*)(#?.*)/ );
      
      // Get the hash if in 'querystring' mode, and it exists.
      hash = matches[3] || '';
      
      if ( merge_mode === 2 && is_string( params ) ) {
        // If merge_mode is 2 and params is a string, merge the fragment / query
        // string into the URL wholesale, without converting it into an object.
        qs = params.replace( is_fragment ? re_trim_fragment : re_trim_querystring, '' );
        
      } else {
        // Convert relevant params in url to object.
        url_params = jq_deparam( matches[2] );
        
        params = is_string( params )
          
          // Convert passed params string into object.
          ? jq_deparam[ is_fragment ? str_fragment : str_querystring ]( params )
          
          // Passed params object.
          : params;
        
        qs = merge_mode === 2 ? params                              // passed params replace url params
          : merge_mode === 1  ? $.extend( {}, params, url_params )  // url params override passed params
          : $.extend( {}, url_params, params );                     // passed params override url params
        
        // Convert params object to a string.
        qs = jq_param( qs );
        
        // Unescape characters specified via $.param.noEscape. Since only hash-
        // history users have requested this feature, it's only enabled for
        // fragment-related params strings.
        if ( is_fragment ) {
          qs = qs.replace( re_no_escape, decode );
        }
      }
      
      // Build URL from the base url, querystring and hash. In 'querystring'
      // mode, ? is only added if a query string exists. In 'fragment' mode, #
      // is always added.
      result = matches[1] + ( is_fragment ? '#' : qs || !matches[1] ? '?' : '' ) + qs + hash;
      
    } else {
      // If URL was passed in, parse params from URL string, otherwise parse
      // params from window.location.
      result = get_func( url !== undefined ? url : window[ str_location ][ str_href ] );
    }
    
    return result;
  };
  
  jq_param[ str_querystring ]                  = curry( jq_param_sub, 0, get_querystring );
  jq_param[ str_fragment ] = jq_param_fragment = curry( jq_param_sub, 1, get_fragment );
  
  // Method: jQuery.param.fragment.noEscape
  // 
  // Specify characters that will be left unescaped when fragments are created
  // or merged using <jQuery.param.fragment>, or when the fragment is modified
  // using <jQuery.bbq.pushState>. This option only applies to serialized data
  // object fragments, and not set-as-string fragments. Does not affect the
  // query string. Defaults to ",/" (comma, forward slash).
  // 
  // Note that this is considered a purely aesthetic option, and will help to
  // create URLs that "look pretty" in the address bar or bookmarks, without
  // affecting functionality in any way. That being said, be careful to not
  // unescape characters that are used as delimiters or serve a special
  // purpose, such as the "#?&=+" (octothorpe, question mark, ampersand,
  // equals, plus) characters.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.param.fragment.noEscape( [ chars ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  chars - (String) The characters to not escape in the fragment. If
  //    unspecified, defaults to empty string (escape all characters).
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  Nothing.
  
  jq_param_fragment.noEscape = function( chars ) {
    chars = chars || '';
    var arr = $.map( chars.split(''), encodeURIComponent );
    re_no_escape = new RegExp( arr.join('|'), 'g' );
  };
  
  // A sensible default. These are the characters people seem to complain about
  // "uglifying up the URL" the most.
  jq_param_fragment.noEscape( ',/' );
  
  // Section: Deparam (from string)
  // 
  // Method: jQuery.deparam
  // 
  // Deserialize a params string into an object, optionally coercing numbers,
  // booleans, null and undefined values; this method is the counterpart to the
  // internal jQuery.param method.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.deparam( params [, coerce ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  params - (String) A params string to be parsed.
  //  coerce - (Boolean) If true, coerces any numbers or true, false, null, and
  //    undefined to their actual value. Defaults to false if omitted.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (Object) An object representing the deserialized params string.
  
  $.deparam = jq_deparam = function( params, coerce ) {
    var obj = {},
      coerce_types = { 'true': !0, 'false': !1, 'null': null };
    
    // Iterate over all name=value pairs.
    $.each( params.replace( /\+/g, ' ' ).split( '&' ), function(j,v){
      var param = v.split( '=' ),
        key = decode( param[0] ),
        val,
        cur = obj,
        i = 0,
        
        // If key is more complex than 'foo', like 'a[]' or 'a[b][c]', split it
        // into its component parts.
        keys = key.split( '][' ),
        keys_last = keys.length - 1;
      
      // If the first keys part contains [ and the last ends with ], then []
      // are correctly balanced.
      if ( /\[/.test( keys[0] ) && /\]$/.test( keys[ keys_last ] ) ) {
        // Remove the trailing ] from the last keys part.
        keys[ keys_last ] = keys[ keys_last ].replace( /\]$/, '' );
        
        // Split first keys part into two parts on the [ and add them back onto
        // the beginning of the keys array.
        keys = keys.shift().split('[').concat( keys );
        
        keys_last = keys.length - 1;
      } else {
        // Basic 'foo' style key.
        keys_last = 0;
      }
      
      // Are we dealing with a name=value pair, or just a name?
      if ( param.length === 2 ) {
        val = decode( param[1] );
        
        // Coerce values.
        if ( coerce ) {
          val = val && !isNaN(val)            ? +val              // number
            : val === 'undefined'             ? undefined         // undefined
            : coerce_types[val] !== undefined ? coerce_types[val] // true, false, null
            : val;                                                // string
        }
        
        if ( keys_last ) {
          // Complex key, build deep object structure based on a few rules:
          // * The 'cur' pointer starts at the object top-level.
          // * [] = array push (n is set to array length), [n] = array if n is 
          //   numeric, otherwise object.
          // * If at the last keys part, set the value.
          // * For each keys part, if the current level is undefined create an
          //   object or array based on the type of the next keys part.
          // * Move the 'cur' pointer to the next level.
          // * Rinse & repeat.
          for ( ; i <= keys_last; i++ ) {
            key = keys[i] === '' ? cur.length : keys[i];
            cur = cur[key] = i < keys_last
              ? cur[key] || ( keys[i+1] && isNaN( keys[i+1] ) ? {} : [] )
              : val;
          }
          
        } else {
          // Simple key, even simpler rules, since only scalars and shallow
          // arrays are allowed.
          
          if ( $.isArray( obj[key] ) ) {
            // val is already an array, so push on the next value.
            obj[key].push( val );
            
          } else if ( obj[key] !== undefined ) {
            // val isn't an array, but since a second value has been specified,
            // convert val into an array.
            obj[key] = [ obj[key], val ];
            
          } else {
            // val is a scalar.
            obj[key] = val;
          }
        }
        
      } else if ( key ) {
        // No value was defined, so set something meaningful.
        obj[key] = coerce
          ? undefined
          : '';
      }
    });
    
    return obj;
  };
  
  // Method: jQuery.deparam.querystring
  // 
  // Parse the query string from a URL or the current window.location,
  // deserializing it into an object, optionally coercing numbers, booleans,
  // null and undefined values.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.deparam.querystring( [ url ] [, coerce ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) An optional params string or URL containing query string
  //    params to be parsed. If url is omitted, the current window.location
  //    is used.
  //  coerce - (Boolean) If true, coerces any numbers or true, false, null, and
  //    undefined to their actual value. Defaults to false if omitted.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (Object) An object representing the deserialized params string.
  
  // Method: jQuery.deparam.fragment
  // 
  // Parse the fragment (hash) from a URL or the current window.location,
  // deserializing it into an object, optionally coercing numbers, booleans,
  // null and undefined values.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.deparam.fragment( [ url ] [, coerce ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  url - (String) An optional params string or URL containing fragment (hash)
  //    params to be parsed. If url is omitted, the current window.location
  //    is used.
  //  coerce - (Boolean) If true, coerces any numbers or true, false, null, and
  //    undefined to their actual value. Defaults to false if omitted.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (Object) An object representing the deserialized params string.
  
  function jq_deparam_sub( is_fragment, url_or_params, coerce ) {
    if ( url_or_params === undefined || typeof url_or_params === 'boolean' ) {
      // url_or_params not specified.
      coerce = url_or_params;
      url_or_params = jq_param[ is_fragment ? str_fragment : str_querystring ]();
    } else {
      url_or_params = is_string( url_or_params )
        ? url_or_params.replace( is_fragment ? re_trim_fragment : re_trim_querystring, '' )
        : url_or_params;
    }
    
    return jq_deparam( url_or_params, coerce );
  };
  
  jq_deparam[ str_querystring ]                    = curry( jq_deparam_sub, 0 );
  jq_deparam[ str_fragment ] = jq_deparam_fragment = curry( jq_deparam_sub, 1 );
  
  // Section: Element manipulation
  // 
  // Method: jQuery.elemUrlAttr
  // 
  // Get the internal "Default URL attribute per tag" list, or augment the list
  // with additional tag-attribute pairs, in case the defaults are insufficient.
  // 
  // In the <jQuery.fn.querystring> and <jQuery.fn.fragment> methods, this list
  // is used to determine which attribute contains the URL to be modified, if
  // an "attr" param is not specified.
  // 
  // Default Tag-Attribute List:
  // 
  //  a      - href
  //  base   - href
  //  iframe - src
  //  img    - src
  //  input  - src
  //  form   - action
  //  link   - href
  //  script - src
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.elemUrlAttr( [ tag_attr ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  tag_attr - (Object) An object containing a list of tag names and their
  //    associated default attribute names in the format { tag: 'attr', ... } to
  //    be merged into the internal tag-attribute list.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (Object) An object containing all stored tag-attribute values.
  
  // Only define function and set defaults if function doesn't already exist, as
  // the urlInternal plugin will provide this method as well.
  $[ str_elemUrlAttr ] || ($[ str_elemUrlAttr ] = function( obj ) {
    return $.extend( elemUrlAttr_cache, obj );
  })({
    a: str_href,
    base: str_href,
    iframe: str_src,
    img: str_src,
    input: str_src,
    form: 'action',
    link: str_href,
    script: str_src
  });
  
  jq_elemUrlAttr = $[ str_elemUrlAttr ];
  
  // Method: jQuery.fn.querystring
  // 
  // Update URL attribute in one or more elements, merging the current URL (with
  // or without pre-existing query string params) plus any params object or
  // string into a new URL, which is then set into that attribute. Like
  // <jQuery.param.querystring (build url)>, but for all elements in a jQuery
  // collection.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery('selector').querystring( [ attr, ] params [, merge_mode ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  attr - (String) Optional name of an attribute that will contain a URL to
  //    merge params or url into. See <jQuery.elemUrlAttr> for a list of default
  //    attributes.
  //  params - (Object) A params object to be merged into the URL attribute.
  //  params - (String) A URL containing query string params, or params string
  //    to be merged into the URL attribute.
  //  merge_mode - (Number) Merge behavior defaults to 0 if merge_mode is not
  //    specified, and is as-follows:
  //    
  //    * 0: params in the params argument will override any params in attr URL.
  //    * 1: any params in attr URL will override params in the params argument.
  //    * 2: params argument will completely replace any query string in attr
  //         URL.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (jQuery) The initial jQuery collection of elements, but with modified URL
  //  attribute values.
  
  // Method: jQuery.fn.fragment
  // 
  // Update URL attribute in one or more elements, merging the current URL (with
  // or without pre-existing fragment/hash params) plus any params object or
  // string into a new URL, which is then set into that attribute. Like
  // <jQuery.param.fragment (build url)>, but for all elements in a jQuery
  // collection.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery('selector').fragment( [ attr, ] params [, merge_mode ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  attr - (String) Optional name of an attribute that will contain a URL to
  //    merge params into. See <jQuery.elemUrlAttr> for a list of default
  //    attributes.
  //  params - (Object) A params object to be merged into the URL attribute.
  //  params - (String) A URL containing fragment (hash) params, or params
  //    string to be merged into the URL attribute.
  //  merge_mode - (Number) Merge behavior defaults to 0 if merge_mode is not
  //    specified, and is as-follows:
  //    
  //    * 0: params in the params argument will override any params in attr URL.
  //    * 1: any params in attr URL will override params in the params argument.
  //    * 2: params argument will completely replace any fragment (hash) in attr
  //         URL.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (jQuery) The initial jQuery collection of elements, but with modified URL
  //  attribute values.
  
  function jq_fn_sub( mode, force_attr, params, merge_mode ) {
    if ( !is_string( params ) && typeof params !== 'object' ) {
      // force_attr not specified.
      merge_mode = params;
      params = force_attr;
      force_attr = undefined;
    }
    
    return this.each(function(){
      var that = $(this),
        
        // Get attribute specified, or default specified via $.elemUrlAttr.
        attr = force_attr || jq_elemUrlAttr()[ ( this.nodeName || '' ).toLowerCase() ] || '',
        
        // Get URL value.
        url = attr && that.attr( attr ) || '';
      
      // Update attribute with new URL.
      that.attr( attr, jq_param[ mode ]( url, params, merge_mode ) );
    });
    
  };
  
  $.fn[ str_querystring ] = curry( jq_fn_sub, str_querystring );
  $.fn[ str_fragment ]    = curry( jq_fn_sub, str_fragment );
  
  // Section: History, hashchange event
  // 
  // Method: jQuery.bbq.pushState
  // 
  // Adds a 'state' into the browser history at the current position, setting
  // location.hash and triggering any bound <hashchange event> callbacks
  // (provided the new state is different than the previous state).
  // 
  // If no arguments are passed, an empty state is created, which is just a
  // shortcut for jQuery.bbq.pushState( {}, 2 ).
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.bbq.pushState( [ params [, merge_mode ] ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  params - (String) A serialized params string or a hash string beginning
  //    with # to merge into location.hash.
  //  params - (Object) A params object to merge into location.hash.
  //  merge_mode - (Number) Merge behavior defaults to 0 if merge_mode is not
  //    specified (unless a hash string beginning with # is specified, in which
  //    case merge behavior defaults to 2), and is as-follows:
  // 
  //    * 0: params in the params argument will override any params in the
  //         current state.
  //    * 1: any params in the current state will override params in the params
  //         argument.
  //    * 2: params argument will completely replace current state.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  Nothing.
  // 
  // Additional Notes:
  // 
  //  * Setting an empty state may cause the browser to scroll.
  //  * Unlike the fragment and querystring methods, if a hash string beginning
  //    with # is specified as the params agrument, merge_mode defaults to 2.
  
  jq_bbq.pushState = jq_bbq_pushState = function( params, merge_mode ) {
    if ( is_string( params ) && /^#/.test( params ) && merge_mode === undefined ) {
      // Params string begins with # and merge_mode not specified, so completely
      // overwrite window.location.hash.
      merge_mode = 2;
    }
    
    var has_args = params !== undefined,
      // Merge params into window.location using $.param.fragment.
      url = jq_param_fragment( window[ str_location ][ str_href ],
        has_args ? params : {}, has_args ? merge_mode : 2 );
    
    // Set new window.location.href. If hash is empty, use just # to prevent
    // browser from reloading the page. Note that Safari 3 & Chrome barf on
    // location.hash = '#'.
    window[ str_location ][ str_href ] = url + ( /#/.test( url ) ? '' : '#' );
  };
  
  // Method: jQuery.bbq.getState
  // 
  // Retrieves the current 'state' from the browser history, parsing
  // location.hash for a specific key or returning an object containing the
  // entire state, optionally coercing numbers, booleans, null and undefined
  // values.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.bbq.getState( [ key ] [, coerce ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  key - (String) An optional state key for which to return a value.
  //  coerce - (Boolean) If true, coerces any numbers or true, false, null, and
  //    undefined to their actual value. Defaults to false.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  (Anything) If key is passed, returns the value corresponding with that key
  //    in the location.hash 'state', or undefined. If not, an object
  //    representing the entire 'state' is returned.
  
  jq_bbq.getState = jq_bbq_getState = function( key, coerce ) {
    return key === undefined || typeof key === 'boolean'
      ? jq_deparam_fragment( key ) // 'key' really means 'coerce' here
      : jq_deparam_fragment( coerce )[ key ];
  };
  
  // Method: jQuery.bbq.removeState
  // 
  // Remove one or more keys from the current browser history 'state', creating
  // a new state, setting location.hash and triggering any bound
  // <hashchange event> callbacks (provided the new state is different than
  // the previous state).
  // 
  // If no arguments are passed, an empty state is created, which is just a
  // shortcut for jQuery.bbq.pushState( {}, 2 ).
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > jQuery.bbq.removeState( [ key [, key ... ] ] );
  // 
  // Arguments:
  // 
  //  key - (String) One or more key values to remove from the current state,
  //    passed as individual arguments.
  //  key - (Array) A single array argument that contains a list of key values
  //    to remove from the current state.
  // 
  // Returns:
  // 
  //  Nothing.
  // 
  // Additional Notes:
  // 
  //  * Setting an empty state may cause the browser to scroll.
  
  jq_bbq.removeState = function( arr ) {
    var state = {};
    
    // If one or more arguments is passed..
    if ( arr !== undefined ) {
      
      // Get the current state.
      state = jq_bbq_getState();
      
      // For each passed key, delete the corresponding property from the current
      // state.
      $.each( $.isArray( arr ) ? arr : arguments, function(i,v){
        delete state[ v ];
      });
    }
    
    // Set the state, completely overriding any existing state.
    jq_bbq_pushState( state, 2 );
  };
  
  // Event: hashchange event (BBQ)
  // 
  // Usage in jQuery 1.4 and newer:
  // 
  // In jQuery 1.4 and newer, the event object passed into any hashchange event
  // callback is augmented with a copy of the location.hash fragment at the time
  // the event was triggered as its event.fragment property. In addition, the
  // event.getState method operates on this property (instead of location.hash)
  // which allows this fragment-as-a-state to be referenced later, even after
  // window.location may have changed.
  // 
  // Note that event.fragment and event.getState are not defined according to
  // W3C (or any other) specification, but will still be available whether or
  // not the hashchange event exists natively in the browser, because of the
  // utility they provide.
  // 
  // The event.fragment property contains the output of <jQuery.param.fragment>
  // and the event.getState method is equivalent to the <jQuery.bbq.getState>
  // method.
  // 
  // > $(window).bind( 'hashchange', function( event ) {
  // >   var hash_str = event.fragment,
  // >     param_obj = event.getState(),
  // >     param_val = event.getState( 'param_name' ),
  // >     param_val_coerced = event.getState( 'param_name', true );
  // >   ...
  // > });
  // 
  // Usage in jQuery 1.3.2:
  // 
  // In jQuery 1.3.2, the event object cannot to be augmented as in jQuery 1.4+,
  // so the fragment state isn't bound to the event object and must instead be
  // parsed using the <jQuery.param.fragment> and <jQuery.bbq.getState> methods.
  // 
  // > $(window).bind( 'hashchange', function( event ) {
  // >   var hash_str = $.param.fragment(),
  // >     param_obj = $.bbq.getState(),
  // >     param_val = $.bbq.getState( 'param_name' ),
  // >     param_val_coerced = $.bbq.getState( 'param_name', true );
  // >   ...
  // > });
  // 
  // Additional Notes:
  // 
  // * Due to changes in the special events API, jQuery BBQ v1.2 or newer is
  //   required to enable the augmented event object in jQuery 1.4.2 and newer.
  // * See <jQuery hashchange event> for more detailed information.
  
  jq_event_special[ str_hashchange ] = $.extend( jq_event_special[ str_hashchange ], {
    
    // Augmenting the event object with the .fragment property and .getState
    // method requires jQuery 1.4 or newer. Note: with 1.3.2, everything will
    // work, but the event won't be augmented)
    add: function( handleObj ) {
      var old_handler;
      
      function new_handler(e) {
        // e.fragment is set to the value of location.hash (with any leading #
        // removed) at the time the event is triggered.
        var hash = e[ str_fragment ] = jq_param_fragment();
        
        // e.getState() works just like $.bbq.getState(), but uses the
        // e.fragment property stored on the event object.
        e.getState = function( key, coerce ) {
          return key === undefined || typeof key === 'boolean'
            ? jq_deparam( hash, key ) // 'key' really means 'coerce' here
            : jq_deparam( hash, coerce )[ key ];
        };
        
        old_handler.apply( this, arguments );
      };
      
      // This may seem a little complicated, but it normalizes the special event
      // .add method between jQuery 1.4/1.4.1 and 1.4.2+
      if ( $.isFunction( handleObj ) ) {
        // 1.4, 1.4.1
        old_handler = handleObj;
        return new_handler;
      } else {
        // 1.4.2+
        old_handler = handleObj.handler;
        handleObj.handler = new_handler;
      }
    }
    
  });
  
})(jQuery,this);

/*!
 * jQuery hashchange event - v1.2 - 2/11/2010
 * http://benalman.com/projects/jquery-hashchange-plugin/
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 2010 "Cowboy" Ben Alman
 * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
 * http://benalman.com/about/license/
 */

// Script: jQuery hashchange event
//
// *Version: 1.2, Last updated: 2/11/2010*
// 
// Project Home - http://benalman.com/projects/jquery-hashchange-plugin/
// GitHub       - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-hashchange/
// Source       - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-hashchange/raw/master/jquery.ba-hashchange.js
// (Minified)   - http://github.com/cowboy/jquery-hashchange/raw/master/jquery.ba-hashchange.min.js (1.1kb)
// 
// About: License
// 
// Copyright (c) 2010 "Cowboy" Ben Alman,
// Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
// http://benalman.com/about/license/
// 
// About: Examples
// 
// This working example, complete with fully commented code, illustrate one way
// in which this plugin can be used.
// 
// hashchange event - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/examples/hashchange/
// 
// About: Support and Testing
// 
// Information about what version or versions of jQuery this plugin has been
// tested with, what browsers it has been tested in, and where the unit tests
// reside (so you can test it yourself).
// 
// jQuery Versions - 1.3.2, 1.4.1, 1.4.2
// Browsers Tested - Internet Explorer 6-8, Firefox 2-3.7, Safari 3-4, Chrome, Opera 9.6-10.1.
// Unit Tests      - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/unit/
// 
// About: Known issues
// 
// While this jQuery hashchange event implementation is quite stable and robust,
// there are a few unfortunate browser bugs surrounding expected hashchange
// event-based behaviors, independent of any JavaScript window.onhashchange
// abstraction. See the following examples for more information:
// 
// Chrome: Back Button - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/examples/bug-chrome-back-button/
// Firefox: Remote XMLHttpRequest - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/examples/bug-firefox-remote-xhr/
// WebKit: Back Button in an Iframe - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/examples/bug-webkit-hash-iframe/
// Safari: Back Button from a different domain - http://benalman.com/code/projects/jquery-hashchange/examples/bug-safari-back-from-diff-domain/
// 
// About: Release History
// 
// 1.2   - (2/11/2010) Fixed a bug where coming back to a page using this plugin
//         from a page on another domain would cause an error in Safari 4. Also,
//         IE6/7 Iframe is now inserted after the body (this actually works),
//         which prevents the page from scrolling when the event is first bound.
//         Event can also now be bound before DOM ready, but it won't be usable
//         before then in IE6/7.
// 1.1   - (1/21/2010) Incorporated document.documentMode test to fix IE8 bug
//         where browser version is incorrectly reported as 8.0, despite
//         inclusion of the X-UA-Compatible IE=EmulateIE7 meta tag.
// 1.0   - (1/9/2010) Initial Release. Broke out the jQuery BBQ event.special
//         window.onhashchange functionality into a separate plugin for users
//         who want just the basic event & back button support, without all the
//         extra awesomeness that BBQ provides. This plugin will be included as
//         part of jQuery BBQ, but also be available separately.

(function($,window,undefined){
  '$:nomunge'; // Used by YUI compressor.
  
  // Method / object references.
  var fake_onhashchange,
    jq_event_special = $.event.special,
    
    // Reused strings.
    str_location = 'location',
    str_hashchange = 'hashchange',
    str_href = 'href',
    
    // IE6/7 specifically need some special love when it comes to back-button
    // support, so let's do a little browser sniffing..
    browser = $.browser,
    mode = document.documentMode,
    is_old_ie = browser.msie && ( mode === undefined || mode < 8 ),
    
    // Does the browser support window.onhashchange? Test for IE version, since
    // IE8 incorrectly reports this when in "IE7" or "IE8 Compatibility View"!
    supports_onhashchange = 'on' + str_hashchange in window && !is_old_ie;
  
  // Get location.hash (or what you'd expect location.hash to be) sans any
  // leading #. Thanks for making this necessary, Firefox!
  function get_fragment( url ) {
    url = url || window[ str_location ][ str_href ];
    return url.replace( /^[^#]*#?(.*)$/, '$1' );
  };
  
  // Property: jQuery.hashchangeDelay
  // 
  // The numeric interval (in milliseconds) at which the <hashchange event>
  // polling loop executes. Defaults to 100.
  
  $[ str_hashchange + 'Delay' ] = 100;
  
  // Event: hashchange event
  // 
  // Fired when location.hash changes. In browsers that support it, the native
  // window.onhashchange event is used (IE8, FF3.6), otherwise a polling loop is
  // initialized, running every <jQuery.hashchangeDelay> milliseconds to see if
  // the hash has changed. In IE 6 and 7, a hidden Iframe is created to allow
  // the back button and hash-based history to work.
  // 
  // Usage:
  // 
  // > $(window).bind( 'hashchange', function(e) {
  // >   var hash = location.hash;
  // >   ...
  // > });
  // 
  // Additional Notes:
  // 
  // * The polling loop and Iframe are not created until at least one callback
  //   is actually bound to 'hashchange'.
  // * If you need the bound callback(s) to execute immediately, in cases where
  //   the page 'state' exists on page load (via bookmark or page refresh, for
  //   example) use $(window).trigger( 'hashchange' );
  // * The event can be bound before DOM ready, but since it won't be usable
  //   before then in IE6/7 (due to the necessary Iframe), recommended usage is
  //   to bind it inside a $(document).ready() callback.
  
  jq_event_special[ str_hashchange ] = $.extend( jq_event_special[ str_hashchange ], {
    
    // Called only when the first 'hashchange' event is bound to window.
    setup: function() {
      // If window.onhashchange is supported natively, there's nothing to do..
      if ( supports_onhashchange ) { return false; }
      
      // Otherwise, we need to create our own. And we don't want to call this
      // until the user binds to the event, just in case they never do, since it
      // will create a polling loop and possibly even a hidden Iframe.
      $( fake_onhashchange.start );
    },
    
    // Called only when the last 'hashchange' event is unbound from window.
    teardown: function() {
      // If window.onhashchange is supported natively, there's nothing to do..
      if ( supports_onhashchange ) { return false; }
      
      // Otherwise, we need to stop ours (if possible).
      $( fake_onhashchange.stop );
    }
    
  });
  
  // fake_onhashchange does all the work of triggering the window.onhashchange
  // event for browsers that don't natively support it, including creating a
  // polling loop to watch for hash changes and in IE 6/7 creating a hidden
  // Iframe to enable back and forward.
  fake_onhashchange = (function(){
    var self = {},
      timeout_id,
      iframe,
      set_history,
      get_history;
    
    // Initialize. In IE 6/7, creates a hidden Iframe for history handling.
    function init(){
      // Most browsers don't need special methods here..
      set_history = get_history = function(val){ return val; };
      
      // But IE6/7 do!
      if ( is_old_ie ) {
        
        // Create hidden Iframe after the end of the body to prevent initial
        // page load from scrolling unnecessarily.
        iframe = $('<iframe src="javascript:0"/>').hide().insertAfter( 'body' )[0].contentWindow;
        
        // Get history by looking at the hidden Iframe's location.hash.
        get_history = function() {
          return get_fragment( iframe.document[ str_location ][ str_href ] );
        };
        
        // Set a new history item by opening and then closing the Iframe
        // document, *then* setting its location.hash.
        set_history = function( hash, history_hash ) {
          if ( hash !== history_hash ) {
            var doc = iframe.document;
            doc.open().close();
            doc[ str_location ].hash = '#' + hash;
          }
        };
        
        // Set initial history.
        set_history( get_fragment() );
      }
    };
    
    // Start the polling loop.
    self.start = function() {
      // Polling loop is already running!
      if ( timeout_id ) { return; }
      
      // Remember the initial hash so it doesn't get triggered immediately.
      var last_hash = get_fragment();
      
      // Initialize if not yet initialized.
      set_history || init();
      
      // This polling loop checks every $.hashchangeDelay milliseconds to see if
      // location.hash has changed, and triggers the 'hashchange' event on
      // window when necessary.
      (function loopy(){
        var hash = get_fragment(),
          history_hash = get_history( last_hash );
        
        if ( hash !== last_hash ) {
          set_history( last_hash = hash, history_hash );
          
          $(window).trigger( str_hashchange );
          
        } else if ( history_hash !== last_hash ) {
          window[ str_location ][ str_href ] = window[ str_location ][ str_href ].replace( /#.*/, '' ) + '#' + history_hash;
        }
        
        timeout_id = setTimeout( loopy, $[ str_hashchange + 'Delay' ] );
      })();
    };
    
    // Stop the polling loop, but only if an IE6/7 Iframe wasn't created. In
    // that case, even if there are no longer any bound event handlers, the
    // polling loop is still necessary for back/next to work at all!
    self.stop = function() {
      if ( !iframe ) {
        timeout_id && clearTimeout( timeout_id );
        timeout_id = 0;
      }
    };
    
    return self;
  })();
  
})(jQuery,this);