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Modele_Daniele_IBM_0.8.nlogo
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globals [
grass ;; keep track of how much plants there is
;;initialisation of lists of agents counts and means for graph smoothing functions
list_count_trees
mean_count_trees
list_count_coccinelles
mean_count_coccinelles
list_count_pucerons
mean_count_pucerons
pesticides?
pesticides_duree
]
;; pucerons and coccinelles are both breeds of turtle.
breed [pucerons puceron] ;; pucerons is its own plural, so we use "puceron" as the singular.
breed [coccinelles coccinelle]
breed [trees tree]
turtles-own [energy] ;; both coccinelles and pucerons have energy
patches-own [
countdown
alive
]
to setup
clear-all
ask patches [
set pcolor 52
set alive false
;create-tree
]
crt patchNumber [
setxy random-xcor random-ycor
set color one-of (list 52 44 33)
]
ask patches [
set pcolor [color] of min-one-of turtles [distance myself]
if pcolor = 44 [set alive true]
]
ask turtles [die]
create-tree
;; check GRASS? switch.
;; if it is true, then grass grows and the pucerons eat it
;; if it false, then the pucerons don't need to eat
if Consommation_des_plantes? [
ask patches [
set countdown random Temps_De_Guérison ;; initialize grass grow clocks randomly
;set pcolor one-of [green brown]
set alive one-of [true false]
if alive = true [ask trees-here [die]]
]
]
set-default-shape pucerons "bug"
create-pucerons initial-number-pucerons ;; create the pucerons, then initialize their variables
[
set color gray
set size 1.5 ;; easier to see
set label-color blue - 2
set energy random (2 * pucerons-gain-from-food)
setxy random-xcor random-ycor
]
set-default-shape coccinelles "ladybug"
create-coccinelles initial-number-coccinelles ;; create the coccinelles, then initialize their variables
[
set color red
set size 2 ;; easier to see
set energy random (2 * coccinelles-gain-from-food)
setxy random-xcor random-ycor
]
set grass count patches with [alive = true]
set list_count_trees list 0 0
set list_count_coccinelles list 0 0
set list_count_pucerons list 0 0
set pesticides? false
set pesticides_duree 0
reset-ticks
end
to go
;if count coccinelles + count pucerons = 0 [ stop ]
ask pucerons [
move
if Consommation_des_plantes? [
set energy energy - 1 ;; deduct energy for pucerons only if grass? switch is on
eat-grass
]
death
reproduce-pucerons
]
ask coccinelles [
move
set energy energy - 1 ;; coccinelles lose energy as they move
catch-pucerons
death
reproduce-coccinelles
]
pesticides
if Consommation_des_plantes? [ ask patches [ grow-grass ] ]
set grass count patches with [alive = true]
calculate-means-over-time
tick
;progress
if Limite_De_Temps? and ticks > Limite [stop]
end
to move ;; turtle procedure
rt random 50
lt random 50
fd 1
end
to eat-grass ;; pucerons procedure
;; pucerons eat grass, turn the patch brown
if [alive] of patch-here = true and [pcolor] of patch-here = 44 [
;set pcolor brown
set alive false
ask trees-here [die]
set energy energy + pucerons-gain-from-food ;; pucerons gain energy by eating
]
end
to reproduce-pucerons ;; pucerons procedure
; if random-float 100 < pucerons-reproduce [ ;; throw "dice" to see if you will reproduce
; set energy (energy / 2) ;; divide energy between parent and offspring
; hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ;; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step
; ]
if energy > pucerons-reproduce [
set energy (energy / 2) ;; divide energy between parent and offspring
hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ;; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step
]
end
to reproduce-coccinelles ;; coccinelle procedure
; if random-float 100 < coccinelle-reproduce [ ;; throw "dice" to see if you will reproduce
; set energy (energy / 2) ;; divide energy between parent and offspring
; hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ;; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step
; ]
if energy > coccinelles-reproduce [
set energy (energy / 2) ;; divide energy between parent and offspring
hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ;; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step
]
end
to catch-pucerons ;; coccinelle procedure
let prey one-of pucerons-here ;; grab a random pucerons
if prey != nobody ;; did we get one? if so,
[ ask prey [ die ] ;; kill it
set energy energy + coccinelles-gain-from-food ] ;; get energy from eating
end
to death ;; turtle procedure
;; when energy dips below zero, die
if energy < 0 [ die ]
end
to grow-grass ;; patch procedure
;; countdown on brown patches: if reach 0, grow some grass
if alive = false and pcolor = 44 [
ifelse countdown <= 0
[ ;set pcolor green
set alive true
create-tree-ongoing
set countdown Temps_De_Guérison ]
[ set countdown countdown - 1 ]
]
end
to create-tree
ask patches with [pcolor = 44] [
sprout-trees 1 [
set shape "tree"
set color green
ifelse Consommation_des_plantes? [set size 1.5] [set size 1]
]
]
end
to create-tree-ongoing
sprout-trees 1 [
set shape "tree"
set color green
ifelse Consommation_des_plantes? [set size 1.5] [set size 1]
]
end
to progress2
let mmax 270000
file-close
file-open "log_behaviorspace.txt"
let tt 1
while [file-at-end? = false] [set tt read-from-string file-read-line]
;set tt file-read-line
print tt
print precision ((tt / mmax) * 100) 4
set tt tt + 1
file-close
file-open "log_behaviorspace.txt"
file-print tt
file-close
end
to progress
let mmax 270000
file-close
file-open "log_behaviorspace.txt"
let tt 1
set tt read-from-string file-read-line
print tt
print precision ((tt / mmax) * 100) 4
set tt tt + 1
file-close
file-delete "log_behaviorspace.txt"
file-open "log_behaviorspace.txt"
file-write tt
file-close
end
to calculate-means-over-time
;trees----------------------------------------------
set list_count_trees lput count trees list_count_trees
if (length list_count_trees > smooth ) [
let depassement (length list_count_trees - smooth)
repeat depassement [ set list_count_trees remove-item 0 list_count_trees]
]
if (length list_count_trees != 0) [ set mean_count_trees mean list_count_trees ]
;trees----------------------------------------------
set list_count_coccinelles lput count coccinelles list_count_coccinelles
if (length list_count_coccinelles > smooth ) [
let depassement (length list_count_coccinelles - smooth)
repeat depassement [ set list_count_coccinelles remove-item 0 list_count_coccinelles]
]
if (length list_count_coccinelles != 0) [ set mean_count_coccinelles mean list_count_coccinelles ]
;trees----------------------------------------------
set list_count_pucerons lput count pucerons list_count_pucerons
if (length list_count_pucerons > smooth ) [
let depassement (length list_count_pucerons - smooth)
repeat depassement [ set list_count_pucerons remove-item 0 list_count_pucerons]
]
if (length list_count_pucerons != 0) [ set mean_count_pucerons mean list_count_pucerons ]
end
to pesticides
set pesticides_duree pesticides_duree + 1
if pesticides? = true [
ask pucerons [set energy energy - round (energy * intensité)]
ask coccinelles [set energy energy - round (energy * intensité)]
]
if pesticides_duree >= remanence [set pesticides? false]
end
@#$#@#$#@
GRAPHICS-WINDOW
778
13
974
210
-1
-1
3.7
1
14
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
-25
25
-25
25
0
0
1
ticks
30.0
SLIDER
12
52
207
85
initial-number-pucerons
initial-number-pucerons
0
250
100.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
1387
16
1582
49
pucerons-gain-from-food
pucerons-gain-from-food
0.0
50.0
4.0
1.0
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
1387
51
1582
84
pucerons-reproduce
pucerons-reproduce
10
20
15.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
214
52
420
85
initial-number-coccinelles
initial-number-coccinelles
0
250
50.0
50
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
1589
16
1795
49
coccinelles-gain-from-food
coccinelles-gain-from-food
10
100
30.0
10
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
1589
52
1795
85
coccinelles-reproduce
coccinelles-reproduce
10
20
20.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SWITCH
1403
152
1639
185
Consommation_des_plantes?
Consommation_des_plantes?
0
1
-1000
SLIDER
1640
152
1852
185
Temps_De_Guérison
Temps_De_Guérison
0
100
10.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
BUTTON
517
20
766
53
<-- PREPARER <--
setup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
517
56
767
89
--> SIMULER ! -->
go
T
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
0
PLOT
4
288
568
713
populations
time
pop.
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Pucerons" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot count pucerons"
"Coccinelles" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot count coccinelles"
"Arbres (/ 4)" 1.0 0 -10899396 true "" "if Consommation_des_plantes? [ plot grass / 4 ]"
MONITOR
1463
662
1537
707
pucerons
count pucerons
3
1
11
MONITOR
1463
707
1537
752
coccinelles
count coccinelles
3
1
11
MONITOR
1463
753
1537
798
Plantes
grass
0
1
11
TEXTBOX
12
23
233
53
Propriétés des puçerons\n----------------------------------
14
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
214
22
451
56
Propriétés des coccinelles\n-----------------------------
14
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
1403
115
1618
146
Propriétés des plantes\n-------------------------------
14
0.0
1
BUTTON
14
140
219
173
Ajouter 50 coccinelles (test)
create-coccinelles 50 ;; create the wolves, then initialize their variables\n [\n set color red\n set size 2 ;; easier to see\n set energy random (2 * coccinelles-gain-from-food)\n setxy random-xcor random-ycor\n ]
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
SWITCH
4
981
190
1014
Limite_De_Temps?
Limite_De_Temps?
1
1
-1000
BUTTON
517
102
768
135
Retour Configuration standard
set initial-number-coccinelles 50\nset coccinelles-gain-from-food 20\nset coccinelles-reproduce 15\nset initial-number-pucerons 100\nset pucerons-gain-from-food 4\nset pucerons-reproduce 15\nset Consommation_des_plantes? true\nset Temps_De_Guérison 10
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
TEXTBOX
489
22
512
46
1[
20
14.0
1
TEXTBOX
489
58
512
84
2[
20
14.0
1
PLOT
570
288
1323
714
Populations (lissage)
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Arbres (/4)" 1.0 0 -13210332 true "" "plot mean_count_trees / 4"
"Coccinelles" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot mean_count_coccinelles"
"Pucerons" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot mean_count_pucerons"
SLIDER
370
983
542
1016
smooth
smooth
0
1000
100.0
100
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
195
982
367
1015
Limite
Limite
0
10000
2000.0
500
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
BUTTON
14
177
219
212
Tuer coccinelles
ask coccinelles [die]
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
225
178
404
212
Tuer pucerons
ask pucerons [die]
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
225
140
404
173
Ajouter 10 pucerons
create-pucerons 10 ;; create the pucerons, then initialize their variables\n [\n set color gray\n set size 1.5 ;; easier to see\n set label-color blue - 2\n set energy random (2 * pucerons-gain-from-food)\n setxy random-xcor random-ycor\n ]
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
14
213
218
247
Tuer les plantes
ask patches [set alive false]\nask trees [die]
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
TEXTBOX
14
107
228
141
Tests!\n------------------------------------
14
0.0
1
SLIDER
410
214
572
247
Intensité
Intensité
0
1
0.2
0.1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
BUTTON
225
214
404
247
pesticides
set pesticides_duree 0\nset pesticides? true
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
SLIDER
410
248
572
281
remanence
remanence
0
100
20.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
1013
70
1185
103
patchNumber
patchNumber
0
100
20.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?
This model explores the stability of predator-prey ecosystems. Such a system is called unstable if it tends to result in extinction for one or more species involved. In contrast, a system is stable if it tends to maintain itself over time, despite fluctuations in population sizes.
## HOW IT WORKS
There are two main variations to this model.
In the first variation, wolves and sheep wander randomly around the landscape, while the wolves look for sheep to prey on. Each step costs the wolves energy, and they must eat sheep in order to replenish their energy - when they run out of energy they die. To allow the population to continue, each wolf or sheep has a fixed probability of reproducing at each time step. This variation produces interesting population dynamics, but is ultimately unstable.
The second variation includes grass (green) in addition to wolves and sheep. The behavior of the wolves is identical to the first variation, however this time the sheep must eat grass in order to maintain their energy - when they run out of energy they die. Once grass is eaten it will only regrow after a fixed amount of time. This variation is more complex than the first, but it is generally stable.
The construction of this model is described in two papers by Wilensky & Reisman referenced below.
## HOW TO USE IT
1. Set the GRASS? switch to TRUE to include grass in the model, or to FALSE to only include wolves (red) and sheep (white).
2. Adjust the slider parameters (see below), or use the default settings.
3. Press the SETUP button.
4. Press the GO button to begin the simulation.
5. Look at the monitors to see the current population sizes
6. Look at the POPULATIONS plot to watch the populations fluctuate over time
Parameters:
INITIAL-NUMBER-SHEEP: The initial size of sheep population
INITIAL-NUMBER-WOLVES: The initial size of wolf population
SHEEP-GAIN-FROM-FOOD: The amount of energy sheep get for every grass patch eaten
WOLF-GAIN-FROM-FOOD: The amount of energy wolves get for every sheep eaten
SHEEP-REPRODUCE: The probability of a sheep reproducing at each time step
WOLF-REPRODUCE: The probability of a wolf reproducing at each time step
GRASS?: Whether or not to include grass in the model
GRASS-REGROWTH-TIME: How long it takes for grass to regrow once it is eaten
SHOW-ENERGY?: Whether or not to show the energy of each animal as a number
Notes:
- one unit of energy is deducted for every step a wolf takes
- when grass is included, one unit of energy is deducted for every step a sheep takes
## THINGS TO NOTICE
When grass is not included, watch as the sheep and wolf populations fluctuate. Notice that increases and decreases in the sizes of each population are related. In what way are they related? What eventually happens?
Once grass is added, notice the green line added to the population plot representing fluctuations in the amount of grass. How do the sizes of the three populations appear to relate now? What is the explanation for this?
Why do you suppose that some variations of the model might be stable while others are not?
## THINGS TO TRY
Try adjusting the parameters under various settings. How sensitive is the stability of the model to the particular parameters?
Can you find any parameters that generate a stable ecosystem that includes only wolves and sheep?
Try setting GRASS? to TRUE, but setting INITIAL-NUMBER-WOLVES to 0. This gives a stable ecosystem with only sheep and grass. Why might this be stable while the variation with only sheep and wolves is not?
Notice that under stable settings, the populations tend to fluctuate at a predictable pace. Can you find any parameters that will speed this up or slow it down?
Try changing the reproduction rules -- for example, what would happen if reproduction depended on energy rather than being determined by a fixed probability?
## EXTENDING THE MODEL
There are a number ways to alter the model so that it will be stable with only wolves and sheep (no grass). Some will require new elements to be coded in or existing behaviors to be changed. Can you develop such a version?
## NETLOGO FEATURES
Note the use of breeds to model two different kinds of "turtles": wolves and sheep. Note the use of patches to model grass.
Note use of the ONE-OF agentset reporter to select a random sheep to be eaten by a wolf.
## RELATED MODELS
Look at Rabbits Grass Weeds for another model of interacting populations with different rules.
## CREDITS AND REFERENCES
Wilensky, U. & Reisman, K. (1999). Connected Science: Learning Biology through Constructing and Testing Computational Theories -- an Embodied Modeling Approach. International Journal of Complex Systems, M. 234, pp. 1 - 12. (This model is a slightly extended version of the model described in the paper.)
Wilensky, U. & Reisman, K. (2006). Thinking like a Wolf, a Sheep or a Firefly: Learning Biology through Constructing and Testing Computational Theories -- an Embodied Modeling Approach. Cognition & Instruction, 24(2), pp. 171-209. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/papers/wolfsheep.pdf
## HOW TO CITE
If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include these citations for the model itself and for the NetLogo software:
* Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Wolf Sheep Predation model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/WolfSheepPredation. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
* Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky.
![CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at [email protected].
This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612.
This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 2000.
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