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+---
+simd: '0165'
+title: Async Vote Execution
+authors:
+  - Wen Xu
+category: Standard
+type: Core
+status: Idea
+created: 2024-08-11
+feature: null
+supersedes: null
+superseded-by: null
+extends: null
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+Optimistically execute all vote transactions in a block to determine fork
+selection in consensus early on, before all the transactions in the block
+are fully executed and the actual fee payers for vote transactions are
+checked.
+
+This allows us to more quickly converge on one chain of blocks, so that
+validators don't have to execute any blocks not on selected fork. This saves
+CPU and memory resource needed in replay, it also ensures that the cluster
+will have fewer forks that are caused by slow transaction execution.
+
+## Motivation
+
+Currently the vote transactions and non-vote transactions are mixed together in
+a block, a block is considered in consensus only after the whole block has been
+frozen and all transactions in the block have been verified and executed. This
+is a problem because slow running non-vote transactions may affect affect the
+ability of consensus to pick the correct fork. It may also mean that the leader
+will more often build on a minority fork so the blocks it packed will be
+discarded later.
+
+With different hardware and running environment, there will always be some
+difference on speed of transaction execution between validators. Generally
+speaking, because vote transactions are so simple, the variation between vote
+execution should be smaller than that between non-vote executions. Also the
+vote transactions are very simple and lock-free, so they normally execute
+faster than non-vote transactions. Therefore, if we only execute vote
+transactions in a block before voting on the block, it is more likely
+validators can reach consensus faster.
+
+Even with async vote execution, forks can still happen because of
+various other situations, like network partitions or mis-configured validators.
+This work just reduces the chances of forks caused by variance in non-vote
+transaction executions.
+
+The non-vote transactions do need to be executed eventually. Even though it's
+hard to make sure everyone executes every block within 400ms, on average
+majority of the cluster should be able to keep up.
+
+## Alternatives Considered
+
+### Separating vote and non-vote transactions into different domains
+
+An earlier proposal of Async Execution proposes that we separate vote and
+non-vote transactions into different domains, so that we can execute them
+independently. The main concerns were:
+
+* We need to introduce one bit in AccountsDB for every account, this
+complicates the implementation
+
+* Topping off the vote fee payer accounts becomes difficult. We need to add a
+bounce account to move fees from user domain to vote domain, and the process
+may take one epoch
+
+## New Terminology
+
+* `Vote Only Bankhash`: The hash calculated after executing only vote
+transactions in a block without checking fee payers. The exact calculation
+algorithm is listed in next section.
+* `Replay Tip Bankhash`: The bankhash as we know it today. It is calculated
+after executing all transactions in a block, checking fee payers for all.
+
+## Detailed Design
+
+### Allow leader to skip execution of transactions (Bankless Leader)
+
+There is already on-going effort to totally skip execution of all transactions
+when leader pack new blocks. See SIMD 82, SIMD 83, and related trackers:
+https://github.com/anza-xyz/agave/issues/2502
+
+Theoretically we could reap some benefit without Bankless Leader, the leader
+packs as normal, while other validators only replay votes first, then later
+execute other transactions and compare with the bankhash of the leader. But in
+such a setup we gain smaller speedup without much benefits, it is a possible
+route during rollouts though.
+
+### Calculate vote only hash executing votes only and vote on selected forks
+
+Two new fields will be added to `TowerSync` vote transaction:
+
+* `replay_tip_hash`: This is the hash as we know it today.
+* `replay_tip_slot`: This is the slot where the replay tip hash is calculated.
+
+The `hash` and `slot` in the `TowerSync` transaction will be updated to
+the vote only hash. The vote only hash is calculated as follows:
+
+1. Sort all vote accounts with non-zero stake in the current or previous
+epoch by vote account pubkey.
+
+2. Calculate vote account hash by calculating sha256 hash of (vote account
+pubkey, serialized vote state) in the order given.
+
+3. Calculate vote only hash by calculating sha256 hash of the following in
+the given order:
+
+* vote only hash of the parent bank
+* vote account hash calculated above
+* block-id of the current bank
+
+This step is optimistic in the sense that validators do not check the fee
+payers when executing the vote transactions in a block. They assume vote
+transactions will not fail due to insufficient fees, apply the execution
+results to select the correct fork, then immediately vote on the bank with
+only the hash result of the vote transactions.
+
+This is safe because the list of validators and their corresponding stake
+uses the leader scheduler epoch stakes, which is calculated at the beginning
+of last Epoch. Because full execution is never behind the optimistic execution
+by more than one Epoch, the epoch stakes used is stable and correct.
+
+To make sure the vote casted would be the same as that after replaying the
+whole block, we need to be consistent on whether we mark the block dead, so
+that the ephemeral hash vote doesn't vote on a block which will be marked
+dead later. Currently a block can be dead for the following reasons:
+
+1. Unable to load data from blockstore
+2. Invalid block (wrong number of ticks, duplicate block, bad last fec, etc)
+3. Invalid transaction
+
+For the first two, the same check can be performed computing vote only
+hash. We will add a new check that the new root must be vote only replayed
+and fully replayed, this may mean the tower has more than 32 slots
+occasionally.
+
+The only operation we can't check is invalid transaction, since we will skip
+all non-vote transaction execution, there is no way we can check for validity
+of those. The intention of this check was to prevent spams. We will remove
+this check and rely on economic incentives so that the leader can perform
+appropriate checks.
+
+The vote only execution will operate exclusively on replicated vote states
+stored outside the accounts DB, so vote only execution and full execution can
+happen asynchronously in any order. The vote authority of each vote account
+will be copied from accounts DB at the beginning of each epoch, this means
+in the future vote authority change will take two epochs instead of one
+epoch.
+
+### Replay the full block on selected forks asynchronously
+
+There is no protocol enforced order of block replay for various validator
+implemenations, new vote transactions could be sent when the vote only hash
+or replay tip hash changes.
+
+Once a validator has determined the fork it will vote on, it can prioritize
+replaying blocks on the selected fork. The replay process is the same as today,
+all transactions (vote and non-vote) will be executed to determine the final
+bankhash. The computed bankhash will be attached to vote instructions. So we
+can still detect non-determinism (same of set of instructions leading to
+different results) like today, only that maybe at a later time.
+
+To guarantee the blockchain will halt when full replay is having problems, we
+propose:
+
+1. If full replay is behind vote only replay by more than 1/2 epoch or vice
+versa, stop producing new blocks until the lagging replay catches up. Also set
+up monitoring if the distance between two replays are growing larger.
+
+2. If more than 1/3 of the validators send a different final hash for a block
+with the same vote only hash, panic and prompt for further debugging.
+
+In this step the validators will check the fee payers of vote transactions. So
+each vote transaction is executed twice: once in the optimistic voting stage
+*without* checking fee payer, and once in this stage *with* checking fee payer.
+If a staked validator does not have vote fee covered for specific votes, we
+will not accept the vote today, while in the future we accept the vote in fork
+selection, but does not actually give vote credits because the transaction
+failed.
+
+### Enable Async Vote Executions
+
+1. The leader will no longer execute any transactions before broadcasting
+the block it packed. We do have block-id (Merkle tree root) to ensure
+everyone receives the same block.
+2. Upon receiving a new block, the validator executes only the vote
+transactions without checking the fee payers. The result is immediately
+applied in consensus to select a fork. Then votes are sent out for the
+selected fork with the `Vote only bankhash` for the tip of the fork and the
+most recent `Replay tip bankhash`. Note that the fork selection will only
+be picked based on most recent `Vote only bankhash` and associated slot.
+The EpochSlots will also be updated when the banks have completed vote
+only replay. `Replay tip bankhash` is used mostly for commitmment aggregation
+and security checks described below.
+3. The blocks on the selected forks are scheduled to be replayed. When
+a block is replayed, all transactions are executed with fee payers checked.
+This is the same as the replay we use today.
+4. Optimisticly confirmed or finalized on `Vote only bankhash` and `Replay tip
+bankhash` will be both exposed through RPC so users can select accordingly.
+5. Add assertion that confirmed `Replay tip bankhash` is not too far away from
+the confirmed `Vote only bankhash` (currently proposed at 1/2 of the Epoch)
+6. Add alerts if `Replay tip bankhash` differs when the `Vote only bankhash` is
+the same. This is potentially an event worthy of cluster restart. If more than
+1/3 of the validators claim a different `Replay tip bankhash`, halt and exit.
+
+### User visible changes
+
+Because we confirm or finalize blocks based on `Vote only bankhash`, the
+following changes will be visible to users:
+
+1. New RPC Commitmment Levels:
+
+Right now we have 3 commitmment levels users can specify in RPC:
+Processed/Confirmed/Finalized. These commitmment will be calculated based on
+`Vote only bankhash`. There will be two additional commitmment levels:
+
+* ReplayTipConfirmed: The highest slot where supermajority of the cluster
+voted on with the same `Replay Tip Bankhash`. Votes with invalid fee payers
+still count toward this confirmation level.
+* ReplayTipFinalized: The highest slot where the block is Finalized and
+ReplayTipConfirmed, recognized by a supermajority of the cluster.
+
+2. Feature activation:
+
+Feature activations where the vote program isn't affected still work as
+before. Feature activations where vote program is affected will require
+two epochs to activate. When a feature affecting vote program is activated
+across block boundary, we can be sure the feature is activated only when
+the first block in the epoch is fully replayed and confirmed. Because the
+`Replay tip` block is never more than one Epoch away from `Vote only tip`,
+it's safe to assume vote program related feature is activated after one
+full epoch.
+
+## Impact
+
+Since we will eliminate the impact of non-vote transaction execution speed,
+we should expect to see fewer forking and late blocks.
+
+## Security Considerations
+
+We do need to monitor and address the possibility of bankhash mismatches
+when the tip of the fork is far away from the slot where bankhash mismatch
+happened.
+
+## Backward Compatibility
+
+Most of the changes would require feature gates.