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Measuring students’ contributions in software development projects using Git metrics: Technical report

Table of contents

Application development for mobile devices

Project M2017i

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 1 8.5 19 9.89 22.5 61 16.63
Merges 0 0 2 4.37 6 18 5.20
Churn 73 2551 7583 8608 11080 32074 8770.05

Contributions of students in the project for M2017i

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2985 0.4629 0.3593
Gini index 0.4238 0.5961 0.4951
Theil index 0.3023 0.2744 0.4237
20/20 ratio 11.6250 NA 16.5759
Palma ratio 2.1273 7.7500 3.5971
50/50 ratio 3.5632 9.6250 5.0448
Team-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 47 47.75 90.5 94.5 137.25 150 54.71
Merges 8 8.75 11.5 20.75 23.5 52 21
Churn 27394 27618 39365 40886 52634 57421 15626.74

Pareto chart of teams in the project for M2017i

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2487 0.3886 0.1621
Gini index 0.2540 0.4187 0.1724
Theil index 0.1296 0.3431 0.0546
20/20 ratio 3.0851 6.6250 2.0900
Palma ratio 1.5263 3.1176 1.0362
50/50 ratio 2.9789 3.8824 1.9599
Developer-Team
  • Team #1
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 1 7 10 9.6 11 19 6.54
Merges 0 2 2 1.8 2 3 1.1
Churn 73 2156 2704 5479 9183 13278 5534.25
  • Team #2
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 3 5 7 9.4 13 19 6.54
Merges 0 0 0 1.6 2 6 2.61
Churn 885 2191 2911 10208 12977 32074 13136.08
  • Team #3
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 11 21 23 30 39 56 17.66
Merges 0 0 3 2.8 5 6 2.77
Churn 3928 7888 8340 11484 8912 28353 9631.81
  • Team #4
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 20 21.5 26 33.25 37.75 61 19
Merges 9 11.25 12.5 13 14.25 18 3.74
Churn 2398 3210 5532 6923 9245 14230 5358.82

Pareto chart of students within their team for M2017i

  • Team #1
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2333 0.2000 0.4199
Gini index 0.3333 0.2667 0.4882
Theil index 0.2167 0.0174 0.4476
20/20 ratio 19.0000 NA 181.8904
Palma ratio 2.3750 1.5000 5.9569
50/50 ratio 2.2222 1.7500 5.1014
  • Team #2
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2809 0.6000 0.4827
Gini index 0.3404 0.7000 0.5734
Theil index 0.1902 0.1308 0.6005
20/20 ratio 6.3333 NA 36.2418
Palma ratio 2.3750 NA 10.4272
50/50 ratio 2.6000 NA 8.0110
  • Team #3
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2333 0.4000 0.2938
Gini index 0.2880 0.4857 0.3474
Theil index 0.1370 0.0377 0.2354
20/20 ratio 5.0909 NA 7.2182
Palma ratio 1.7500 NA 2.3995
50/50 ratio 2.1455 4.6667 2.2626
  • Team #4
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2086 0.0962 0.2877
Gini index 0.2462 0.1346 0.3575
Theil index 0.1104 0.0305 0.2169
20/20 ratio 3.0500 2.0000 5.9341
Palma ratio 1.4524 0.8571 2.4205
50/50 ratio 2.1667 1.4762 3.7103

Inter-decile ratios of students within their team for M2017i

Distribution of contributions over time

Developer-Project

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions in the project for M2017i

Team-Project

Heat map of frequencies of team contributions in the project for M2017i

Developer-Team

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions within their teams for M2017i

Project M2017ii

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 1 6 19 17 28 35 13.44
Merges 0 1 1 3.22 5 8 3.03
Churn 219 384 2614 8197 9031 45382 14429

Contributions of students in the project for M2017ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.3333 0.4176 0.5385
Gini index 0.4212 0.4751 0.6935
Theil index 0.3303 0.3105 0.9422
20/20 ratio 34.5000 15.0000 94.0306
Palma ratio 2.0588 2.6667 21.8393
50/50 ratio 3.7778 6.5000 15.2807
Team-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev 18696.69
Commits 30 36 42 51 61.5 81 26.66
Merges 6 6.5 7 9.667 11.5 16 5.51
Churn 11383 13895 16407 24592 31196 45985 18696.69

Pareto chart of teams in the project for M2017ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1961 0.2184 0.2900
Gini index 0.2222 0.2299 0.3127
Theil index 0.0876 0.1014 0.1813
20/20 ratio 2.7000 2.6667 4.0398
Palma ratio 1.1250 1.2308 1.6547
50/50 ratio 1.7083 1.7692 2.2451
Developer-Team
  • Team #1
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 1 5 9 10 14.5 20 9.54
Merges 0 0.5 1 2 3 5 2.65
Churn 369 737.5 1106 3794.3 5507 9908 5307.4
  • Team #2
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 1 3.5 6 14 20.5 35 18.36
Merges 1 1 1 2.333 3 5 2.31
Churn 219 301.5 384 15328.3 22883 45382 26027.37
  • Team #3
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 19 23.5 28 27 31 34 7.55
Merges 1 4 7 5 7 8 3.79
Churn 2614 3688 4762 5469 6896 9031 3266.4

Pareto chart of students within their team for M2017ii

  • Team #1
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.3333 0.5000 0.5371
Gini index 0.4222 0.5556 0.5587
Theil index 0.3537 0.2426 0.6401
20/20 ratio 20.0000 NA 26.8509
Palma ratio 2.0000 5.0000 6.7173
50/50 ratio 2.9000 6.0000 7.4671
  • Team #2
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.5000 0.3810 0.6536
Gini index 0.5397 0.3810 0.6547
Theil index 0.5797 0.3023 1.0202
20/20 ratio 35.0000 5.0000 207.2237
Palma ratio 5.0000 2.5000 75.2604
50/50 ratio 5.8571 3.0000 75.8972
  • Team #3
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.0988 0.2708 0.2171
Gini index 0.1235 0.2917 0.2607
Theil index 0.0269 0.2171 0.1183
20/20 ratio 1.7895 8.0000 3.4549
Palma ratio 0.7234 1.0000 1.2244
50/50 ratio 1.3191 1.8750 1.8700

Inter-decile ratios of students within their team for M2017ii

Distribution of contributions over time

Developer-Project

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions in the project for M2017ii

Team-Project

Heat map of frequencies of team contributions in the project for M2017ii

Developer-Team

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions within their teams for M2017ii

Software engineering

Project SE2018ii

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 32 59 79 94.84 99 375 70.17
Merges 20 31 44 44.24 53 120 20.02
Churn 2744 10122 50532 85284 73007 542473 135632.02

Contributions of students in the project for SE2018ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2266 0.1513 0.5041
Gini index 0.3179 0.2147 0.6612
Theil index 0.1918 0.0832 0.8257
20/20 ratio 5.1179 2.8387 77.3301
Palma ratio 1.4012 1.2535 16.8485
50/50 ratio 2.2754 1.8186 12.3573
Team-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 371 396 437 474.2 479 688 126.38
Merges 190 202 206 221.2 221 286 37.89
Churn 126044 144578 210824 426422 720227 930438 372994.3

Pareto chart of teams in the project for SE2018ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.0922 0.0586 0.3742
Gini index 0.1210 0.0763 0.4098
Theil index 0.0265 0.0111 0.3025
20/20 ratio 1.8544 1.5053 7.3819
Palma ratio 0.8970 0.7296 3.4381
50/50 ratio 1.3322 1.1920 3.8665
Developer-Team
  • Team #1
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 70 79 80 137.6 84 375 132.81
Merges 30 30 53 57.2 53 120 36.94
Churn 10227 13682 66731 144045 191821 437766 179884.54
  • Team #2
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 32 59 65 74.2 80 135 38.17
Merges 31 33 35 41.4 53 55 11.61
Churn 3912 4311 8704 28916 54644 73007 32577.13
  • Team #3
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 37 48 59 79.2 103 149 46.37
Merges 23 24 44 40.4 44 67 18.06
Churn 3761 4686 10172 25209 16458 90967 37108.01
  • Team #4
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 37 78 83 87.4 99 140 37.25
Merges 20 27 46 38 47 50 13.55
Churn 2744 71720 75241 186088 238260 542473 217206.3
  • Team #5
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 41 68 75 95.8 96 199 60.95
Merges 33 37 41 44.2 53 57 10.35
Churn 10122 24093 50532 42165 60882 65195 24000.34

Pareto chart of students within their team for SE2018ii

  • Team #1
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.3451 0.2196 0.4742
Gini index 0.3576 0.2839 0.5738
Theil index 0.2907 0.1472 0.5983
20/20 ratio 5.3571 4.0000 42.8049
Palma ratio 2.5168 2.0000 18.3097
50/50 ratio 2.3537 2.0000 7.6822
  • Team #2
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1795 0.1217 0.4829
Gini index 0.2447 0.1314 0.5216
Theil index 0.1018 0.0308 0.5251
20/20 ratio 4.2188 1.7742 18.6623
Palma ratio 1.4835 0.8594 8.8784
50/50 ratio 1.7949 1.4444 8.0555
  • Team #3
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2364 0.1673 0.5217
Gini index 0.2818 0.2139 0.5909
Theil index 0.1305 0.0790 0.6779
20/20 ratio 4.0270 2.9130 24.1869
Palma ratio 1.7529 1.4255 10.7691
50/50 ratio 2.1597 1.7033 6.3160
  • Team #4
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1469 0.1526 0.4391
Gini index 0.2078 0.1684 0.5357
Theil index 0.0763 0.0549 0.5279
20/20 ratio 3.7838 2.5000 197.6942
Palma ratio 1.2174 1.0638 7.2850
50/50 ratio 1.6263 1.5376 5.7177
  • Team #5
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2159 0.0977 0.2377
Gini index 0.2873 0.1158 0.2788
Theil index 0.1445 0.0218 0.1518
20/20 ratio 4.8537 1.7273 6.4409
Palma ratio 1.8257 0.8143 1.9055
50/50 ratio 2.0109 1.3604 2.0840

Inter-decile ratios of students within their team for SE2018ii

Distribution of contributions over time

Developer-Project

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions in the project for SE2018ii

Team-Project

Heat map of frequencies of team contributions in the project for SE2018ii

Developer-Team

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions within their teams for SE2018ii

Project SE2019i

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 16 32 45 51.38 58 161 31.99
Merges 7 19 21 27.48 33 90 17.58
Churn 3519 8169 14753 24596 35873 87595 24112.04

Contributions of students in the project for SE2019i

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2061 0.2092 0.3791
Gini index 0.2888 0.2959 0.4914
Theil index 0.1484 0.1569 0.3994
20/20 ratio 3.5923 3.9683 14.9628
Palma ratio 1.2890 3.5623 3.5623
50/50 ratio 2.2754 2.2500 4.9638
Team-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 167 194.8 258.5 269.8 333.5 395 103.99
Merges 84 96.75 127.5 144.25 175 238 69.25
Churn 54482 87626 139952 129130 181455 182134 63307.77

Pareto chart of teams in the project for SE2019i

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1562 0.1794 0.2035
Gini index 0.1837 0.2231 0.2253
Theil index 0.0557 0.0829 0.0978
20/20 ratio 2.3653 2.8333 3.3430
Palma ratio 1.0647 1.2865 1.1892
50/50 ratio 1.9084 2.1189 2.3725
Developer-Team
  • Team #1
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 27 31.5 45 56.43 49.5 161 47.04
Merges 12 20.5 28 34 33.5 90 25.89
Churn 4104 11274 16702 26019 25593 87595 28283.68
  • Team #2
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 32 33 36 40.8 45 58 10.89
Merges 13 14 21 20.2 25 28 6.61
Churn 3612 8169 9141 10896 14753 18807 5937.88
  • Team #3
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 16 24.25 42 41.75 41.75 67 24.16
Merges 7 16 19 21 24 39 13.27
Churn 3519 3742 8957 24668 29884 77241 35391.77
  • Team #4
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 29 45 61 62.6 75 103 28.4
Merges 17 21 29 30.8 38 49 12.97
Churn 5324 35873 44325 36246 45981 49726 18014.3

Pareto chart of students within their team for SE2019i

  • Team #1
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2647 0.2353 0.3449
Gini index 0.3313 0.3289 0.4636
Theil index 0.2255 0.2015 0.3940
20/20 ratio 3.6552 3.8750 7.6868
Palma ratio 1.7889 1.6981 3.2867
50/50 ratio 2.2593 2.2840 3.5864
  • Team #2
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1049 0.1327 0.2160
Gini index 0.1255 0.1624 0.2715
Theil index 0.0271 0.0438 0.1246
20/20 ratio 1.8125 2.1538 5.2068
Palma ratio 0.8923 1.0370 1.5964
50/50 ratio 1.3762 1.5417 2.0410
  • Team #3
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.2425 0.2143 0.5328
Gini index 0.2740 0.2857 0.5864
Theil index 0.1337 0.1506 0.6719
20/20 ratio 4.1875 5.5714 21.9497
Palma ratio 1.5581 1.5000 10.5305
50/50 ratio 2.8837 2.2308 12.4525
  • Team #4
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1687 0.1649 0.1727
Gini index 0.2275 0.2104 0.2183
Theil index 0.0834 0.0704 0.1379
20/20 ratio 3.5517 2.8824 9.3400
Palma ratio 1.3919 1.2895 1.2070
50/50 ratio 1.7704 1.7313 1.6374

Inter-decile ratios of students within their team for SE2019i

Distribution of contributions over time

Developer-Project

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions in the project for SE2019i

Team-Project

Heat map of frequencies of team contributions in the project for SE2019i

Developer-Team

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions within their teams for SE2019i

Project SE2019ii

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 24 59.25 74.5 71.55 89.75 117 25.83
Merges 9 31 42.5 41.1 51 82 18.38
Churn 1394 18085 35121 116007 144694 742620 173484.79

Contributions of students in the project for SE2019ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1435 0.1629 0.4890
Gini index 0.1991 0.2404 0.6337
Theil index 0.0680 0.1038 0.7413
20/20 ratio 3.2344 4.6140 41.8974
Palma ratio 0.5967 0.7744 9.6032
50/50 ratio 1.7949 1.9568 12.9952
Team-Project
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 292 298 337 357.8 396.8 465 80.47
Merges 150 158.2 181 205.5 228.2 310 73.03
Churn 168457 296764 570180 580037 853454 1011330 392429.44

Pareto chart of teams in the project for SE2019ii

Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.0863 0.1271 0.2811
Gini index 0.1036 0.1582 0.3222
Theil index 0.0185 0.0444 0.1855
20/20 ratio 1.5925 2.0667 6.0035
Palma ratio 0.7855 0.9968 1.9908
50/50 ratio 1.4172 1.6431 3.5673
Developer-Team
  • Team #1
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 41 65 82.5 75 92.5 94 24.56
Merges 18 38.25 46 40.25 48 51 15.04
Churn 5449 13183 19560 42114 48492 123887 55007.09
  • Team #2
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 33 62.25 79 73 89.75 101 29.18
Merges 9 25.5 36 37.5 48 69 24.89
Churn 18899 46029 124906 252832 331709 742620 335211.75
  • Team #3
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 24 38.25 63 62.33 73.5 117 33.82
Merges 10 23.75 38 33.5 43.25 51 15.55
Churn 1394 41621 120884 133471 193759 324415 122075.04
  • Team #4
Min 25Q Median Mean 75Q Max St. Dev
Commits 48 67.75 80.5 77.5 88 102 19.07
Merges 31 42.25 47 51.67 58.5 82 17.91
Churn 13197 18836 25946 56589 37026 217258 79264.45

Pareto chart of students within their team for SE2019ii

  • Team #1
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1200 0.1382 0.4854
Gini index 0.1483 0.1568 0.5386
Theil index 0.0443 0.0615 0.5537
20/20 ratio 2.2927 2.8333 22.7357
Palma ratio 0.8246 0.8095 5.8410
50/50 ratio 1.6316 1.5556 6.9423
  • Team #2
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1404 0.2333 0.4843
Gini index 0.1866 0.3167 0.5712
Theil index 0.0674 0.1799 0.6094
20/20 ratio 3.0606 7.6667 39.2941
Palma ratio 0.9619 1.7250 10.0393
50/50 ratio 1.7810 2.7500 12.6720
  • Team #3
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.1889 0.1841 0.3411
Gini index 0.2701 0.2347 0.4628
Theil index 0.1242 0.1037 0.4072
20/20 ratio 3.5926 3.1667 28.4707
Palma ratio 1.0000 0.7846 2.4442
50/50 ratio 2.1966 2.0923 5.0337
  • Team #4
Commits Merges Churn
Hoover index 0.0935 0.1280 0.4732
Gini index 0.1258 0.1720 0.5366
Theil index 0.0264 0.0481 0.5846
20/20 ratio 1.6903 1.9589 8.1454
Palma ratio 0.5397 0.7069 4.1754
50/50 ratio 1.4603 1.6724 5.5253

Inter-decile ratios of students within their team for 2019

Distribution of contributions over time

Developer-Project

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions in the project for SE2019ii

Team-Project

Heat map of frequencies of team contributions in the project for SE2019ii

Developer-Team

Heat map of frequencies of student contributions within their teams for SE2019ii

Multiple courses

Distribution of contributions

Developer-Project

Inter-decile ratios of developers within their project

Team-Project

Inter-decile ratios of teams within their project