tutorial

____   ____.__          ___________      __               .__       .__ ._.
\   \ /   /|__| _____   \__    ___/_ ___/  |_  ___________|__|____  |  || |
 \   Y   / |  |/     \    |    | |  |  \   __\/  _ \_  __ \  \__  \ |  || |
  \     /  |  |  Y Y  \   |    | |  |  /|  | (  <_> )  | \/  |/ __ \|  |_\|
   \___/   |__|__|_|  /   |____| |____/ |__|  \____/|__|  |__(____  /____/_
                    \/                                            \/     \/
###########################################################################


1.- Help, get me out of this place!

If at any time you feel scared or uncomfortable, just type `:q` and press
enter. You will be right back at your terminal. Try to think of this as 'quit'.

Remember, this will only work if you did not modify anything in the current buffer.
If you did, you will see an angry message at the bottom of your screen saying something
like:

        E37: No write since last change
        E162: No write since last change for buffer "tutorial"

If this happens, just type `:q!` instead. This will force-quit the file, and discard
any unsaved changes.

There are many other actions like this. For example:

        :e : edit file
        :w : write your changes to the current file
        :q : quit the current file (actually it is close the current window, but we'll get to that)
        :q! : quit the current file without saving your changes
        :wq : write your changes and then quit the file

2.- Tutorial configuration

Vim can be a little restrictive when you are just starting, and your vimrc is empty.
Therefore, we're going to use a sample vimrc with some basic instructions in order
to make our lives easier.

Just exit vim, and then launch it again in the following fashion:

        vim -u samplerc tutorial

You can use the -u flag to specify the vim configuration you want to use. If you did
that correctly, you should be able to press <Leader>ev, and a window should open on the
left side of the screen. I have this mapping myself, and I use it to modify my vim
configuration on the fly. I also have another mapping to source the vim configuration again.
That way I can see the changes I just made right away. Oh, the <Leader> key is `\` by default.

So:
        <Leader>ev: Edit vimrc
        <Leader>sv: Source vimrc

That's not hard actually hard, is it?

3.- Modal editing, or how to "speak" vim

        How Vim user grows

        Lv0. who doesn't know about Vim
        Lv1. who knows basic usage of Vim
        Lv2. who knows Visual mode
        Lv3. who knows various motions
        Lv4. who doesn't use Visual mode

              - Kana the Wizard (http://whileimautomaton.net/2008/11/vimm3/operator)

So, Vim as a language. Let us start with an example. If you want to copy this paragraph and the next one,
 and then put them at the end of this file, you would have to type `2yapGp`. Go ahead, try it, you will see
that it actually works.  This might sound like something really really hard to remember. Who would, anyways? Who
wants to remember `2yapGp` as a shortcut to do only ONE thing? Turns out, it actually way more simple than that.
You just have to _think_ in Vim.

How do you do that? Well, verbs, modifiers and nouns. Verbs are actions that can be performed on
nouns. Modifiers are used between verbs and nouns in order to describe the way in which you're
going to do something. And nouns are objects. In our case, they are text objects.

This might be a little hard to understand at the beginning, but bear with me, it's going
to be worth it.

Verbs:

        d: delete
        c: change/create
        y: yank (or copy)
        v: visually select (or V if you're feeling wild. It does lines instead of characters)
        u: undo last action

Modifiers:

        i: inside
        a: around
        NUMBER: number
        t: searches for something and stops before it
        f: searches for something and stops on top of it
        /: finds a string

Nouns:

        w: word
        s: sentence
        ): sentence (movement-related)
        p: paragraph
        }: paragraph (movement-related)
        t: tag (HTML/XML)

You can also use nouns as motions. This means that you can move using words, sentences, and
paragraphs, using them as the size of your jump. More on this later.

So, now that you have all the elements, how do you actually speak Vim? Well, you just combine verbs,
modifiers and nouns, like when speaking.

For example, "delete two words" becomes `d2w`.

        d => delete
        2 => two
        w => words

See the mappings above. And this works! Try it here:

Two words

Let's get more ambitious now. Let's replace a whole sentence. How would we do that? You change/create
inside of a sentence. "Change inside sentence" becomes `cis`. You can even try it with this sentence
if you want. The best part is that you do needn't be at the beginning of a sentence for it to work.
These phrases work on text objects, and Vim is capable of detecting them on the go.

Now, let's compare that to what you would usually do without modal editing. You would either
highlight the whole sentence with your cursor, and then press the backspace key. So you would have to
take your hands off the keyboard, grab your mouse/trackpad, click at the end of the phrase, drag your
mouse to the beginning of the phrase, and then type backspace. Some people can live with that. You could
also put your cursos at the end of the phrase and press the backspace key a lot of times. For the target
phrase bellow, that's 59 times. Efficient, right?

You can do that with 3 keystrokes, using modal editing.

Delete this sentence in the most efficient fashion, please.

You can combine the verb-modifiers-nouns above for amazing results. Try it yourself!

What if you wanted to delete everything in this line up until a tag? </AwesomeTag>

<AwesomeTag>What if you wanted to replace everything between the Awesome tags?</AwesomeTag>

The more you use this form of editing, the more you'll get used to it. Personally, I can barely edit
text any other way now.


YOU: THIS IS AWESOME! WHAT ELSE CAN I DO?


Well, you can start moving around text using text objects or shortcuts:

        0: move to the beginning of the line
        $: move to the end of the line
        ^: move to the first non-blank character in the line
        t": move to right before the quotes
        f": jump and land on the quotes

        w: move forward one word
        W: move forward one big word (space delimited)
        b: move back one word
        B: move back one big word (space delimited)

        ): move forward one sentence
        (: move back one sentence
        }: move forward one paragraph
        {: move back  one paragraph
        H: move to the top of the screen
        M: move to the middle of the screen
        L: move to the bottom of the screen
        gg: go to the top of the file
        G: go to the bottom of the file
        <Ctrl-u>: move up half a screen
        <Ctrl-d>: move down half a screen
        <Ctrl-b>: move up a whole screen
        <Ctrl-f>: move down a whole screen

You can also use all of these movements with the verb + modifier + noun combination. Can you
guess what `ggdG` does then?

4.- Modes, transitions, and other cool stuff

Why is this called modal editing? Well, because of modes.

You start vim in Normal Mode. It is also called Command Mode. You can enter commands here,
like movements, deletions, or commands that do certain thing then enter Insert Mode. It's
what we've being doing so far, basically.

There's also Insert Mode. The simplest way to enter Insert Mode is to press `i`, but there
are many others. Insert Mode allows you to modify text the way you would with any other
text editor.

Visual Mode allows you to select text. It gets highlighted and you move over it in order
to select it. You can do it character-wise (v), line-wise (V) or block-wise (<C-v>).

There are some other modes that go beyond of the scope of this lesson.

So, basically you have:

              i               <Esc>
            <====             <====
 Insert Mode      Normal Mode      Visual Mode
            ====>             ====>
            <Esc>            v,V,<C-v>


Let's go back to the verbs. We only saw (d)elete, (c)hange, (y)ank and (v)isually select, but there
are many others too:

        i: insert before the cursor
        a: append after the cursor
        I: insert at the beginning of the line
        A: append at the end of the line
        o: open a new line below the current one
        O: open a new line above the current one
        r: replace the character under your cursor
        R: replace the character under your cursor, and then keep typing
        cm: change whatever you define as m: a movement, a word, a sentence, a paragraph...
        C: Change the current line from your current position
        ct?: Change the current line up until the question mark

All of these verbs (with the exception of (r)eplace) enter Insert Mode at the end. So there are
plenty of ways to enter Insert Mode in the end, not just pressing `i`.

You can also go mad with deletions:

        x: delete the character under the cursor
        X: delete the character before the cursor
        dm: delete whatever you define as m: a movement, a word, a sentence, a paragraph...
        dd: delete current line
        dt.: delete until the dot
        D: delete from the current position until the end of the line
        J: join current line with the next one

What if you delete all the file by accident? Well, you can just type `u`, for undo, in
order to undo your last action. You can also re-do it with <C-r>, which stands for redo.

        u: undo last action
        <C-r>: redo last action

Another interesting thing when working in normal mode is that you can use the `.` (dot) key
to repeat the last action you made. For  example, if you deleted a whole paragraph, you can type
`.` to do it again. You can even do `2.` if you want to delete 2 paragraphs. You get the idea.

Try deleting a word. Then try deleting 5 of them. I won't tell you how to do it.

5.- Advanced copy/pasting and registers
TODO
6.- Advanced text object edition
TODO
7.- Visual mode
TODO
8.- Macros
TODO
9.- Buffers, Windows and Tabs
TODO
10.- Plugins and useful tricks
TODO

n.- Acknowledgements

* Steve Losh
* Tim Pope
* Drew Neil
* Daniel Miessler

You guys are all pretty rad.