ChimieTheoEtModelisation1-v0.ipynb

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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "c298741c-734b-4c09-bc03-f7d51713af5d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/romuald/ENSEIGNEMENT/0-JupyterNotebooks/pyPhysChem\n"
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);\n",
       "    float:left;\n",
       "    margin-left:20px;\n",
       "    margin-right:20px;\n",
       "    margin-top:20px;\n",
       "    margin-bottom:20px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "div.todo{\n",
       "    font-size: 1.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top:40px;\n",
       "    background-color: #b2dbea80;\n",
       "}\n",
       "div.todo ul{\n",
       "    margin: 0.2em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "div.todo li{\n",
       "    margin-left:60px;\n",
       "    margin-top:0;\n",
       "    margin-bottom:0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "figure {\n",
       "    border: 0px;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    margin: 5px; /* adjust as needed */\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "figure img {\n",
       "    vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "figure figcaption {\n",
       "    border: 0px;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    font-size: 11px;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "</style>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/markdown": [
       "**Start at:** Tuesday 01 October 2024, 22:24:51  \n",
       "**Hostname:** device-11.home (Linux)"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/markdown": [
       "<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img width=\"800px\" src=\"./config/svg/pyPhysChemBanner.svg\" style=\"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto\"/></p>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#########################################################################################################################################################\n",
    "# exécutez cette première cellule Python, qui définit le style visuel de ces notebooks et qui initialise quelques variables et fonctions parfois utiles #\n",
    "#########################################################################################################################################################\n",
    "\n",
    "import os\n",
    "import sys\n",
    "\n",
    "# commenter les lignes ci-dessous si vous n'exécutez pas le notebook dans l'environnement pyPhysChem\n",
    "print(os.getcwd())\n",
    "cwd0 = './config/'\n",
    "sys.path.append(cwd0)\n",
    "\n",
    "import visualID_Eng as vID\n",
    "from visualID_Eng import fg,bg,hl,color\n",
    "vID.init(cwd0)\n",
    "import tools4pyPhysChem as t4pPC\n",
    "\n",
    "__author__ = \"romuald.poteau@univ-tlse3.fr\"\n",
    "__version__ = \"20241001\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "13e96966-4590-47a1-bad8-efb75f94a900",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chimie Théorique et Modélisation : modèles simples<br>Feuilles de calcul Python\n",
    "\n",
    "<figure>\n",
    "  <img src=\"./MiscImages/Introductions/datascience_3.png\" style=\"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display: block; width:700px\" id=\"img_python_PhysChem\" alt=\"python et physico-chimie\">\n",
    "  <figcaption>fait par l'auteur, avec l'aide de Dall-E, ChatGPT-4o (Nov. 2024)</figcaption>\n",
    "</figure>\n",
    "\n",
    "## À qui ce notebook est-il destiné et comment travailler avec ?\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Ce notebook Python est destiné à tou(te)s les étudiant(e)s qui suivent un enseignement d'introduction à l'\"atomistique et la liaison chimique\", qu'on préfère intituler les **modèles simples en chimie théorique et modélisation**. \n",
    "\n",
    "**Vous pensez qu'avoir des compétences en Python est sans intérêt pour vous ?** C'est une **erreur**, Python étant ***a minima* une super calculatrice scientifique**. \n",
    "Acquérir une maîtrise de Python représente un avantage incontournable pour tout(e) étudiant(e) en sciences, en lui fournissant les **compétences techniques** indispensables pour stimuler la réflexion et l'innovation dans son domaine scientifique. Mais maîtriser Python ne se limite pas à développer des compétences techniques, cela peut vous permettre également de **mieux comprendre un domaine** en approfondissant l'analyse des données, en explorant de **nouvelles approches méthodologiques et numériques**, et en **visualisant des phénomènes complexes** sous des angles inédits. Bref, ça peut vous **aider à comprendre** et à **vous poser des questions différemment**.\n",
    "\n",
    "Tout(e) étudiant(e) curieux(se) peut s'approprier toutes les parties du notebook. Néanmoins, voici comment vous pourriez **sélectionner les parties qui sont les plus adaptées à votre parcours**, selon que vous êtes dans un parcours...\n",
    "\n",
    "- **chimie** ou **physico-chimie** : concentrez-vous avant tout sur les applications numériques, sur les outils de résolution numériques d'équations, sur les graphiques, sur l'utilisation de \"macrocommandes\" en sachant lire \"la doc\" pour appeler la commande avec les bons paramètres\n",
    "- **informatique** : Développer du code sans comprendre le contexte utilisateur est insuffisant. Au-delà de cette première approche, des fonctions et classes Python sont intégrées au notebook, afin de faciliter l'utlisation de certaines bibliothèques ou de dépasser leurs limites. Analysez le code, qui exploite le caractère orienté objet du langage Python, et qui - modestement - essaie d'automatiser des processus et de créer des applications logicielles performantes. Et ne passez pas à côté des applications numériques, pour vous aider à aborder différemment le domaine de la chimie. \n",
    "- **mathématiques** : les parties exploitant `sympy`, bibliothèque qui facilite le calcul symbolique, sont faites pour vous. Ne négligez cependant pas les parties  numériques ni la partie analyse du code Python si vous êtes attiré(e) par les mathématiques appliquées.\n",
    "- **physique** : simuler et comprendre des phénomènes physiques nécessitant entre autres de résoudre des équations complexes et d'analyser des données expérimentales, vous pouvez essayer de vous approprier l'ensemble des exercices\n",
    "- **sciences de l'ingénieur ou prépa concours** : vous serez régulièrement confrontés à la nécécessité de résoudre de façon optimale des problèmes complexes, d'automatiser des calculs et d'analyser des données dans divers domaines de l'ingénierie. Avoir des compétences numériques, en programmation, et en manipulation des données est incontournable. Des compétences en calcul symbolique (bibliothèque `sympy`) sont un plus.\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "**Les compétences Python travaillées seront précisées en fin de chaque exercice.**\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "\n",
    "Dans l'environnement `pyPhysChem` &ndash; <u>c'est-à-dire si vous clonez l'espace de dépôt sur votre ordinateur, ce qui est fortement recommandé </u> &ndash; les exercices apparaissent sur fond bleu, comme dans l'exemple ci-dessous\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"lorem ipsum\">\n",
    "\n",
    "*Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci. Aenean nec lorem. In porttitor. Donec laoreet nonummy augue. Suspendisse dui purus, scelerisque at, vulputate vitae, pretium mattis, nunc. Mauris eget neque at sem venenatis eleifend. Ut nonummy.*\n",
    "\n",
    "Mais d'où sort cette phrase ?\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**Compétence travaillée :** rechercher l'origine du *lorem ipsum* et quelle est son utilisation dans le monde numérique.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "76f9e6f7-0407-488c-947b-304db936fd3f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Importation des constantes fondamentales\n",
    "\n",
    "### Introduction\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "En chimie, on a fréquemment besoin d'utiliser des [constantes physiques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant), telles que la vitesse de la lumière $c$, la masse du proton $m_p$, le nombre d'Avogadro $N_A$, la constante de Planck $h$, la constante des gaz parfaits $R$, etc...\n",
    "\n",
    "Une constante physique est une quantité physique dont la valeur numérique est fixe. Contrairement à une constante mathématique, elle implique une grandeur physiquement mesurable.\n",
    "\n",
    "On a souvent besoin également de certaines [constantes mathématiques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constant), comme le nombre $\\pi$, le nombre d'Euler $e$, l'unité imaginaire $i$, etc...\n",
    "\n",
    "La plupart de ces constantes sont disponibles dans la bibliothèque `SciPy`, qui est l’une des bibliothèques de Python permettant de faire le calcul scientifique. Celle-ci dépend de la bibliothèque `NumPy` qui permet la manipulation des tableaux à *N* dimensions. La liste des constantes et des unités est disponible dans la [documentation en ligne de](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/constants.html#scipy.constants.physical_constants) `SciPy`, ou bien par l'utilisation d'une commande Python. Pour y accéder, il faut importer `scipy.constants`.\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"rqT\" title=\"SciPy ? A quoi ça sert ?\">\n",
    "\n",
    "`SciPy` est une bibliothèque open-source en Python utilisée pour les calculs scientifiques et techniques. Elle fournit des outils pour l'optimisation, l'intégration, l'interpolation, l'algèbre linéaire, les statistiques, et d'autres domaines des mathématiques appliquées. Voir l'article de [wikipedia](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciPy) et le [site du projet](https://scipy.org/). **Elle est utile dans <u>tous</u> les domaines scientifiques**.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées dans cette section**:</u>\n",
    "\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "- faire appel au *i*ème élément (`[i]`) d'une liste, d'un multiplet, ou d'un tableau\n",
    "- afficher le contenu d'une variable à l'aide de la commande `print`\n",
    "- lire une documentation en ligne en anglais\n",
    "</div></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a1c5ea48-e718-4e1a-8cd7-e05d33c4ea4d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import scipy.constants as sc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c8519661-7251-49d2-8c36-04c045bab5a8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Valeur, unité et précision d'une constante fondamentale\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "Prenons l'exemple de la masse de l'électron, dont on lit dans la  [documentation en ligne de](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/constants.html) `SciPy`, que la clef qui indexe $m_e$ est `electron mass`. On va afficher sa valeur, son unité, et l'incertitude *absolue* de cette constante, renvoyées sous forme de multiplet (*tuple* en anglais) de 3 valeurs.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0d6475d4-2df2-48e4-bbeb-3401e81ba4c8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7cc07c0a-26f6-4431-84b9-8e8912947e1d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Dans un premier temps, on va se contenter de stocker la constante dans une variable.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "784ac36d-0099-4591-b775-59eea2d67450",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "me = sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"][0]\n",
    "print(me)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b8818a49-467c-40d0-a67f-9a36a78d9a52",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**Un mot sur l'incertitude du module `physical_constants` de `SciPy`.** C'est une incertitude absolue qui est contenue dans le 3ème terme du multiplet. Pour rappel, on écrit la valeur d'une mesure avec son incertitude absolue selon la relation :\n",
    "    \n",
    "$$m_{\\mathrm{e}}\\pm\\Delta m_{\\mathrm{e}}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "ce qui veut dire que $m_{\\mathrm{e}}$ est en réalité compris entre deux valeurs $m_{\\mathrm{e}} - \\Delta m_{\\mathrm{e}}$ et $m_{\\mathrm{e}} + \\Delta m_{\\mathrm{e}}$ :\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a75e0634-d526-4293-b8d2-e9ea0ac05aeb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "me_p = sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"][2]\n",
    "me_u = sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"][1]\n",
    "print(\"Masse de l'électron = \",me,\"±\",me_p,me_u)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2357adc5-0e6b-4a32-989d-0a275e11b5f1",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Affichage des constantes puis importation de leurs valeurs dans des variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0b38fbee-2afc-4b38-8661-42e5b4e3b276",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(f'Constante de Planck, h: {sc.physical_constants[\"Planck constant\"]}')\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(f'Charge élémentaire, e: {sc.physical_constants[\"elementary charge\"]}')\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(f'Vitesse de la lumière dans la vide, c: {sc.physical_constants[\"speed of light in vacuum\"]}')\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(f'Masse de l\\'électron, me: {sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"]}')\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(f'Masse du proton, mp: {sc.physical_constants[\"proton mass\"]}')\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(f'Masse du neutron, mn: {sc.physical_constants[\"neutron mass\"]}')\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "cf3f5423-7fad-4e1a-8ae1-03853e57cb24",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "h = sc.physical_constants[\"Planck constant\"][0]\n",
    "e = sc.physical_constants[\"elementary charge\"][0]\n",
    "c = sc.physical_constants[\"speed of light in vacuum\"][0]\n",
    "me = sc.physical_constants[\"electron mass\"][0]\n",
    "mp = sc.physical_constants[\"proton mass\"][0]\n",
    "mn = sc.physical_constants[\"neutron mass\"][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "838d0c4d-222a-4b93-a5bf-ba4620707de2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Nombre d'Avogadro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Afficher la valeur du nombre d'Avogadro, son incertitude et son unité, qui sont disponibles dans la bibliothèque `SciPy`\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Sauver la valeur du nombre d'Avogadro dans une variable `NA`, <u>sans utiliser un copier-coller</u>\n",
    "\n",
    "**3.** Afficher le contenu de la variable `NA` en écrivant : Nombre d'Avogadro = *valeur unité*\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- lire une documentation en ligne en anglais (la [liste des constantes physiques de `SciPy`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/constants.html#scipy.constants.physical_constants))\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "- sauver une valeur numérique dans une variable\n",
    "- afficher le contenu d'une variable, en contextualisant\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "806af8ef-4205-4337-bd56-7d49138f6f2d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q3\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9cb74977-770a-4869-b593-cbf3d711f37c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "c0b4dd34-5dc2-4df7-83dc-4bd3c7dc37fc",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/Avogadro.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9dd9a70c-4b30-43b4-a449-9065444ad537",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Quelques rappels mathématiques importants"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b177747b-fa31-41a8-9397-5336b5a37d92",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Chiffres significatifs\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Reprenons l'introduction de l'[article de wikipedia](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiffre_significatif) à ce sujet : *le nombre de chiffres significatifs indique la précision d'une mesure physique. Il s'agit des chiffres connus avec certitude ou compris dans un intervalle d'incertitude. La précision (ou l'incertitude) avec laquelle on connaît la valeur d'une grandeur dépend de la mesure, c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble d'opérations ayant pour but de déterminer la valeur d'une grandeur.*\n",
    "\n",
    "*<u>Exemple</u> : 12 345 a cinq chiffres significatifs. Son premier chiffre incertain est le 5. Cet exemple est équivalent à 12 345 ± 1 ou encore 12 345(1)*\n",
    "\n",
    "<u>Exemple</u>  : *m* = 100,0016 g avec une incertitude de 0,0011 g = 100,0016(11) g = 100,0016 ± 0,0011 g\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "Il existe une bibliothèque Python, `sigfig` qui peut assister le scientifique dans **l'affichage** des variables avec un nombre de chiffres significatifs défini par l'utilisateur. La fonction qui nous intéresse s'appelle `round`, dont des exemples sont donnés ci-dessous.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "`sigfig` n'étant pas fourni avec une distribution Python standard, il faut d'abord l'installer, par exemple avec la commande `pip`, qu'on peut lancer directement depuis le notebook.\n",
    "\n",
    "<span style=\"color:red\"><u>**Attention !**</u> La commande pip prend du temps, d'une part le temps de téléchargement, d'autre part la durée nécessaire pour l'installation et la vérification de la compatibilité. **Il est donc normal que ça reste apparemment bloqué pendant de très longues secondes**</span>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "92bca4db-7dca-4759-a922-2ca8d9be6b89",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire de la ligne ci-dessous si votre distribution Python n'intègre pas sigfig\n",
    "# à faire une fois seulement, l'installation est définitive \n",
    "#!pip install sigfig "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9792b896-4188-40ab-84a5-ba4d4f3b2d6d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sigfig import round\n",
    "print(round(me,me_p))\n",
    "print(round(me,me_p,format='Drake'))\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(round(me,me_p,notation='scientific'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0faf1aa2-71e9-4c52-9545-ffea0b46059c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "- `sigfig` ne permet malheureusement pas de combiner le format Drake et la notation scientfique\n",
    "- pour définir le nombre de décimales, on peut utliiser fonction `round` de `NumPy` ou bien celle de `sigfig` avec l'option `decimals` :\n",
    "\n",
    "```Python\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "np.round(12.542352,2) #arrondit à deux décimales = 12.54\n",
    "```\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "```Python\n",
    "from sigfig import round\n",
    "round(12.542352,decimals = 2) #arrondit à deux décimales = 12.54\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cd9a1c74-54a0-4122-95dd-98ea3ff9c0b1",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Chiffres significatifs\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Écrire les nombres A ci-dessous  avec le même nombre de chiffres significatifs que le nombre B qui lui est associé\n",
    "\n",
    "- A = 12,876782320 ; B = 3,1416\n",
    "- A = 125678,000034 ; B = 0,000056\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Exprimer chaque nombre ci-dessous en tenant compte du nombre de chiffres significatifs (cs) demandé\n",
    "\n",
    "- 0,006738 ; 3 cs\n",
    "- 43,715 &times;  10<sup>3</sup> ; 4 cs (utiliser la notation scientifique)\n",
    "\n",
    "**3.** Effectuez les opérations suivantes en tenant compte des chiffres significatifs. Ne pas oublier d'afficher l'unité !\n",
    "\n",
    "- 1,20 x 10<sup>2</sup> V x 2,5 A\n",
    "- 0,288 g / 0,4 cm<sup>3</sup>\n",
    "- 10,8 g + 0,125 g + 4,25 g\n",
    "- 1,5 x 10<sup>3</sup> mL - 3 x 10<sup>2</sup> mL\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- installer une bibliothèque Python afin d'ajouter des fonctionnalités à sa distribution de base\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"hint\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Rappels concernant les chiffres significatifs : \n",
    "- multiplications et divisions : c’est toujours \"le plus petit qui l’emporte\"\n",
    "- additions et soustractions :  le résultat ne doit pas avoir plus de décimales que le nombre qui en comporte le moins (1,07 + 16,0 = 17,07 → 17,1)\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "4800f7ba-e3b7-4b7e-811e-26ea7d62a7b5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q3\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4ef56e69-62e0-4802-9b44-8decc74c3521",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "3d13f4a1-789d-444f-8324-b5c0a4a04164",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/cs.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7a1c5c50-ff7e-4f45-a98b-3831ab7ff3a7",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### développement en cours (à suivre...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "37740165-1c87-4cec-b116-6d618b09d8f2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Chapitre 1 : Pré-requis et généralités\n",
    "\n",
    "### Isotopes et abondance natutelle\n",
    "\n",
    "#### Résolutions numériques"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0b8643fc-7d6f-4097-bff3-5923451a86af",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Masse molaire du lithium naturel\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Selon les tables de données atomiques, il existe 5 isotopes du lithium :\n",
    "\n",
    "| isotope | *M* / g.mol<sup>-1</sup> | *t*<sub>1/2</sub> / s |\n",
    "|:-------------:|:-------------|:-------------:|\n",
    "|<sup>6</sup>Li|\t6,015 122 3(5)|stable|\n",
    "|<sup>7</sup>Li|\t7,016 004 0(5)|stable|\n",
    "|<sup>8</sup>Li|\t8,022486|0,84|\n",
    "|<sup>9</sup>Li|\t9,026789|0,178|\n",
    "|<sup>11</sup>Li|11,04379|0,0087|\n",
    "\n",
    "Or, le spectre de masse du lithium naturel, ci-dessous, ne présente que deux pics :\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"MiscImages/Exercises/spectreMasse-Li.png\" style=\"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display: block; width:200px\" id=\"img_massSpLi\" alt=\"spectre de masse de Li\"/>\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Quelle est la masse molaire du lithium à l'état naturel ?\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Afficher le résultat avec le nombre de chiffres significatifs approprié, ainsi qu'avec l'unité\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- calculer avec Python\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "</div></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5d1a8ac9-95ab-4533-b81b-69a6fa52f4a5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8b64b5b0-2810-4e00-9329-4a8439d6f477",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5132c2f4-c259-45bc-ad16-416dca18bac4",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/MMLi.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3aacd01c-c5d9-4cbe-894e-23e5fb150296",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Abondance naturelle des isotopes de l'élément bore\">\n",
    "Le bore naturel (Z=5) est constitué de 2 isotopes : <sup>10</sup>B et <sup>11</sup>B  dont les masses molaires sont respectivement égales à M<sub>1</sub> = 10,0129 g.mol<sup>-1</sup> et M<sub>2</sub> = 11,0093 g.mol<sup>-1</sup>.\n",
    "    \n",
    "**1.** Sachant que la masse molaire du bore naturel est M = 10,8110 g.mol<sup>-1</sup>, quelles sont les proportions relatives de ces deux isotopes dans le bore naturel, que l'on notera p<sub>1</sub> et p<sub>2</sub> ?\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Ecrire p<sub>1</sub> et p<sub>2</sub> avec le nombre de chiffres significatifs approprié. On utilisera pour cela la fonction `round` de la [bibliothèque `sigfig`](https://pypi.org/project/sigfig/)\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- calculer avec Python\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "- appliquer des méthodes numériques pour résoudre un système d'équations\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"hint\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- on recherche deux inconnues, p1 et p2. Il faut formuler un système de deux équations à deux inconnues. Dans ce cas, le système s'exprime comme :\n",
    "$$p_1M_1 + p_2M_2 = M$$\n",
    "$$p_1 + p_2 = 1$$\n",
    "\n",
    "- puis il faut résoudre le système. On va utiliser la fonction `solve` fournie par le module `linalg` de `numpy`. Il faut d'abord transformer le système ci-dessus en tableaux\n",
    "    - le premier va contenir les valeurs associées aux inconnues *p*<sub>1</sub> et *p*<sub>2</sub> dans la partie gauche de ces deux équations\n",
    "$$A=\\left[\\begin{array}{cc}\n",
    "M_{1} & M_{2}\\\\\n",
    "1 & 1\n",
    "\\end{array}\\right]$$\n",
    "    - le second va contenir les valeurs de la partie droite des équations\n",
    "$$y=\\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n",
    "M\\\\\n",
    "1\n",
    "\\end{array}\\right]$$\n",
    "\n",
    "Ces deux tableaux doivent être exprimés sous forme de tableaux `numpy` :\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "A = np.array([\n",
    "             [M1,M2],\n",
    "             [1,1]\n",
    "             ])\n",
    "y = np.array([M,1])\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "Puis on peut faire appel à `solve` :\n",
    "```\n",
    "np.linalg.solve(A, y)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "- on sauvera la solution dans 2 variables `p1` et `p2`, ce qui facilitera la gestion par `sigfig`, qui ne sait travailler ni sur des tableaux ni sur des listes\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fdae1db6-abb8-424a-886d-dbfae08f0863",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "C'est à vous de gérer la précision, c'est-à-dire le nombre de chiffres significatifs, compte tenu de la précision des données. La bibliothèque `sigfig` peut ensuite être utilisée pour vous aider à afficher les abondances naturelles avec le nombre de chiffres significatifs approprié, c'est-à-dire 6 dans cette application. \n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "c546502f-d9eb-4df0-86f0-ee5ef9ba579f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c0f5f996-734a-4b27-8f22-c78a4de2ac65",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d3a0ac49-32fb-4958-8e34-9190efe4bd03",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/isotopesB.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a6af448d-4048-4064-b1ba-5b75ae1549e9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Résolution analytique\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "On va utiliser un programme CAS (Computer Algebra System), c'est-à-dire un logiciel utilisé pour effectuer des calculs algébriques symboliques, comme la manipulation d'expressions mathématiques, la résolution d'équations, et le calcul de dérivées et d'intégrales, de manière exacte plutôt que numérique.\n",
    "\n",
    "On va plus précisément utiliser pour cela la [bibliothèque Python `SymPy`](https://www.sympy.org/). Elle permet de manipuler des expressions mathématiques sous forme symbolique plutôt que numérique. Les outils d'algèbre symbolique sont particulièrement utiles dans le contexte de l'enseignement, de la recherche, ou du développement d'outils mathématiques où il est nécessaire de manipuler des expressions mathématiques de manière exacte, plutôt que d'avoir recours à des approximations numériques.\n",
    "\n",
    "Ce sont des compétences Python qu'il est utile de maîtriser en mathématiques, physique, sciences de l'ingénieur. Rien n'interdit aux chimistes et physico-chimistes d'essayer de comprendre ce qui va être fait.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**Mode d'emploi :**\n",
    "    \n",
    "- si `SymPy` n'est pas encore installé, vous pouvez l'ajouter en exécutant la commande suivante dans une cellule du notebook :  `!pip install sympy`\n",
    "- vous devez importer la bibliothèque. Pourquoi ne pas lui attribuer un raccourci : `import sympy as sym`\n",
    "\n",
    "Supposons que vous devez résoudre le système suivant\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\\begin{align*}\n",
    "2x + 3y &= 6 \\\\\n",
    "x - y &= 2\n",
    "\\end{align*}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "- il vous faut d'abord déclarer les variables symboliques, qui sont ici *x* et *y*\n",
    "\n",
    "    ```python\n",
    "    from sympy import symbols\n",
    "    x, y = symbols('x y')\n",
    "    ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- vous pouvez ensuite définir vos équations, avec la fonction `Eq()` de `SymPy`. Par exemple, `Eq(2*x + 3*y, 6)` représente l'équation $2x+3y=6$ \n",
    "\n",
    "    ```python\n",
    "    from sympy import Eq\n",
    "    eq1 = Eq(2*x + 3*y, 6)\n",
    "    eq2 = Eq(x - y, 2)\n",
    "    ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- utilisez la fonction `solve` de SymPy pour résoudre le système d'équations. Sa syntaxe générale est `solve(equations, variables)`. `equations` peut être une seule équation ou un tuple de plusieurs équations. Idem pour `variables`. Dans ce cas, ça donne\n",
    "\n",
    "    ```python\n",
    "    from sympy import solve\n",
    "    solution = solve((eq1, eq2), (x, y))\n",
    "    ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- `solve` retourne un dictionnaire avec les solutions des variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Voici ce que ça donne :\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5d9ec144-0191-4e1e-9a60-2fbab65721d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire ci-dessous si la bibliothèque sympy n'est pas installée sur votre distribution, ce qui est probable\n",
    "# à faire une fois seulement, l'installation est définitive \n",
    "# !pip install sympy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f36678d8-e37f-4bf0-99b0-2b6edd1ffe52",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sympy import symbols\n",
    "x, y = symbols('x y')\n",
    "\n",
    "from sympy import Eq\n",
    "eq1 = Eq(2*x + 3*y, 6)\n",
    "eq2 = Eq(x - y, 2)\n",
    "\n",
    "from sympy import solve\n",
    "solution = solve((eq1, eq2), (x, y))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(solution)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7d0ceac2-f173-4816-b1f9-4174755856c6",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Abondance isotopique\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Utiliser la fonction `solve` de `SymPy` pour résoudre l'exercice \"*Abondance naturelle des isotopes de l'élément bore*\".\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- installer une bibliothèque Python afin d'ajouter des fonctionnalités à sa distribution de base\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions incluses\n",
    "- appliquer des méthodes symboliques pour résoudre un système d'équations\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"hint\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Pour faire l'application numérique, vous devrez utiliser la fonction `subs` de `SymPy`. Elle permet en effet de remplacer une variable symbolique par une valeur numérique. Voici un exemple d'application :\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "x = symbols('x')\n",
    "y = symbols('y')\n",
    "expr = x**2 + y**2\n",
    "expr_ = expr.subs({x: 1, y: 2})\n",
    "print(expr_)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "La commande print va afficher 5.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "09874269-b733-4dbe-86a8-40d9918cdb79",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "83836035-3642-4dee-bd16-c6449bdea641",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ad7740b1-8b5a-4977-af9f-6f4431754c20",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/isotopesB_sympy.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e1914eca-e83f-4107-b452-2147aebcb312",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Chapitre 3 : Atomes et orbitales atomiques (OA)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b4d5394e-9a31-47ef-aeee-4e674fccb20c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Atome d'hydrogène\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Atome d'hydrogène : niveaux d'énergie\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On rappelle que *Z*=1 et *A*=1 pour H et que l'énergie électronique est donnée par la formule :\n",
    "\n",
    "$$E_{n}(\\mathrm{H})=-\\frac{E_{i_{1}}(\\mathrm{H})}{n^{2}}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "où *n* est le nombre quantique principal et où $E_{i_{1}}(\\mathrm{H})$, l'énergie d'ionisation de H, vaut 13,598 eV.\n",
    "\n",
    "$E_{i_{1}}(\\mathrm{H})$ peut être calculée en appliquant la formule ci-dessous\n",
    "\n",
    "$$E_{i_{1}}=\\frac{1}{8}\\frac{\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}e^{4}}{\\left(h\\times\\varepsilon_{0}\\right)^{2}}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "où : \n",
    "- *h* est la constante de Planck\n",
    "- $\\varepsilon_{0}$ (\"epsilon zéro\") est la permittivité du vide ou encore la constante (di)électrique\n",
    "- *e* est la charge élémentaire\n",
    "- $\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}$ est la masse réduite de <u>un</u> atome d'hydrogène, calculée par la formule :\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}=\\frac{m_{e}m_{p}}{m_{e}+m_{p}}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Afficher les constantes fondamentales *h*, $\\varepsilon_{0}$, $m_{e}$, $m_{p}$ et *e* de la bibliothèque `scipy`, leur précision et leur incertitude absolue. Puis sauver leurs valeurs dans des variables `h`, `eps0`, `me`, `mp`, `e`.\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Utiliser ces variables pour retrouver la valeur de l'énergie d'ionisation de H en eV.\n",
    "\n",
    "**3.** Calculer, en eV, les énergies des 10 premiers états de l'atome d'hydrogène. Utiliser la fonction `round(x,m)` de `numpy` pour arrondir les énergies à 3 décimales (`m`=3)\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- calculer avec Python\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions ou données incluses\n",
    "- maîtriser une boucle afin d'automatiser un traitement de données\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"hint\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- la constante électrique du vide $\\varepsilon_{0}$ est indexée dans `scipy` sous le nom de `vacuum electric permittivity`\n",
    "- calculer d'abord $\\mu_{\\mathrm{H}}$ et sauver la valeur dans une variable `muH`\n",
    "- utiliser la grandeur physique appropriée de `scipy` pour faire la conversion de joule en eV\n",
    "- utiliser une boucle pour répondre à la question 2\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "dd257c0e-a5b7-4785-b09e-c7d758a84a88",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q3\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "06e1cb56-b641-4fd9-9dd3-8ca006a35985",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b707a892-5af0-45ec-9fb9-b046f97fc9ca",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/H_En.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bf0d0518-7299-4cd0-9a53-1c23f0941839",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Atome d'hydrogène : transitions électroniques\">\n",
    "\n",
    "La relation de Planck-Einstein est une relation de base de la mécanique quantique. Elle permet de calculer l'énergie transportée par un photon : $E=h\\nu$, où :\n",
    "\n",
    "- E est l'énergie du photon (en joules)\n",
    "- h est la constante de Planck (en J⋅s)\n",
    "- $\\nu$ (\"nu\") est la fréquence (en hertz) de l'onde électromagnétique associée au photon considéré\n",
    "\n",
    "Dans le cas d'une onde électromagnétique se propageant dans le vide, fréquence $\\nu$ (\"nu\") et longueur d'onde $\\lambda$ (\"lambda\", en mètres) sont liées par la relation $\\nu = c/\\lambda$ \n",
    "\n",
    "La relation de Planck-Einstein s'écrit alors\n",
    "\n",
    "$$E=\\frac{hc}{\\lambda}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "c'est-à-dire que connaissant l'énergie d'un photon on peut calculer sa longueur d'onde par\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\\lambda=\\frac{hc}{E}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "On trouve dans certains formulaires de calcul qu'on peut directement calculer la longueur d'onde en nm, à partir d'une énergie exprimée en eV :\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\\lambda[\\mathrm{nm}]=\\frac{1239,84}{E[\\mathrm{eV}]}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Retrouver la valeur au numérateur, et la sauver dans une variable `eV2nm` (\"eV to nanometers\")\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** La transition la plus intense du spectre d'émission de l'atome d'hydrogène correspond à la transition 3 &rarr; 2. Calculer, en eV, la différence d'énergie entre les deux états. En déduire la longueur d'onde en nm. Les afficher avec 3 & 1 décimale, respectivement.\n",
    "\n",
    "**3.** La série de Balmer est la série de raies spectrales de l'atome d'hydrogène correspondant à une transition électronique d'un état quantique de nombre principal *n* &ge; 3 vers l'état *n* = 2. Calculer, en nm, les longueurs d'onde des 6 premières transitions de la série de Balmer, et les afficher avec 1 décimale.\n",
    "\n",
    "**4.** Faire le même travail pour les séries de Lyman (transitions *n* &ge; 2 vers l'état *n* = 1) et de Brackett (transitions de *n* &ge; 4 vers l'état *n* = 1). Ces raies sont-elles identifiables par un oeil humain ?\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- calculer avec Python\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions ou données incluses\n",
    "- maîtriser une boucle afin d'automatiser un traitement de données\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"hint\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- question 1\n",
    "    - utiliser à nouveau les constantes fondamentales appropriées de l'exercice précédent, et les compléter si nécessaire\n",
    "    - 1 nm = 10<sup>-9</sup> m = `1e-9` m\n",
    "    - &lambda;[m] = &lambda;[nm] &times; `1e9`\n",
    "    - *E*[J]/*e* = *E*[eV]\n",
    "- question 2\n",
    "    - utiliser la valeur de $E_{i_{1}}(\\mathrm{H})$ calculée précédemment\n",
    "    - la relation $\\lambda[\\mathrm{nm}]={1239,84}/{E[\\mathrm{eV}]}$ peut s'appliquer à des différences d'énergie\n",
    "- question 3\n",
    "    - définir une fonction `E(n)`, qui renvoie, en eV, l'énergie d'un état quantique de nombre principal *n*\n",
    "    - utiliser une boucle\n",
    "    - utiliser la fonction `round` de `numpy`\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "!! `lambda` est une fonction de `Python`. Ne pas l'utiliser comme variable !!\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "14d36402-1d55-429b-8ca4-cb8de2236652",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q3\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q4\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "938367e1-6a6c-40ca-b8c5-1da9ceabe43d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0a95dba9-3849-4847-b192-c740d59d82a0",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/H_Tn.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9cfe09d3-bcba-411b-b543-da30bad4b6ca",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Configurations électroniques fondamentales\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On va utiliser la bibliothèque Python `mendeleev`, qui est un outil conçu pour fournir un accès facile aux données du tableau périodique des éléments et à diverses propriétés atomiques. Elle est nommée en l'honneur de [Dmitri Mendeleïev](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendele%C3%AFev), le chimiste russe qui a créé le premier tableau périodique.\n",
    "\n",
    "Pour récupérer les informations d'un élément, il faut\n",
    "\n",
    "- commencer par importer le module `element` de la bibliothèque `mendeleev`\n",
    "- puis dire quel est l'élément dont on veut connaître les propriétés, en le désignant par son symbole chimique (attention au respect majuscule/minuscule) ou par son numéro atomique, ou par son nom anglais\n",
    "\n",
    "```Python\n",
    "from mendeleev import element\n",
    "\n",
    "chlore = element('Cl')\n",
    "hydrogène = element(1)\n",
    "carbone = element('Carbon')\n",
    "```\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "On peut ensuite accéder aux propriétés... si on connaît leur nom. Les données disponibles et leur origine sont indiquées sur la [page data de la documentation](https://mendeleev.readthedocs.io/en/stable/data.html).\n",
    "\n",
    "Par exemple,\n",
    "\n",
    "```Python\n",
    "chlore.econf\n",
    "```\n",
    "renvoie la configuration électronique du chlore. On peut aussi l'obtenir directement avec la commande \n",
    "\n",
    "```Python\n",
    "element('Cl').econf\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**C'est quoi cette commande `chlore.econf` ? Pourquoi pas `econf(chlore)`?**\n",
    "\n",
    "c'est lié au fait que Python obéit au principe de la programmation orientée objet. `econf` est un **attribut** de l'objet `chlore`.  Les objets ont des attributs, qui sont des variables associées à l'objet et qui contiennent des données. Dans le plupart des bibliothèques Python, il existe également des fonctions qui s'appliquent aux objets. Supposons qu'il existe une fonction, `cloud`, qui renvoie de quoi dessiner le nuage électronique d'un atome. On l'appelerait comme `chlore.cloud()`. *Notez les parenthèses.* Supposons que cette fonction dessine par défaut le nuage électronique total, mais qu'elle puisse prendre en paramètre le numéro de la couche pour dessiner le nuage électronique restreint à ces électrons-là. On écrirait par exemple, pour la 2ème couche, `chlore.cloud(2)`.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**Principales commandes**\n",
    "\n",
    "- `element(X).ec` (*attribut*) : renvoie la CEF complète de l'élément identifié par X, où X = Z ou \"symbole atomique\" ou \"name of the element\" \n",
    "- `element(X).econf` (*attribut*) : renvoie la CEF de l'élément identifié par X, exprimée à partir de celle du gaz noble de la période précédente . Bizarrement, 1 n'est jamais indiqué quand une sous-couche est occupée par un seul électron. \n",
    "- `element(X).ec.unpaired_electrons()` (*fonction*) : calcule et renvoie le nombre d'électrons célibataires de X\n",
    "- `element(X).ec.ionize(n)` (*fonction*) : renvoie la CEF du cation X^(n+)\n",
    "- `element(X).oxistates` (*attribut*) : renvoie les états d'oxydation <u>les plus courants</u> de l'élément X\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1a478912-faf9-45a1-a32b-cd11ba564da9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire de la ligne ci-dessous si votre distribution Python n'intègre pas mendeleev, ce qui est le plus probable\n",
    "# à faire une fois seulement, l'installation est définitive \n",
    "# !pip install mendeleev "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b802ff26-27e8-463e-b1a1-0287c8492c96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from mendeleev import element\n",
    "Cu = element(29)\n",
    "print(\"CEF de Cu =\",Cu.ec,\"=\",Cu.econf)\n",
    "print(\"Nombre d'électrons célibataires de Cu =\",Cu.ec.unpaired_electrons())\n",
    "print(\"État(s) d'oxydation le(s) plus courant(s) de Cu =\",Cu.oxistates)\n",
    "print(\"CEF de Cu2+ =\",element(29).ec.ionize(2))\n",
    "print(\"Nombre d'électrons célibataires de Cu2+ =\",Cu.ec.ionize(2).unpaired_electrons())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "93f42b80-d6cd-4ae2-909e-ed0f985c488e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"CEF des éléments. Métaux de transition\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Utiliser les données de la bibliothèque `mendeleev` pour afficher la configuration électronique fondamentale (CEF) des éléments ci-dessous, ainsi que leur nombre d'électrons non célibataire. Afficher également le numéro atomique, contenu dans la variable (ou attribut) `atomic_number`, utilisée à la place de `ec` ou de `econf`.\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'aluminium (Al)\n",
    "- le calcium (Ca)\n",
    "- le scandium (Sc)\n",
    "- le chrome (Cr)\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Afficher les états d'oxydation les plus courants de l'or (Au). En déduire que Au est bien un métal de transition. \n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions ou données incluses\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5ea8fc1d-3851-4d97-b407-7bf9da667a92",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "11e1b23d-7a20-4034-bc0c-2228466ffb1f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "189b9241-f582-4df2-bb85-f42e0f6ce3a4",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/CEF_MT.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "028d30c0-98f6-4b01-8bf0-8ff807b7d52a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Il est utile de rappeler la définition d'un métal de transition : **Un métal de transition, ou élément de transition, est, selon la définition de l'IUPAC, « un élément chimique dont les atomes ont une sous-couche électronique d incomplète, ou qui peuvent former des cations dont la sous-couche électronique d est incomplète**. [L'article de wikipedia sur le sujet est très bien écrit](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_de_transition). \n",
    "\n",
    "La sous-couche *d* de Au est complète (5*d*<sup>10</sup>), mais Au est bien un métal de transition, puisque Au<sup>3+</sup>, cation connu (donc stable) de Au, possède une sous-couche *d* incomplète (5*d*<sup>8</sup>).\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7d79b2d9-a216-41fc-91c3-f4cef2336c5e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Chapitre 4 : le tableau périodique des éléments\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On va principalement utiliser la bibliothèque `mendeleev`, et le tableau de données qui est renvoyé par la fonction `create_vis_dataframe()` du package `mendeleev.vis`. Ce tableau contient numéros atomiques, noms des éléments en anglais, noms des familles en anglais, rayons covalents, affinité électronique etc... Il peut ensuite être **utilisé pour dessiner des tableaux périodiques**, par exemple avec `matplotlib`. Mais il y **manque des données** comme les noms en français, les énergies de première ionisation (pourtant disponibles dans la base de données de `mendeleev`) etc. Si on veut franciser `mendeleev` et y transférer certaines données physico-chimique de sa base de données vers ce tableau, il va donc falloir le *patcher*.\n",
    "\n",
    "Pour simplifier la vie de l'utilisateur, `mendeleev` met à disposition des commandes graphiques pour **visualiser le tableau périodique**. L'une d'entre elles s'appuie sur la bibliothèque **`bokeh`**, qui permet de générer des **visualisations web interactives** directement depuis du code Python. Ca marche aussi dans un environnement de jupyter notebook. `bokeh` ne faisant en général pas partie de la distribution standard, il faut **l'installer à la première utilisation**.\n",
    "\n",
    "On aimerait de surcroît, pour chaque élément, connaître sa \"carte de visite\", comme la date de découverte, l'origine du nom, l'utilisation principale etc. Toutes ces données sont contenues dans la base de données de `mendeleev`, mais il faut une commande Python pour afficher chacune de ces informations.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fff12d2c-28e0-4ed5-bd33-2202c29cdfd0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Développements d'outils Python\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "L'exercice ci-dessous consiste à analyser un code Python qui a été développé à la fois pour simplifier l'utilisation de `mendeleev` et pour le *patcher*, selon les orientations définies dans l'introduction ci-dessus. \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4637eb76-1c72-4153-83e0-c18f7fee72d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Construction d'une classe Python\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Cet exercice s'adresse aux étudiants en informatique et plus généralement à tous ceux et toutes celles d'entre vous qui veulent acquérir la compétence *développement d'outils dans un langage orienté objet*, tel que Python.\n",
    "\n",
    "On a construit une classe `TableauPeriodique` afin d'amender `mendeleev`:\n",
    "\n",
    "- avec une partie *pach*  pour ajouter les noms en français, ajouter les énergies d'ionisation dans le tableau qui permet de dessiner le tableau périodique, changer les informations interactives qui se superposent au tableau quand on passe la souris dessus, changer les éléments du groupe 12 en métaux alors que `mendeleev` les classe comme des métaux de transition, etc...\n",
    "- avec l'introduction d'une nouvelle commande `prop()`\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- maîtriser la syntaxe et la sémantique de Python afin d'écrire des programmes fonctionnels\n",
    "- installer une bibliothèque si elle ne fait pas partie de votre environnement Python de base\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions ou données incluses\n",
    "- maîtriser une boucle afin d'automatiser un traitement de données\n",
    "- créer des fonctions spécifiques utilisant les fonctions et les classes élémentaires génériques fournies par le langage\n",
    "- connaître les grands principes de la programmation orientée objet (encapsulation, héritage ...) et les notions associées (constructeur, attributs, méthodes ...) en vue de les mettre en oeuvre en Python afin d'écrire des programmes modulaires et évolutifs\n",
    "- définir ses propres classes d'objet en vue de créer des objets correspondants parfaitement aux données manipulées\n",
    "- documenter une classe et ses méthodes en vue d'améliorer sa qualité et sa ré-utilisabiilité\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "809751f8-16bf-474c-89e1-32eee89ffb1e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire de la ligne ci-dessous si votre distribution Python n'intègre pas bokeh (Anaconda l'intègre par défaut)\n",
    "# à faire une fois seulement, l'installation est définitive \n",
    "# !pip install bokeh"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "bd1f07a4-c9f1-4416-b828-0e0a693c30c7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire de la ligne ci-dessous si votre distribution Python n'intègre pas mendeleev, ce qui est le plus probable\n",
    "# ... et si vous ne l'avez pas déjà installé dans un exercice précédent\n",
    "# !pip install mendeleev "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "9fd2acca-312f-4e5b-a4ea-e83c18bf68eb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class TableauPeriodique:\n",
    "    nomsFr=['Hydrogène','Hélium','Lithium','Béryllium','Bore','Carbone','Azote','Oxygène',\n",
    "            'Fluor','Néon','Sodium','Magnésium','Aluminium','Silicium','Phosphore','Soufre',\n",
    "            'Chlore','Argon','Potassium','Calcium','Scandium','Titane','Vanadium','Chrome',\n",
    "            'Manganèse','Fer','Cobalt','Nickel','Cuivre','Zinc','Gallium','Germanium',\n",
    "            'Arsenic','Sélénium','Brome','Krypton','Rubidium','Strontium','Yttrium',\n",
    "            'Zirconium','Niobium','Molybdène','Technétium','Ruthénium','Rhodium',\n",
    "            'Palladium','Argent','Cadmium','Indium',\n",
    "            'Étain','Antimoine','Tellure','Iode','Xénon','Césium','Baryum','Lanthane','Cérium',\n",
    "            'Praséodyme','Néodyme','Prométhium','Samarium','Europium','Gadolinium','Terbium',\n",
    "            'Dysprosium','Holmium','Erbium','Thulium','Ytterbium','Lutetium','Hafnium','Tantale',\n",
    "            'Tungstène','Rhénium','Osmium','Iridium','Platine','Or','Mercure','Thallium','Plomb',\n",
    "            'Bismuth','Polonium','Astate','Radon','Francium','Radium','Actinium','Thorium','Protactinium',\n",
    "            'Uranium','Neptunium','Plutonium','Americium','Curium','Berkelium','Californium','Einsteinium',\n",
    "            'Fermium','Mendelevium','Nobelium','Lawrencium','Rutherfordium','Dubnium','Seaborgium','Bohrium',\n",
    "            'Hassium','Meitnerium','Darmstadtium','Roentgenium','Copernicium','Nihonium','Flerovium',\n",
    "            'Moscovium','Livermorium','Tennesse','Oganesson',\n",
    "            ]\n",
    "    trad = {'Nonmetals':'Non métal',\n",
    "            'Noble gases':'Gaz noble',\n",
    "            'Alkali metals':'Métal alcalin',\n",
    "            'Alkaline earth metals':'Métal alcalino-terreux',\n",
    "            'Metalloids':'Métalloïde',\n",
    "            'Halogens':'Halogène',\n",
    "            'Poor metals':'Métal pauvre',\n",
    "            'Transition metals':'Métal de transition',\n",
    "            'Lanthanides':'Lanthanide',\n",
    "            'Actinides':'Actinide',\n",
    "            'Metals':'Métal',\n",
    "           }\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        from mendeleev.vis import create_vis_dataframe\n",
    "        self.elements = create_vis_dataframe()\n",
    "        self.patch_elements()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def patch_elements(self):\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        Ce patch, appliqué à self.elements, créé par l'appel à create_vis_dataframe(), va servir à :\n",
    "        - ajouter des informations en français : les noms des éléments et des séries (familles) auxquelles ils appartiennent\n",
    "        - retirer les éléments du groupe 12 de la famille des métaux de transition, qui est le choix CONTESTABLE par défaut de la bibliothèque mendeleev\n",
    "        input : elements est un dataframe pandas préalablement créé par la fonction create_vis_dataframe() de mendeleev.vis\n",
    "        output : elements avec deux nouvelles colonnes name_seriesFr et nom, qui contient dorénavant les noms des éléments en français\n",
    "                        + correction des données name_series et series_id pour les éléments Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn\n",
    "                        + de nouvelles colonnes qui contiennent l'énergie de première ionisation et les isotopes naturels\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        def series_eng2fr(s):\n",
    "            '''Correspondance entre nom des séries (familles) en anglais et en français'''\n",
    "            s = TableauPeriodique.trad[s]\n",
    "            return s\n",
    "\n",
    "        def name_eng2fr():\n",
    "            self.elements[\"nom\"] = TableauPeriodique.nomsFr\n",
    "            return\n",
    "\n",
    "        def ajouter_donnees():\n",
    "            import numpy as np\n",
    "            from mendeleev.fetch import fetch_table\n",
    "            import pandas as pd\n",
    "            dfEi = fetch_table('ionizationenergies')\n",
    "            dfEi1 = dfEi.query(\"degree == 1\")\n",
    "            b = pd.DataFrame({'atomic_number':[x for x in range(1, 119)]})\n",
    "            dfEi1tot = pd.merge(left=dfEi1, right=b, on='atomic_number', how='outer').sort_values(by='atomic_number')\n",
    "            self.elements[\"Ei1\"] = dfEi1tot[\"energy\"]\n",
    "        \n",
    "        # les éléments du groupe 12 ne sont pas des métaux de transition\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[29,\"name_series\"] = 'Metals'\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[47,\"name_series\"] = 'Metals'\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[79,\"name_series\"] = 'Metals'\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[111,\"name_series\"] = 'Metals'\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[29,\"series_id\"] = 11\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[47,\"series_id\"] = 11\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[79,\"series_id\"] = 11\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[111,\"series_id\"] = 11\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[29,\"color\"] = \"#bbd3a5\"\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[47,\"color\"] =  \"#bbd3a5\"\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[79,\"color\"] =  \"#bbd3a5\"\n",
    "        self.elements.loc[111,\"color\"] =  \"#bbd3a5\"\n",
    "        # english > français. Ajout d'une nouvelle colonne \n",
    "        self.elements[\"name_seriesFr\"] = self.elements[\"name_series\"].apply(series_eng2fr)\n",
    "        # english > français. Noms des éléments en français changés dans la colonne name\n",
    "        name_eng2fr()\n",
    "        ajouter_donnees()\n",
    "        return\n",
    "\n",
    "    def prop(self,elt_id):\n",
    "        from mendeleev import element\n",
    "\n",
    "        elt = element(elt_id)\n",
    "        print(f\"Nom de l'élement = {TableauPeriodique.nomsFr[elt.atomic_number-1]} ({elt.symbol}, Z = {elt.atomic_number})\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Nom en anglais = {elt.name}\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Origine du nom = {elt.name_origin}\")\n",
    "        print()\n",
    "        print(f\"CEF = {elt.ec} = {elt.econf}\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Nombre d'électrons célibataires = {elt.ec.unpaired_electrons()}\")    \n",
    "        print(f\"Groupe {elt.group_id}, Période {elt.period}, bloc {elt.block}\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Famille = {self.elements.loc[elt.atomic_number-1,'name_seriesFr']}\")\n",
    "        print()\n",
    "        print(f\"Masse molaire = {elt.atomic_weight} g/mol\")\n",
    "        isotopes = \"\"\n",
    "        X = elt.symbol\n",
    "        for i in elt.isotopes:\n",
    "            if i.abundance is not None:\n",
    "                isotopes = isotopes + str(i.mass_number)+ \"^\" + X + f\"({i.abundance}%) / \"\n",
    "        print(\"Isotopes naturels = \",isotopes[:-2])\n",
    "        print()\n",
    "        if elt.electronegativity(scale='pauling') is None:\n",
    "            print(f\"Électronégativité de Pauling = Non définie\")\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(f\"Électronégativité de Pauling = {elt.electronegativity(scale='pauling')}\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Énergie de 1ère ionisation = {elt.ionenergies[1]:.2f} eV\")\n",
    "        if elt.electron_affinity is None:\n",
    "            print(f\"Affinité électronique = Non définie\")\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(f\"Afinité électronique = {elt.electron_affinity:.2f} eV\")\n",
    "        print(f\"Rayon atomique = {elt.atomic_radius:.1f} pm\")\n",
    "        print()\n",
    "        print(\"▶ Description : \",elt.description)\n",
    "        print(\"▶ Sources : \",elt.sources)\n",
    "        print(\"▶ Utilisation : \",elt.uses)\n",
    "        print(\"---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\")\n",
    "        print()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def afficher(self):\n",
    "        from bokeh.plotting import show, output_notebook\n",
    "        from mendeleev.vis import periodic_table_bokeh\n",
    "        \n",
    "        # Toute cette partie du code est une copie du module bokeh de mendeleev.vis\n",
    "        # La fonction periodic_table_bokeh étant faiblement configurable avec des args/kwargs,\n",
    "        # elle est adaptée ici pour un affichage personnalisé\n",
    "        \n",
    "        from collections import OrderedDict\n",
    "        \n",
    "        import pandas as pd\n",
    "        from pandas.api.types import is_float_dtype\n",
    "        \n",
    "        from bokeh.plotting import figure\n",
    "        from bokeh.models import HoverTool, ColumnDataSource, FixedTicker\n",
    "        \n",
    "        from mendeleev.vis.utils import colormap_column\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        def periodic_table_bokeh(\n",
    "            elements: pd.DataFrame,\n",
    "            attribute: str = \"atomic_weight\",\n",
    "            cmap: str = \"RdBu_r\",\n",
    "            colorby: str = \"color\",\n",
    "            decimals: int = 3,\n",
    "            height: int = 800,\n",
    "            missing: str = \"#ffffff\",\n",
    "            title: str = \"Periodic Table\",\n",
    "            wide_layout: bool = False,\n",
    "            width: int = 1200,\n",
    "        ):\n",
    "            \"\"\"\n",
    "            Use Bokeh backend to plot the periodic table. Adaptation by Romuald Poteau (romuald.poteau@univ-tlse3.fr) of the orignal periodic_table_bokeh() function of the mendeleev library\n",
    "        \n",
    "            Args:\n",
    "                elements : Pandas DataFrame with the elements data. Needs to have `x` and `y`\n",
    "                    columns with coordianates for each tile.\n",
    "                attribute : Name of the attribute to be displayed\n",
    "                cmap : Colormap to use, see matplotlib colormaps\n",
    "                colorby : Name of the column containig the colors\n",
    "                decimals : Number of decimals to be displayed in the bottom row of each cell\n",
    "                height : Height of the figure in pixels\n",
    "                missing : Hex code of the color to be used for the missing values\n",
    "                title : Title to appear above the periodic table\n",
    "                wide_layout: wide layout variant of the periodic table\n",
    "                width : Width of the figure in pixels\n",
    "            \"\"\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "            if any(col not in elements.columns for col in [\"x\", \"y\"]):\n",
    "                raise ValueError(\n",
    "                    \"Coordinate columns named 'x' and 'y' are required \"\n",
    "                    \"in 'elements' DataFrame. Consider using \"\n",
    "                    \"'mendeleev.vis.utils.create_vis_dataframe' and try again.\"\n",
    "                )\n",
    "        \n",
    "            # additional columns for positioning of the text\n",
    "        \n",
    "            elements.loc[:, \"y_anumber\"] = elements[\"y\"] - 0.3\n",
    "            elements.loc[:, \"y_name\"] = elements[\"y\"] + 0.2\n",
    "        \n",
    "            if attribute:\n",
    "                elements.loc[elements[attribute].notnull(), \"y_prop\"] = (\n",
    "                    elements.loc[elements[attribute].notnull(), \"y\"] + 0.35\n",
    "                )\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                elements.loc[:, \"y_prop\"] = elements[\"y\"] + 0.35\n",
    "        \n",
    "            ac = \"display_attribute\"\n",
    "            if is_float_dtype(elements[attribute]):\n",
    "                elements[ac] = elements[attribute].round(decimals=decimals)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                elements[ac] = elements[attribute]\n",
    "        \n",
    "            if colorby == \"attribute\":\n",
    "                colored = colormap_column(elements, attribute, cmap=cmap, missing=missing)\n",
    "                elements.loc[:, \"attribute_color\"] = colored\n",
    "                colorby = \"attribute_color\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "            # bokeh configuration\n",
    "        \n",
    "            source = ColumnDataSource(data=elements)\n",
    "        \n",
    "            TOOLS = \"hover,save,reset\"\n",
    "        \n",
    "            fig = figure(\n",
    "                title=title,\n",
    "                tools=TOOLS,\n",
    "                x_axis_location=\"above\",\n",
    "                x_range=(elements.x.min() - 0.5, elements.x.max() + 0.5),\n",
    "                y_range=(elements.y.max() + 0.5, elements.y.min() - 0.5),\n",
    "                width=width,\n",
    "                height=height,\n",
    "                toolbar_location=\"above\",\n",
    "                toolbar_sticky=False,\n",
    "            )\n",
    "        \n",
    "            fig.rect(\"x\", \"y\", 0.9, 0.9, source=source, color=colorby, fill_alpha=0.6)\n",
    "        \n",
    "            # adjust the ticks and axis bounds\n",
    "            fig.yaxis.bounds = (1, 7)\n",
    "            fig.axis[1].ticker.num_minor_ticks = 0\n",
    "            if wide_layout:\n",
    "                # Turn off tick labels\n",
    "                fig.axis[0].major_label_text_font_size = \"0pt\"\n",
    "                # Turn off tick marks\n",
    "                fig.axis[0].major_tick_line_color = None  # turn off major ticks\n",
    "                fig.axis[0].ticker.num_minor_ticks = 0  # turn off minor ticks\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                fig.axis[0].ticker = FixedTicker(ticks=list(range(1, 19)))\n",
    "        \n",
    "            text_props = {\n",
    "                \"source\": source,\n",
    "                \"angle\": 0,\n",
    "                \"color\": \"black\",\n",
    "                \"text_align\": \"center\",\n",
    "                \"text_baseline\": \"middle\",\n",
    "            }\n",
    "        \n",
    "            fig.text(\n",
    "                x=\"x\",\n",
    "                y=\"y\",\n",
    "                text=\"symbol\",\n",
    "                text_font_style=\"bold\",\n",
    "                text_font_size=\"15pt\",\n",
    "                **text_props,\n",
    "            )\n",
    "            fig.text(\n",
    "                x=\"x\", y=\"y_anumber\", text=\"atomic_number\", text_font_size=\"9pt\", **text_props\n",
    "            )\n",
    "            fig.text(x=\"x\", y=\"y_name\", text=\"name\", text_font_size=\"6pt\", **text_props)\n",
    "            fig.text(x=\"x\", y=\"y_prop\", text=ac, text_font_size=\"7pt\", **text_props)\n",
    "        \n",
    "            fig.grid.grid_line_color = None\n",
    "        \n",
    "            hover = fig.select(dict(type=HoverTool))\n",
    "            hover.tooltips = OrderedDict(\n",
    "                [\n",
    "                    (\"nom\", \"@nom\"),\n",
    "                    (\"name\", \"@name\"),\n",
    "                    (\"famille\", \"@name_seriesFr\"),\n",
    "                    (\"numéro atomique\", \"@atomic_number\"),\n",
    "                    (\"masse molaire\", \"@atomic_weight\"),\n",
    "                    (\"rayon atomique\", \"@atomic_radius\"),\n",
    "                    (\"énergie de première ionisation\", \"@Ei1\"),\n",
    "                    (\"affinité électronique\", \"@electron_affinity\"),\n",
    "                    (\"EN Pauling\", \"@en_pauling\"),\n",
    "                    (\"CEF\", \"@electronic_configuration\"),\n",
    "                ]\n",
    "            )\n",
    "        \n",
    "            return fig\n",
    "\n",
    "        output_notebook()\n",
    "\n",
    "        fig = periodic_table_bokeh(self.elements, colorby=\"color\")\n",
    "        show(fig)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "97244c85-4051-4701-a7a2-e7cb850e6c27",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Affichage du tableau périodique et exploitation de \"macro commandes\"\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Une classe Python a été développée dans la section précédente, afin d'étendre, corriger et simplifier l'utilisation de la bibliothèque `mendeleev`. La simplification consiste en la création de macro-commandes qui exécutent plusieurs fonctions de `mendeleev` et qui vont chercher plusieurs données de cette bibliothèque. \n",
    "\n",
    "Pour l'utiliser, il faut :\n",
    "\n",
    "- exécuter le code précédent (`class TableauPeriodique`)\n",
    "- créer un tableau périodique à partir de la classe `TableauPeriodique` (on dit qu'on crée une instance de la classe, c'est-à-dire un objet numérique est créé à partir d'une classe). Appelons-le `tp` ou `toto` ou `MyPeriodicTable`, peu importe. La commande est `tp = TableauPeriodique()`\n",
    "- on a dorénavant accès aux fonctions de la classe qui permettent d'afficher des données\n",
    "    - un tableau périodique graphique et interactif, avec la commande `tp.afficher()`\n",
    "    - une brève carte de visite d'un élément donné, avec la commande `prop(input)` où `input` est soit le numéro atomique de l'élement, soit le symbole atomique écrit entre guillemets (car c'est une chaîne de caractères!). Attention à écrire la première lettre du symbole en lettre majuscule\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b39ea1ee-66f6-4c85-9258-a5ccc65e9c97",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Tableau périodique des éléments\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Afficher, grâce à la classe `TableauPeriodique()` le tableau périodique interactif des élements\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** À l'aide de la commande `prop()` de la classe `TableauPeriodique()`, afficher la \"carte d'identité\" de :\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'élément de numéro atomique 44\n",
    "- l'élément carbone (symbole C)\n",
    "- l'élement zinc (symbole Zn)\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "7b7d61be-e52d-47c3-bea3-aee7a5d4c743",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "af9a961c-4944-4530-be8a-eae62cab06a2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "7977c9ef-90be-4129-8da2-5e640c41858c",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "# Question 1\n"
     ]
    },
    {
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       "        <a href=\"https://bokeh.org\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"bk-notebook-logo\"></a>\n",
       "        <span id=\"d8b5f22b-8af2-4b37-950a-240f87e871a8\">Loading BokehJS ...</span>\n",
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       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n",
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       "\n",
       "const JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n",
       "  const HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n",
       "  const EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n",
       "  const CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Render data to the DOM node\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function render(props, node) {\n",
       "    const script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n",
       "    node.appendChild(script);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n",
       "    function drop(id) {\n",
       "      const view = Bokeh.index.get_by_id(id)\n",
       "      if (view != null) {\n",
       "        view.model.document.clear()\n",
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       "\n",
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       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_clean, {\n",
       "        iopub: {\n",
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       "      // store reference to server id on output_area\n",
       "      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n",
       "\n",
       "    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n",
       "      // create a DOM node to render to\n",
       "      const toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n",
       "        metadata,\n",
       "        CLASS_NAME,\n",
       "        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n",
       "      );\n",
       "      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n",
       "      // Render to node\n",
       "      const props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n",
       "      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n",
       "      element.append(toinsert);\n",
       "      return toinsert\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n",
       "    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n",
       "    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /**\n",
       "     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n",
       "     */\n",
       "    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n",
       "      /* Is output safe? */\n",
       "      safe: true,\n",
       "      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n",
       "      index: 0\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n",
       "  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n",
       "    const events = require('base/js/events');\n",
       "    const OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n",
       "      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
       "    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n",
       "    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n",
       "     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n",
       "     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</div>\"}};\n",
       "\n",
       "  function display_loaded(error = null) {\n",
       "    const el = document.getElementById(\"d8b5f22b-8af2-4b37-950a-240f87e871a8\");\n",
       "    if (el != null) {\n",
       "      const html = (() => {\n",
       "        if (typeof root.Bokeh === \"undefined\") {\n",
       "          if (error == null) {\n",
       "            return \"BokehJS is loading ...\";\n",
       "          } else {\n",
       "            return \"BokehJS failed to load.\";\n",
       "          }\n",
       "        } else {\n",
       "          const prefix = `BokehJS ${root.Bokeh.version}`;\n",
       "          if (error == null) {\n",
       "            return `${prefix} successfully loaded.`;\n",
       "          } else {\n",
       "            return `${prefix} <b>encountered errors</b> while loading and may not function as expected.`;\n",
       "          }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      })();\n",
       "      el.innerHTML = html;\n",
       "\n",
       "      if (error != null) {\n",
       "        const wrapper = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
       "        wrapper.style.overflow = \"auto\";\n",
       "        wrapper.style.height = \"5em\";\n",
       "        wrapper.style.resize = \"vertical\";\n",
       "        const content = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
       "        content.style.fontFamily = \"monospace\";\n",
       "        content.style.whiteSpace = \"pre-wrap\";\n",
       "        content.style.backgroundColor = \"rgb(255, 221, 221)\";\n",
       "        content.textContent = error.stack ?? error.toString();\n",
       "        wrapper.append(content);\n",
       "        el.append(wrapper);\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(() => display_loaded(error), 100);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_callbacks() {\n",
       "    try {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n",
       "        if (callback != null)\n",
       "          callback();\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    } finally {\n",
       "      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n",
       "    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n",
       "\n",
       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n",
       "    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n",
       "      run_callbacks();\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n",
       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_load() {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n",
       "      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n",
       "        run_callbacks()\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_error(url) {\n",
       "      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = css_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n",
       "      element.type = \"text/css\";\n",
       "      element.href = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n",
       "      document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = js_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.async = false;\n",
       "      element.src = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n",
       "      document.head.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  };\n",
       "\n",
       "  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n",
       "    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n",
       "    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n",
       "    document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-3.5.2.min.js\"];\n",
       "  const css_urls = [];\n",
       "\n",
       "  const inline_js = [    function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n",
       "    },\n",
       "function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  ];\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_inline_js() {\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n",
       "      try {\n",
       "            for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n",
       "      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "      } catch (error) {display_loaded(error);throw error;\n",
       "      }if (force === true) {\n",
       "        display_loaded();\n",
       "      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n",
       "    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n",
       "      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n",
       "      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n",
       "    } else if (force !== true) {\n",
       "      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"d8b5f22b-8af2-4b37-950a-240f87e871a8\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n",
       "      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n",
       "    run_inline_js();\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n",
       "      run_inline_js();\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}(window));"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": "'use strict';\n(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  const force = true;\n\n  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\n\n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n     \"</p>\\n\"+\n     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<code>\\n\"+\n     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n     \"</code>\\n\"+\n     \"</div>\"}};\n\n  function display_loaded(error = null) {\n    const el = document.getElementById(\"d8b5f22b-8af2-4b37-950a-240f87e871a8\");\n    if (el != null) {\n      const html = (() => {\n        if (typeof root.Bokeh === \"undefined\") {\n          if (error == null) {\n            return \"BokehJS is loading ...\";\n          } else {\n            return \"BokehJS failed to load.\";\n          }\n        } else {\n          const prefix = `BokehJS ${root.Bokeh.version}`;\n          if (error == null) {\n            return `${prefix} successfully loaded.`;\n          } else {\n            return `${prefix} <b>encountered errors</b> while loading and may not function as expected.`;\n          }\n        }\n      })();\n      el.innerHTML = html;\n\n      if (error != null) {\n        const wrapper = document.createElement(\"div\");\n        wrapper.style.overflow = \"auto\";\n        wrapper.style.height = \"5em\";\n        wrapper.style.resize = \"vertical\";\n        const content = document.createElement(\"div\");\n        content.style.fontFamily = \"monospace\";\n        content.style.whiteSpace = \"pre-wrap\";\n        content.style.backgroundColor = \"rgb(255, 221, 221)\";\n        content.textContent = error.stack ?? error.toString();\n        wrapper.append(content);\n        el.append(wrapper);\n      }\n    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(() => display_loaded(error), 100);\n    }\n  }\n\n  function run_callbacks() {\n    try {\n      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n        if (callback != null)\n          callback();\n      });\n    } finally {\n      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n  }\n\n  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n      return null;\n    }\n    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n      run_callbacks();\n      return null;\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n\n    function on_load() {\n      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n        run_callbacks()\n      }\n    }\n\n    function on_error(url) {\n      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = css_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n      element.type = \"text/css\";\n      element.href = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n      document.body.appendChild(element);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = js_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement('script');\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.async = false;\n      element.src = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n      document.head.appendChild(element);\n    }\n  };\n\n  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n    document.body.appendChild(element);\n  }\n\n  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-3.5.2.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-3.5.2.min.js\"];\n  const css_urls = [];\n\n  const inline_js = [    function(Bokeh) {\n      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n    },\nfunction(Bokeh) {\n    }\n  ];\n\n  function run_inline_js() {\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n      try {\n            for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n    }\n\n      } catch (error) {display_loaded(error);throw error;\n      }if (force === true) {\n        display_loaded();\n      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n    } else if (force !== true) {\n      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"d8b5f22b-8af2-4b37-950a-240f87e871a8\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n    run_inline_js();\n  } else {\n    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n      run_inline_js();\n    });\n  }\n}(window));"
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <div id=\"e4dbf38e-bf59-42fd-98e5-5d761d18c7e0\" data-root-id=\"p1004\" style=\"display: contents;\"></div>\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": [
       "(function(root) {\n",
       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "  const docs_json = {\"269fd25c-4859-4ad7-b7e7-c77ea262de80\":{\"version\":\"3.5.2\",\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"roots\":[{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Figure\",\"id\":\"p1004\",\"attributes\":{\"width\":1200,\"height\":800,\"x_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1014\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":0.5,\"end\":18.5}},\"y_range\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Range1d\",\"id\":\"p1015\",\"attributes\":{\"start\":10.0,\"end\":0.5}},\"x_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1016\"},\"y_scale\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"LinearScale\",\"id\":\"p1017\"},\"title\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"name\":\"Title\",\"id\":\"p1007\",\"attributes\":{\"text\":\"Periodic 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odourless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.\",\"Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.\",\"Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.\",\"Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.\",\"An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.\",\"Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.\",\"Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.\",\"A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.\",\"A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.\",\"Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.\",\"Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.\",\"Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.\",\"Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.\",\"Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.\",\"Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.\",\"Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.\",\"Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.\",\"Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.\",\"Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.\",\"Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.\",\"White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.\",\"Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to Ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.\",\"Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.\",\"Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.\",\"Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.\",\"Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.\",\"Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.\",\"Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.\",\"Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.\",\"Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.\",\"Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.\",\"Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.\",\"Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.\",\"Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with Fluorine.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.\",\"Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy.\",\"Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.\",\"Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a Neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.\",\"Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called Columbium originally.\",\"Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.\",\"Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6*10^6 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese.\",\"Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.\",\"Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.\",\"Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.\",\"White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.\",\"Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.\",\"Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter.\",\"Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.\",\"Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450.\",\"Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to Sulphur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.\",\"Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.\",\"Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.\",\"Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even more toxic.\",\"Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy.\",\"(From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.\",\"Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.\",\"Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components Praseodymium and neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are Neutron absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.\",\"Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.\",\"Metallic with a bright silvery-white lustre. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.\",\"Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho-165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard.\",\"Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.\",\"Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.\",\"Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.\",\"Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from Ytterbium was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.\",\"Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.\",\"Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.\",\"White or grey metallic transition element,formerly called Wolfram. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.\",\"Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.\",\"Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.\",\"Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into Platinum, while the other radioisotopes decay into Osmium. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinumpy. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.\",\"Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. Hydrogen and Oxygen react explosively in the presence of platinumpy. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-Cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic.\",\"Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.\",\"Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds.\",\"Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.\",\"Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.\",\"White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead.\",\"Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.\",\"Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.\",\"Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of Radium-226. Radon itself decays into Polonium. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.\",\"Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half-life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.\",\"Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanumpy. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.\",\"Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow Neutrons and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.\",\"Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43*10^4 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.\",\"White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.\",\"Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu-244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding Uranium-238 with alpha particles.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with Neutrons. Named for Marie Curie.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf-251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense Neutron source, which makes it an intense Neutron source and gives it a use in Neutron activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.\",\"Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm-257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name Unnilunium has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.\",\"Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. Unnilbium has been proposed as an alternative name.\",\"Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary IUPAC nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.\",\"Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.\",\"Also known as Hahnium, Ha. Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.\",\"Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.\",\"Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.\",\"Radioactive transition metal first synthesized in 1984 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Muenzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt.\",\"Half-life of approximately 5 ms. The creation of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. 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Cavendish\",\"Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve\",\"Johann Arfwedson\",\"Fredrich W\\u00f6hler, A.A.Bussy\",\"Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Th\\u00e9nard\",\"Known to the ancients\",\"Daniel Rutherford\",\"Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele\",\"Henri Moissan\",\"Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers\",\"Sir Humphrey Davy\",\"Sir Humphrey Davy\",\"Hans Christian Oersted\",\"J\\u00f6ns Berzelius\",\"Hennig Brand\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Carl Wilhelm Scheele\",\"Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh\",\"Sir Humphrey Davy\",\"Sir Humphrey Davy\",\"Lars Nilson\",\"William Gregor\",\"Nils Sefstr\\u00f6m\",\"Louis Vauquelin\",\"Johann Gahn\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"George Brandt\",\"Axel Cronstedt\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Paul \\u00c9mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran\",\"Clemens Winkler\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"J\\u00f6ns Berzelius\",\"Antoine J. Balard\",\"Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers\",\"R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff\",\"A. Crawford\",\"Johann Gadolin\",\"Martin Klaproth\",\"Charles Hatchet\",\"Carl Wilhelm Scheele\",\"Carlo Perrier, \\u00c9millo Segr\\u00e8\",\"Karl Klaus\",\"William Wollaston\",\"William Wollaston\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Fredrich Stromeyer\",\"Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Franz M\\u00fcller von Reichenstein\",\"Bernard Courtois\",\"Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers\",\"Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen\",\"Sir Humphrey Davy\",\"Carl Mosander\",\"W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth\",\"C.F. Aver von Welsbach\",\"C.F. Aver von Welsbach\",\"J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell\",\"Paul \\u00c9mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran\",\"Eug\\u00e8ne Demar\\u00e7ay\",\"Jean de Marignac\",\"Carl Mosander\",\"Paul \\u00c9mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran\",\"J.L. Soret\",\"Carl Mosander\",\"Per Theodor Cleve\",\"Jean de Marignac\",\"Georges Urbain\",\"Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy\",\"Anders Ekeberg\",\"Fausto and Juan Jos\\u00e9 de Elhuyar\",\"Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg\",\"Smithson Tenant\",\"S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils\",\"Julius Scaliger\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Sir William Crookes\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Known to the ancients.\",\"Pierre and Marie Curie\",\"D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segr\\u00e9\",\"Fredrich Ernst Dorn\",\"Marguerite Derey\",\"Pierre and Marie Curie\",\"Andr\\u00e9 Debierne\",\"J\\u00f6ns Berzelius\",\"Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner\",\"Martin Klaproth\",\"E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson\",\"G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl\",\"G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso\",\"G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso\",\"G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso\",\"G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.\",\"Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif\",\"Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif\",\"G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.\",\"Nobel Institute for Physics\",\"A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer\",\"A. Ghiorso, et al\",\"A. Ghiorso, et al\",\"Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley\",\"Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)\",\"Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)\",\"Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)\",\"Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)\",\"Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)\",\"GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research\",\"RIKEN\",\"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research\",\"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research\",\"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\",\"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research/Oak Ridge National Laboratory\",\"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research\"],\"shape\":[118],\"dtype\":\"object\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"discovery_year\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":{\"type\":\"bytes\",\"data\":\"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\"},\"shape\":[118],\"dtype\":\"float64\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"discovery_location\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":[\"England\",\"Scotland/Sweden\",\"Sweden\",\"Germany/France\",\"England/France\",null,\"Scotland\",\"England/Sweden\",\"France\",\"England\",\"England\",\"England\",\"Denmark\",\"Sweden\",\"Germany\",null,\"Sweden\",\"Scotland\",\"England\",\"England\",\"Sweden\",\"England\",\"Sweden\",\"France\",\"Sweden\",null,\"Sweden\",\"Sweden\",null,null,\"France\",\"Germany\",null,\"Sweden\",\"France\",\"Great Britain\",\"Germany\",\"Scotland\",\"Finland\",\"Germany\",\"England\",\"Sweden\",\"Italy\",\"Russia\",\"England\",\"England\",null,\"Germany\",\"Germany\",null,null,\"Romania\",\"France\",\"England\",\"Germany\",\"England\",\"Sweden\",\"Sweden/Germany\",\"Austria\",\"Austria\",\"United States\",\"France\",\"France\",\"Switzerland\",\"Sweden\",\"France\",\"Switzerland\",\"Sweden\",\"Sweden\",\"Switzerland\",\"France\",\"Denmark\",\"Sweden\",\"Spain\",\"Germany\",\"England\",\"England/France\",\"Italy\",null,null,\"England\",null,null,\"France\",\"United States\",\"Germany\",\"France\",\"France\",\"France\",\"Sweden\",\"England/France\",\"Germany\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"Sweden\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"United States\",\"USSR/United States\",\"Germany\",\"Germany\",\"Germany\",\"Germany\",\"Germany\",\"Germany\",\"Japan\",\"Russia\",\"Russia\",\"United States\",\"Russia/United States\",\"Russia\"],\"shape\":[118],\"dtype\":\"object\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"name_origin\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":[\"Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)\",\"Greek: h\\u00ealios (sun).\",\"Greek: lithos (stone).\",\"Greek: beryllos, \\\"beryl\\\" (a mineral).\",\"From Arabic and Persian words for borax.\",\"Latin: carbo, (charcoal).\",\"Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).\",\"Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).\",\"Latin: fluere (flow).\",\"Greek: neos (new).\",\"Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).\",\"From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.\",\"Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).\",\"Latin: silex, silicus, (flint).\",\"Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).\",\"Latin: sulphur (brimstone).\",\"Greek: chl\\u00f4ros (greenish yellow).\",\"Greek: argos (inactive).\",\"English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).\",\"Latin: calx, calcis (lime).\",\"Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia.\",\"Greek: titanos (Titans).\",\"From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.\",\"Greek: chr\\u00f4ma (color).\",\"Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.\",\"Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).\",\"German: kobold (goblin).\",\"German: kupfernickel (false copper).\",\"Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).\",\"German: zink (German for tin).\",\"Latin: Gallia (France).\",\"Latin: Germania (Germany).\",\"Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).\",\"Greek: sel\\u00ean\\u00ea (moon).\",\"Greek: br\\u00f4mos (stench).\",\"Greek: kryptos (hidden).\",\"Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.\",\"From the Scottish town, Strontian.\",\"From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.\",\"From the mineral, zircon.\",\"From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.\",\"Greek: molybdos (lead).\",\"Greek: techn\\u00eatos (artificial).\",\"Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).\",\"Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.\",\"Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803.\",\"Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.\",\"Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)).\",\"Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.\",\"Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).\",\"Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.\",\"Latin: tellus (earth).\",\"Greek: i\\u00f4eides (violet colored).\",\"Greek: xenos (strange).\",\"Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.\",\"Greek: barys (heavy or dense).\",\"Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).\",\"Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.\",\"Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.\",\"Greek: neos and didymos (new twin).\",\"Named for the Greek god, Prometheus.\",\"Named after the mineral samarskite.\",\"Named for the continent of Europe.\",\"Named after the mineral gadolinite.\",\"Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden.\",\"Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at).\",\"From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.\",\"Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby.\",\"From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.\",\"Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby.\",\"Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.\",\"From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.\",\"From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.\",\"Swedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram.\",\"Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.\",\"Greek: osm\\u00ea (odor).\",\"Latin: iris (rainbow).\",\"Spanish: platina (little silver).\",\"Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).\",\"From the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).\",\"Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.\",\"Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.\",\"German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.\",\"Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.\",\"Greek: astatos (unstable).\",\"Variation of the name of another element, radium.\",\"Named for France, the nation of its discovery.\",\"Latin: radius (ray).\",\"Greek: akis, aktinos (ray).\",\"Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.\",\"Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.\",\"Named for the planet Uranus.\",\"Named for the planet Neptune.\",\"Named for the planet Pluto.\",\"Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium.\",\"Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.\",\"Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.\",\"Named after the state and University of California.\",\"Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.\",\"Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.\",\"Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.\",\"Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.\",\"Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.\",\"Named in honor of Ernest Rutherford\",\"Named after the city of Dubna, the site of the JINR.\",\"Named in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements.\",\"Named in honor of Niels Bohr\",\"Named in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.\",\"Named in honor of Lise Mietner\",\"Named after the city of Darmstadt, Germany where  GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research is located.\",\"Named in honor of the physicist Wilhelm Roentgen.\",\"Named in honor of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.\",\"Named after the country of Japan.\",\"Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia.\",\"Named after the city of Moscov.\",\"Named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States.\",\"Named after the state of Tennessee in United States.\",\"Named in honor of the scientist Yuri Oganessian.\"],\"shape\":[118],\"dtype\":\"object\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"sources\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":[\"Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.\",\"Found in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles).\",\"Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].\",\"Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.\",\"Obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl).\",\"Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.\",\"Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.\",\"Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.\",\"Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.\",\"Obtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.\",\"Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.\",\"Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.\",\"Never occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).\",\"Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 \\u00b0C.\",\"Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 \\u00b0C.\",\"Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.\",\"Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).\",\"Continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.\",\"Found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.\",\"Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.\",\"Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.\",\"Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2  to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.\",\"Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated  with Mg in Ar atmosphere.\",\"Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.\",\"Most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace.\",\"Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom.  This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottom\",\"Occurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.\",\"Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.\",\"Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).\",\"Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).\",\"Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.\",\"Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.\",\"Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)\",\"Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.\",\"Occurs in compounds in sea water.\",\"Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.\",\"Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.\",\"Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.\",\"Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.\",\"Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.\",\"Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.\",\"Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb).\",\"Made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.\",\"Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.\",\"Obtained as a by-product of nickel production.\",\"Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores.\",\"Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.\",\"Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.\",\"Found in certain zinc ores.\",\"Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).\",\"Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).\",\"Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.\",\"Occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.\",\"Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air.\",\"Found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.\",\"Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.\",\"Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.\",\"Most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].\",\"Obtained from same salts as neodymium.\",\"Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.\",\"Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.\",\"Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.\",\"Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.\",\"Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.\",\"Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.\",\"Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.\",\"Occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.\",\"Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.\",\"Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.\",\"Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium.\",\"Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium.\",\"Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.\",\"Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.\",\"Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].\",\"Found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.\",\"Obtained from the same ores as platinum.\",\"Found in gravel deposits with platinum.\",\"Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.\",\"Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .\",\"Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.\",\"Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.\",\"Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.\",\"It can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)\",\"Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.\",\"Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.\",\"Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.\",\"Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.\",\"Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.\",\"Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.\",\"Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite.\",\"Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.\",\"Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.\",\"Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.\",\"Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.\",\"Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.\",\"Made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.\",\"Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.\",\"Made by bombarding curium with helium ions.\",\"Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.\",\"Produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.\",\"Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.\",\"Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13\",\"Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions.\",\"Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec.\",\"Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15\",\"Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.\",\"Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54. \",\"Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.\",\"Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.\",\"Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.\",\"Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.\",\"Made by bombarding lead-208 with zinc-70. \",\"Made by bombardng bismuth-209 with zinc-70.\",\"Made by bombarding plutonium-244 with calcium-48.\",\"Made by bombarding americium-243 with calcium-48.\",\"Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.\",\"Made by bombarding berkelium-249 with calcium-48.\",\"Made by bombarding californium-249 with calcium-48.\"],\"shape\":[118],\"dtype\":\"object\",\"order\":\"little\"}],[\"uses\",{\"type\":\"ndarray\",\"array\":[\"Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.\",\"Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.\",\"Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics.  Some is used in lubricants.\",\"Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.\",\"Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.\",\"For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.\",\"Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.\",\"Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.\",\"Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.\",\"Primarily for lighting.\",\"There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.\",\"Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited.\",\"Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.\",\"Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.\",\"Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.\",\"Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).\",\"Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).\",\"Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres.\",\"Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures.\",\"Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.\",\"Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.\",\"Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.\",\"It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.\",\"Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.\",\"Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1.\",\"Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.\",\"Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982\\u00b0C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy.\",\"Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.\",\"Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.\",\"Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.\",\"Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.\",\"Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.\",\"Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.\",\"Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.\",\"It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.\",\"Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.\",\"Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.\",\"Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.\",\"Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.\",\"Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.\",\"Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium.\",\"Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.\",\"Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.\",\"Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.\",\"Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.\",\"Used as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .\",\"Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.\",\"Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous.\",\"Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.\",\"Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.\",\"It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.\",\"Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.\",\"Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.\",\"Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.\",\"Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant.\",\"Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.\",\"It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses.\",\"Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.\",\"Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal.\",\"Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel.\",\"It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.\",\"It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries.  It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.\",\"Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.\",\"Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.\",\"It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.\",\"Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.\",\"It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications.\",\"Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium.\",\"Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.\",\"Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.\",\"It has no practical applications.\",\"Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.\",\"Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and dental tools.\",\"Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.\",\"Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.\",\"Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other.\",\"Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum.\",\"Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia.\",\"Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.\",\"Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting products.\",\"Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.\",\"Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.\",\"Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.\",\"Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal.\",\"Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.\",\"Used to treat some forms of cancer.\",\"Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.\",\"Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.\",\"Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial applications.\",\"It has no significant commercial 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       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"269fd25c-4859-4ad7-b7e7-c77ea262de80\",\"roots\":{\"p1004\":\"e4dbf38e-bf59-42fd-98e5-5d761d18c7e0\"},\"root_ids\":[\"p1004\"]}];\n",
       "  void root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 10, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
     },
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "p1004"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "# Question 2\n",
      "Nom de l'élement = Ruthénium (Ru, Z = 44)\n",
      "Nom en anglais = Ruthenium\n",
      "Origine du nom = Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).\n",
      "\n",
      "CEF = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d7 5s1 = [Kr] 4d7 5s\n",
      "Nombre d'électrons célibataires = 4\n",
      "Groupe 8, Période 5, bloc d\n",
      "Famille = Métal de transition\n",
      "\n",
      "Masse molaire = 101.07 g/mol\n",
      "Isotopes naturels =  96^Ru(5.54%) / 98^Ru(1.87%) / 99^Ru(12.76%) / 100^Ru(12.6%) / 101^Ru(17.06%) / 102^Ru(31.55%) / 104^Ru(18.62%) \n",
      "\n",
      "Électronégativité de Pauling = 2.2\n",
      "Énergie de 1ère ionisation = 7.36 eV\n",
      "Afinité électronique = 1.05 eV\n",
      "Rayon atomique = 130.0 pm\n",
      "\n",
      "▶ Description :  Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.\n",
      "▶ Sources :  Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.\n",
      "▶ Utilisation :  Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.\n",
      "---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "\n",
      "Nom de l'élement = Carbone (C, Z = 6)\n",
      "Nom en anglais = Carbon\n",
      "Origine du nom = Latin: carbo, (charcoal).\n",
      "\n",
      "CEF = 1s2 2s2 2p2 = [He] 2s2 2p2\n",
      "Nombre d'électrons célibataires = 2\n",
      "Groupe 14, Période 2, bloc p\n",
      "Famille = Non métal\n",
      "\n",
      "Masse molaire = 12.011 g/mol\n",
      "Isotopes naturels =  12^C(98.94%) / 13^C(1.06%) \n",
      "\n",
      "Électronégativité de Pauling = 2.55\n",
      "Énergie de 1ère ionisation = 11.26 eV\n",
      "Afinité électronique = 1.26 eV\n",
      "Rayon atomique = 70.0 pm\n",
      "\n",
      "▶ Description :  Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.\n",
      "▶ Sources :  Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.\n",
      "▶ Utilisation :  For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.\n",
      "---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "\n",
      "Nom de l'élement = Zinc (Zn, Z = 30)\n",
      "Nom en anglais = Zinc\n",
      "Origine du nom = German: zink (German for tin).\n",
      "\n",
      "CEF = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 = [Ar] 3d10 4s2\n",
      "Nombre d'électrons célibataires = 0\n",
      "Groupe 12, Période 4, bloc d\n",
      "Famille = Métal\n",
      "\n",
      "Masse molaire = 65.38 g/mol\n",
      "Isotopes naturels =  64^Zn(49.17%) / 66^Zn(27.73%) / 67^Zn(4.04%) / 68^Zn(18.45%) / 70^Zn(0.61%) \n",
      "\n",
      "Électronégativité de Pauling = 1.65\n",
      "Énergie de 1ère ionisation = 9.39 eV\n",
      "Affinité électronique = Non définie\n",
      "Rayon atomique = 135.0 pm\n",
      "\n",
      "▶ Description :  Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.\n",
      "▶ Sources :  Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).\n",
      "▶ Utilisation :  Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.\n",
      "---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/tp.py\n",
    "print(\"# Question 1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# il faut d'abord faire tourner le code qui définit la classe, voir paragraphe précédent\n",
    "tp = TableauPeriodique()\n",
    "tp.afficher()\n",
    "\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(\"# Question 2\")\n",
    "tp.prop(44)\n",
    "tp.prop('C')\n",
    "tp.prop('Zn')\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ad49437f-713e-4a29-b562-ded074a11064",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rqT\" title=\"C'est quoi ce NaN dans certaines données?\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Ça veut dire *Not A Number*. C'est utilisé lorsqu'une donnée est manquante. C'est par exemple le cas ici pour l'affinité électronique de la plupart des gaz rares, qui ne sont effectivement pas stables sous forme anionique\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ba7a5c0c-7026-4124-bcc3-fd956363b6e2",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Pourquoi utiliser cette bibliothèque `mendeleev` alors qu'il existe tant de ressources sur internet, y compris des IA comme ChatGPT ?\n",
    "\n",
    "Parce que c'est une base de données thématique, dont les informations sont sourcées - ce qui n'empêche pas des erreurs, mais permet une indispensable traçabilité. \n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "15d0dfa2-31da-4cb8-8892-cfc801ab3aff",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Évolution des propriétés des éléments, périodicité\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "L'un des attributs d'un objet de la classe `TableauPeriodique` est un tableau qui contient de nombreuses propriétés de chacun des éléments du tableau périodique. Ce tableau est en réalité un \"dataframe\" de la bibliothèque `pandas`. La commande `display` permet d'en voir un extrait (les tables de données trop grandes sont par défaut affichées de façon tronquée). La fonction `info()` associée au tableau permet de lister les noms de toutes les colonnes de la table et combien il y a de données par colonne. Par exemple, on verra que la propriété #2, c'est-à-dire le rayon atomique (`atomic_radius`), n'est définie que pour 90 éléments. Les données numériques manquantes sont remplacées par `NaN`, c'est-à-dire le raccourci de Not A Number.\n",
    "\n",
    "Voici les commandes à exécuter :\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "# création d'une instance Tableau Périodique\n",
    "tp = TableauPeriodique()\n",
    "\n",
    "# affichage du tableau \"elements\" qui est une des données associées au tableau périodique \"tp\"\n",
    "display(tp.elements)\n",
    "\n",
    "# affichage de la liste des propriétés contenues dans le tableau, et du nombre de données par propriété\n",
    "print(tp.elements.info())\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Affichage, sous forme de table, des données utilisées pour tracer le Tableau Périodique\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Copier/coller le code ci-dessus, et examiner le résultat et la structure de la table\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "931f5c00-3de4-4314-a86d-3f0f90a86731",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ac5867f6-c707-4352-abbe-a808d47360d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a8c44d4e-0941-4469-bf43-804ef8d086fa",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/tp_tab.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0a399536-fbba-40ff-b616-832d0533348d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Pour récupérer le contenu d'une colonne il suffit d'indiquer l'en-tête de la colonne, entre crochets et entre guillemets.\n",
    "Par exemple, `Z = tp.elements[\"atomic_number\"]` permet de récupérer le contenu numérique de la colonne du tableau `tp.elements` repérée par l'en-tête `atomic_number`.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Sauvegarde dans une variable du contenu d'une colonne du tableau elements\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Sauver le contenu de la colonne `symbol` de `elements` dans une variable `Z`. Puis afficher `Z`.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5402a82f-a8fc-4676-a00b-35abf0afd630",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c21479b4-ecc2-40a1-a898-2ab441056d2d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "7edadbf4-5ae7-4548-b333-a2793206017b",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/tp_varcol.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4d4cd5ec-49e5-43dd-86fb-8b1c123f9c2e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- Le contenu de la première colonne est l'index de la ligne. Et en Python la numérotation commence par 0 et non par 1.\n",
    "- `print()` n'affiche par défaut que les 5 premières et 5 dernières valeurs des longues listes. \n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b2fdca27-d6ac-4d2e-bfb4-1b2c3d099b74",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On peut maintenant exploiter cette riche source de données pour tracer l'évolution de certaines propriétés des éléments du tableau périodique en fonction du numéro atomique `Z`. La bibliothèque graphique principale de Python est la bibliothèque `matplotlib`. Un tracé simple d'une fonction $y=f(x)$ s'obtient par la commance `plot(x,y)`.\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Analyse du code (simple) permettant de tracer l'énergie de première ionisation, Ei1, en fonction de Z\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Analyser et exécuter le code commenté ci-dessous\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "dbc70e87-e727-4312-a77d-85018029745e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 1181.1x472.441 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# importation du module pyplot de matplotlib\n",
    "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
    "\n",
    "# sauvegarde du numéro atomique, de l'énergie de première ionisation, et de la couleur des cases du tableau périosique,\n",
    "# qui a été tracé par familles\n",
    "Z = tp.elements[\"atomic_number\"]\n",
    "Ei1 = tp.elements[\"Ei1\"]\n",
    "color = tp.elements[\"color\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "# l'unité par défaut pour dimensionner les figures est le pouce (inches)\n",
    "cm2i = 1/2.54 # conversion de cm en pouces\n",
    "# création d'un objet \"figure\", et définition de la taille du tracé (30cm x 12cm)\n",
    "fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(30*cm2i,12*cm2i))\n",
    "\n",
    "# numéros atomiques des gaz nobles, les éléments qui clôturent chaque période\n",
    "xticks=[2,10,18,36,54,86,118]\n",
    "# les graduations de l'axe des abscisses vont être tracées pour les numéros atomiques des gaz nobles\n",
    "ax.set_xticks(xticks)\n",
    "# ajout d'une grille verticale pour bien repérer où se finit chaque période\n",
    "plt.grid(color='r', linestyle='--', linewidth=0.5, axis=\"x\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# tracé de Ei1 en fonction de Z\n",
    "plt.plot(Z,Ei1,linewidth=0.5)\n",
    "# on superpose les points sous forme de symbole \"o\" (scatter plot), ce qui permet une fantaisie :\n",
    "# les symboles ont la couleur de la famille à laquelle appartient l'élémént\n",
    "plt.scatter(Z,Ei1,marker=\"o\",c=color)\n",
    "\n",
    "# comme tout graphe, il faut ajouter la légende de chaque axe, avec l'unité de la variable, si c'est pertinent\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"Numéro atomique (Z)\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"Ei1 / eV\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# on a fini de définir les options, on peut tracer le graphe\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ebca191e-8a31-49d2-8a67-e6633ec3607c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rq\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Le code semble long, mais si on enlève tous les commentaires, il se résume par \n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
    "Z = tp.elements[\"atomic_number\"]\n",
    "Ei1 = tp.elements[\"Ei1\"]\n",
    "color = tp.elements[\"color\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "cm2i = 1/2.54\n",
    "fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(30*cm2i,12*cm2i))\n",
    "xticks=[2,10,18,36,54,86,118]\n",
    "ax.set_xticks(xticks)\n",
    "plt.grid(color='r', linestyle='--', linewidth=0.5, axis=\"x\")\n",
    "plt.plot(Z,Ei1,linewidth=0.5)\n",
    "plt.scatter(Z,Ei1,marker=\"o\",c=color)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"Numéro atomique (Z)\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"Ei1 / eV\")\n",
    "plt.show()\n",
    "```\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1c1b9b82-cbdc-4313-a452-5e1d35f1db23",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Tracé de l'électronégativité de Pauling en fonction de Z\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Adapter le code précédent pour tracer l'électronégativité de Pauling (&chi;<sub>P</sub>) en fonction de *Z*. Comparer avec vos cours et TD sur ce sujet. Les tendances attendues sont-elles observées ?\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Il y a des trous dans le tracé. Quelle en est l'origine ?\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0ade4cf9-0fc6-4131-bf55-83bf34fd2724",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d80f9573-9c6b-48aa-a302-eeccfb4d04af",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "57a906d6-b7ff-4fd8-8c16-f577d093aa4f",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/elt_EN_P.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "99c0d18f-dba5-4242-9e83-42d32aa50059",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rqT\" title=\"Commentaires & réponse à la question 2\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'électronégativité a tendance à augmenter de la gauche vers la droite dans une période\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'électronégativité diminue dans un groupe\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'élément le plus électrongétif est le fluor\n",
    "\n",
    "- le carbone et l'hydrogène ont des électronégativités similaires, alors que l'oxygène est beaucoup plus électronégatif que H\n",
    "\n",
    "- on observe une absence de valeurs pour la plupart des gaz nobles. Ce n'est pas parce que des données ont été oubliées dans la table exportée par la bibliothèque `mendeleev`. Ces gaz ne formant presque jamais de liaisons covalentes, il n'est pas possible de mesurer une valeur d'électronégativité pour eux dans le cadre de l'échelle de Pauling, qui repose sur des mesures d'énergies de liaison covalente entre différents atomes. Il n'existe donc pas de valeur.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2fcd5c64-a82c-49f6-96fa-39ac2da52f80",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Tracé du rayon covalent en fonction de Z\">\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Adapter le code précédent pour tracer le rayon covalent déterminé par Pyykko (`covalent_radius_pyykko`) en fonction de *Z*.\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Comparer avec vos cours et TD sur ce sujet. Les tendances attendues sont-elles observées ?\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0364f541-20ea-4c22-8d52-03164cc403c3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q1\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fe12cc81-22df-41f5-b291-329107530359",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "e61145d7-f215-4630-b336-b67ab1f24f99",
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    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/elt_Rcov.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4a6d9f74-1ce4-4ac5-b213-cfd15f73d46b",
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   "source": [
    "<div class=\"rqT\" title=\"Réponse à la question 2\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- le rayon atomique a tendance à diminuer de la gauche vers la droite dans une période, en relation avec l'effet attractif croissant du noyau\n",
    "\n",
    "- le rayon atomique augmente en descendant dans un groupe, en relation avec l'augmentation du nombre de couches électroniques occupées\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e1416868-bf28-472c-b3c6-aa7ccab43812",
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    "## Chapitre 6 : représentation 2D des molécules, et analyse automatisée de certaines propriétés\n",
    "\n",
    "### Introduction\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On va utiliser `RDKit`, bibliothèque open-source très utilie dans le domaine de la **chemo-informatique**. C'est un domaine de recherche interdisciplinaire qui **combine la chimie avec l'informatique et les technologies de l'information**. Son objectif est de modéliser, analyser et comprendre des structures chimiques et des processus moléculaires à l'aide d'outils numériques. \n",
    "\n",
    "`RDKit` est conçu pour gérer des tâches informatiques moléculaires telles que la similarité moléculaire, la recherche de sous-structures, la prédiction de propriétés moléculaires, le calcul de descripteurs moléculaires, et la visualisation 2D des molécules.  \n",
    "\n",
    "La boîte à outils propose un ensemble complet de fonctionnalités, y compris l'empreinte moléculaire, la gestion des réactions chimiques,  et le criblage virtuel basé sur la structure. `RDKit` est largement utilisé dans la découverte de médicaments, la recherche environnementale et d'autres domaines où l'analyse des données chimiques est essentielle. `RDKit` a révolutionné la chemo-informatique et est devenu un outil indispensable dans l'intelligence artificielle et la science des données appliqués à la chimie. Sa large gamme de fonctionnalités offre aux chercheurs et scientifiques des outils puissants. La maîtrise de `RDKit` est en particulier très recherchée dans certains services de R&D&I de l'industrie pharmaceutique. \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "`RDKit` va ici être utilisé de façon très modeste, principalement pour afficher les **représentations topologiques** de molécules. Comme il intègre de nombreux algorithmes qui \"connaissent la chimie\", en particulier la liaison chimique, on va principalement l'utiliser pour afficher **l'hybridation des atomes**, souligner la présence de **systèmes aromatiques**, analyser de la **conjugaison**. \n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"rqT\" title = \"Attention !!!\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Les analyses et propriétés délivrées par `RDKit` sont basées sur des algorithmes, qui ne sont pas infaillibles. <span style=\"color:red\">**Soyez toujours critiques et utilisez votre intelligence, supérieure à celle des algorithmes</span>**. \n",
    "</div>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"introT\" title=\"Comment démarrer ?\">\n",
    "\n",
    "`RDKit` exploite les [SMILES](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Molecular_Input_Line_Entry_System) comme un format standard pour représenter, analyser et manipuler des structures chimiques de manière efficace. Les SMILES sont une représentation textuelle simplifiée des molécules, en liaison directe avedc leur représentation topologique, et permettant de décrire la structure d'une molécule sous forme de chaîne de caractères. Voici quelques exemples de SMILES :\n",
    "\n",
    "- l'éthanol C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>OH : `CCO`\n",
    "- l'acide acétique H<sub>3</sub>C-COOH : `CC(=O)O`\n",
    "- le diazote N<sub>2</sub> : `N#N`\n",
    "- le sulfate de cuivre Cu<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> : `[Cu+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-]` (où le . désigne une liaison ionique entre les Cu<sup>2+</sup> et SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>)\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "<div class=\"introT\" title=\"SMILES ???\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "**FAQ : *je ne suis pas spécialiste du langage SMILES. Est-ce que je peux trouver quelque part les SMILES des molécules les plus courantes?***\n",
    "\n",
    "Sans problème. \n",
    "- on les trouve dans les articles de Wikipedia consacrés à un composé moléculaire donné, comme dans le cas de l'[acide acétique](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_ac%C3%A9tique)\n",
    "- on peut également consulter les bases de données (BDD) chimiques en ligne, comme [PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (*bien que cette BDD soit en anglais, vous pouvez tenter d'entrer un nom en français. Le SMILES s'affiche pour chaque molécule renvoyée par la recherche, juste en-dessous de son nom IUPAC, c'est-à-dire son nom en nomenclature officielle*)\n",
    "</div>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "### Outil Python basé sur `RDKit`\n",
    "\n",
    "#### Code python\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "L'exercice ci-dessous consiste à analyser un code Python qui a été développé à la fois pour simplifier l'utilisation de `rdkit` et pour adapter certains de ses résultats au programme de L1 chimie. \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2e54064b-b2cc-4785-88c0-89ae21eac202",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Construction d'une classe Python\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Cet exercice s'adresse aux étudiants en informatique et plus généralement à tous ceux et toutes celles d'entre vous qui veulent acquérir la compétence *développement d'outils dans un langage orienté objet*, tel que Python.\n",
    "\n",
    "On a construit une classe `easy_rdkit` afin principalement de simplifier l'affichage de molécules et de leurs propriétés avec `rdkit`.\n",
    "\n",
    "Utilisation :\n",
    "1. instantier une molécule par son SMILES, entré comme une chaîne de caractères, c'est-à-dire entre guillemets. Dans le cas de l'histidine, ça donne : `histidine = easy_rdkit(\"O=C([C@H](CC1=CNC=N1)N)O\")`\n",
    "2. afficher la molécule, éventuellement avec des options : `histidine.show_mol(show_hybrid=True,plot_conjugation=True)`\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- maîtriser la syntaxe et la sémantique de Python afin d'écrire des programmes fonctionnels\n",
    "- installer une bibliothèque si elle ne fait pas partie de votre environnement Python de base\n",
    "- importer des bibliothèques existantes et exploiter les fonctions ou données incluses\n",
    "- maîtriser une boucle afin d'automatiser un traitement de données\n",
    "- créer des fonctions spécifiques utilisant les fonctions et les classes élémentaires génériques fournies par le langage\n",
    "- connaître les grands principes de la programmation orientée objet (encapsulation, héritage ...) et les notions associées (constructeur, attributs, méthodes ...) en vue de les mettre en oeuvre en Python afin d'écrire des programmes modulaires et évolutifs\n",
    "- définir ses propres classes d'objet en vue de créer des objets correspondants parfaitement aux données manipulées\n",
    "- documenter une classe et ses méthodes en vue d'améliorer sa qualité et sa ré-utilisabiilité\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "source": [
    "# enlever le commentaire de la ligne ci-dessous si votre distribution Python n'intègre pas rdkit, ce qui est le plus probable\n",
    "# à faire une fois seulement, l'installation est définitive \n",
    "# !pip install rdkit "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "1bd45c2c-7c6c-4457-bfcf-92e44f2b44d7",
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   "source": [
    "import rdkit\n",
    "from rdkit import Chem\n",
    "\n",
    "class easy_rdkit():\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __init__(self,smiles):\n",
    "        self.mol=Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def show_mol(self,\n",
    "                 size: tuple=(400,400),\n",
    "                 plot_conjugation: bool=False,\n",
    "                 plot_aromatic: bool=False,\n",
    "                 show_n: bool=False,\n",
    "                 show_hybrid: bool=False,\n",
    "                 show_H: bool=False,\n",
    "                 rep3D: bool=False,\n",
    "                 highlightAtoms: list=[],\n",
    "                 legend: str=''\n",
    "                ):\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        Exploite les outils d'affichage 2D de RDKit, et permet de superposer certaines propriétés\n",
    "        Ne peut afficher qu'une molécule à la fois\n",
    "        - size : dimension de la figure en pixels (défaut : 400x400)\n",
    "        - plot_conjugation : surligne les liaisons conjuguées (défaut : False)\n",
    "        - plot_aromatic : surligne les atomes et liaisons des fragments moléculaires aromatiques (défaut : False)\n",
    "        - show_n : ajoute le numéro de chaque atome (défaut : False)\n",
    "        - show_hybrid : ajoute l'état d'hybridation des atomes non terminaux (défaut : False)\n",
    "        - show_H : ajoute les hydrogènes, considérés comme implicites par défaut (défaut : False)\n",
    "        - rep3D : pseudo dessin 3D qui prend en compte les conflits stériques entre atomes (défaut : False). Active show_H à True \n",
    "        - highlightAtoms : liste des numéros des atomes qu'on souhaite surligner\n",
    "        - legend : ajoute le contenu de la variable comme légende du dessin\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        from rdkit.Chem.Draw import rdMolDraw2D\n",
    "        from rdkit.Chem import AllChem\n",
    "        from IPython.display import SVG\n",
    "        from PIL import Image\n",
    "\n",
    "        if show_H:\n",
    "            mol = Chem.AddHs(self.mol)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            mol = self.mol\n",
    "\n",
    "        if rep3D:\n",
    "            mol = Chem.AddHs(self.mol)\n",
    "            AllChem.EmbedMolecule(mol)\n",
    "                \n",
    "        d2d = rdMolDraw2D.MolDraw2DSVG(size[0],size[1])\n",
    "        \n",
    "        atoms = list(mol.GetAtoms())\n",
    "    \n",
    "        if plot_conjugation:\n",
    "            from collections import defaultdict\n",
    "            Chem.SetConjugation(mol)\n",
    "            colors = [(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.4)]\n",
    "            athighlights = defaultdict(list)\n",
    "            arads = {}\n",
    "            bndhighlights = defaultdict(list)\n",
    "            for bond in mol.GetBonds():\n",
    "                aid1 = bond.GetBeginAtomIdx()\n",
    "                aid2 = bond.GetEndAtomIdx()\n",
    "            \n",
    "                if bond.GetIsConjugated():\n",
    "                    bid = mol.GetBondBetweenAtoms(aid1,aid2).GetIdx()\n",
    "                    bndhighlights[bid].append(colors[0])\n",
    "            \n",
    "        if plot_aromatic:\n",
    "            from collections import defaultdict\n",
    "            colors = [(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.4)]\n",
    "            athighlights = defaultdict(list)\n",
    "            arads = {}\n",
    "            for a in atoms:\n",
    "                if a.GetIsAromatic():\n",
    "                    aid = a.GetIdx()\n",
    "                    athighlights[aid].append(colors[0])\n",
    "                    arads[aid] = 0.3\n",
    "                    \n",
    "            bndhighlights = defaultdict(list)\n",
    "            for bond in mol.GetBonds():\n",
    "                aid1 = bond.GetBeginAtomIdx()\n",
    "                aid2 = bond.GetEndAtomIdx()\n",
    "            \n",
    "                if bond.GetIsAromatic():\n",
    "                    bid = mol.GetBondBetweenAtoms(aid1,aid2).GetIdx()\n",
    "                    bndhighlights[bid].append(colors[0])\n",
    "            \n",
    "        if show_hybrid:\n",
    "            for i,atom in enumerate(atoms):\n",
    "                # print(i,atom.GetDegree(),atom.GetImplicitValence())\n",
    "                if atom.GetImplicitValence() > 0 or atom.GetDegree() > 1:\n",
    "                    mol.GetAtomWithIdx(i).SetProp('atomNote', str(atom.GetHybridization()))\n",
    "                # print(f\"Atom {i+1:3}: {atom.GetAtomicNum():3} {atom.GetSymbol():>2} {atom.GetHybridization()}\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "        if show_n:\n",
    "            d2d.drawOptions().addAtomIndices=show_n\n",
    "    \n",
    "        if plot_aromatic or plot_conjugation:\n",
    "            d2d.DrawMoleculeWithHighlights(mol,legend,dict(athighlights),dict(bndhighlights),arads,{})\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            d2d.DrawMolecule(mol,legend=legend, highlightAtoms=highlightAtoms)\n",
    "        d2d.FinishDrawing()\n",
    "        display(SVG(d2d.GetDrawingText()))\n",
    "\n",
    "        return\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 7,
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       "<path class=\"note\" d=\"M 153.1 267.5 Q 153.4 266.7, 154.2 266.2 Q 154.9 265.7, 156.0 265.7 Q 157.3 265.7, 158.0 266.4 Q 158.7 267.2, 158.7 268.4 Q 158.7 269.7, 157.8 270.9 Q 156.8 272.1, 154.9 273.5 L 158.9 273.5 L 158.9 274.4 L 153.1 274.4 L 153.1 273.6 Q 154.7 272.5, 155.6 271.6 Q 156.6 270.8, 157.0 270.0 Q 157.5 269.3, 157.5 268.5 Q 157.5 267.6, 157.1 267.2 Q 156.7 266.7, 156.0 266.7 Q 155.3 266.7, 154.8 267.0 Q 154.3 267.3, 154.0 267.9 L 153.1 267.5 \" fill=\"#000000\"/>\n",
       "<path class=\"note\" d=\"M 241.5 132.7 Q 241.6 132.7, 242.0 132.9 Q 242.4 133.1, 242.8 133.2 Q 243.2 133.3, 243.7 133.3 Q 244.5 133.3, 245.0 132.9 Q 245.4 132.5, 245.4 131.8 Q 245.4 131.3, 245.2 131.0 Q 245.0 130.7, 244.6 130.6 Q 244.2 130.4, 243.6 130.2 Q 242.9 130.0, 242.4 129.8 Q 242.0 129.6, 241.6 129.1 Q 241.3 128.6, 241.3 127.9 Q 241.3 126.8, 242.0 126.1 Q 242.8 125.4, 244.2 125.4 Q 245.2 125.4, 246.4 125.9 L 246.1 126.9 Q 245.1 126.4, 244.3 126.4 Q 243.4 126.4, 243.0 126.8 Q 242.5 127.1, 242.5 127.7 Q 242.5 128.2, 242.8 128.5 Q 243.0 128.7, 243.3 128.9 Q 243.7 129.1, 244.3 129.2 Q 245.1 129.5, 245.5 129.7 Q 246.0 130.0, 246.3 130.5 Q 246.6 131.0, 246.6 131.8 Q 246.6 133.0, 245.8 133.6 Q 245.1 134.3, 243.7 134.3 Q 243.0 134.3, 242.4 134.1 Q 241.8 133.9, 241.1 133.7 L 241.5 132.7 \" fill=\"#000000\"/>\n",
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       "<path class=\"note\" d=\"M 317.5 141.5 Q 317.6 141.5, 318.0 141.7 Q 318.4 141.8, 318.8 142.0 Q 319.2 142.1, 319.7 142.1 Q 320.5 142.1, 321.0 141.7 Q 321.4 141.3, 321.4 140.6 Q 321.4 140.1, 321.2 139.8 Q 321.0 139.5, 320.6 139.4 Q 320.2 139.2, 319.6 139.0 Q 318.9 138.8, 318.4 138.6 Q 318.0 138.3, 317.6 137.9 Q 317.3 137.4, 317.3 136.6 Q 317.3 135.6, 318.0 134.9 Q 318.8 134.2, 320.2 134.2 Q 321.2 134.2, 322.4 134.7 L 322.1 135.6 Q 321.1 135.2, 320.3 135.2 Q 319.4 135.2, 319.0 135.6 Q 318.5 135.9, 318.5 136.5 Q 318.5 137.0, 318.8 137.2 Q 319.0 137.5, 319.3 137.7 Q 319.7 137.8, 320.3 138.0 Q 321.1 138.3, 321.5 138.5 Q 322.0 138.7, 322.3 139.2 Q 322.7 139.7, 322.7 140.6 Q 322.7 141.8, 321.9 142.4 Q 321.1 143.0, 319.7 143.0 Q 319.0 143.0, 318.4 142.9 Q 317.8 142.7, 317.1 142.4 L 317.5 141.5 \" fill=\"#000000\"/>\n",
       "<path class=\"note\" d=\"M 326.3 134.2 Q 327.8 134.2, 328.5 134.9 Q 329.3 135.5, 329.3 136.7 Q 329.3 137.9, 328.5 138.6 Q 327.8 139.3, 326.3 139.3 L 325.0 139.3 L 325.0 142.8 L 323.8 142.8 L 323.8 134.2 L 326.3 134.2 M 326.3 138.3 Q 327.2 138.3, 327.6 137.9 Q 328.1 137.5, 328.1 136.7 Q 328.1 136.0, 327.6 135.6 Q 327.2 135.2, 326.3 135.2 L 325.0 135.2 L 325.0 138.3 L 326.3 138.3 \" fill=\"#000000\"/>\n",
       "<path class=\"note\" d=\"M 330.4 135.8 Q 330.8 135.0, 331.5 134.6 Q 332.3 134.1, 333.3 134.1 Q 334.6 134.1, 335.3 134.8 Q 336.1 135.5, 336.1 136.8 Q 336.1 138.0, 335.1 139.2 Q 334.2 140.4, 332.2 141.8 L 336.2 141.8 L 336.2 142.8 L 330.4 142.8 L 330.4 142.0 Q 332.0 140.8, 333.0 140.0 Q 333.9 139.1, 334.4 138.4 Q 334.9 137.6, 334.9 136.8 Q 334.9 136.0, 334.4 135.5 Q 334.0 135.1, 333.3 135.1 Q 332.6 135.1, 332.2 135.3 Q 331.7 135.6, 331.4 136.2 L 330.4 135.8 \" fill=\"#000000\"/>\n",
       "</svg>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.SVG object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# example d'application\n",
    "histidine = easy_rdkit(\"c2ccc(c1ccccn1)nc2\")\n",
    "histidine.show_mol(show_hybrid=True,plot_conjugation=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e6bbb83d-8e28-42ed-b8de-7e7ee162052a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Exemple d'utilisation de la classe `easy_rdkit`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2281ce00-4520-459b-8d89-cf0a46cc0726",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\"Utilisation de la classe easy_rdkit\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Cet exercice s'adresse à tou(te)s\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Lire le sujet de l'exercice précédent, ainsi que la documentation de la fonction `show_mol()` qui est intégrée à son code Python. Exécuter ensuite la cellule qui contient la classe `easy_rdkit`, et enfin appliquer la classe au cas de l'histidine\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Le code SMILES de la molécule de paracétamol, composé chimique bien connu utilisé comme antalgique (anti-douleur) et antipyrétique (anti-fièvre), est : `CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=C1)O`.\n",
    "- créer un objet `mol` à l'aide de la classe `easy_rdkit`\n",
    "- afficher la molécule, à l'aide de la fonction `show_mol` de la classe `easy_rdkit`, en y ajoutant d'éventuels fragments moléculaires aromatiques\n",
    "- afficher à nouveau la molécule en y soulignant le(s) système(s) conjugué(s) éventuellement trouvés par `RDKit` et en ajoutant les hydrogènes\n",
    "\n",
    "<div style=\"color:#4a7d93\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "<u>**Compétences Python travaillées**:</u>\n",
    "    \n",
    "- exploiter une classe de \"macro-commandes\" exploitant une ou plusieurs bibliothèques Python\n",
    "- lire la documentation d'une classe ou de ses fonctions (si elle est bien faite, il n'est pas utile de d'analyser le code Python pour comprendre ce que fait la fonction)\n",
    "\n",
    "</div>\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "8b09a533-5c06-4c69-b36c-a86fb01a78c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5af03379-9452-4591-9785-c7eac2123072",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "eb4ca8a3-558f-4a45-b5df-890694209320",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/rdkit_paracetamol.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3b158411-2def-4275-b0e3-e36a3f938f4e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Conjugaison\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"ex\" title=\" Liaisons π localisées et délocalisées\">\n",
    "\n",
    "On considère les composés suivants :\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"MiscImages/Exercises/pi-localisés-délocalisés.png\" style=\"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display: block; width:400px\" id=\"img_MolConji\" alt=\"systèmes pi conjugués ou non?\"/>\n",
    "\n",
    "**1.** Identifiez, d'après vos connaissances, ceux dont les liaisons π sont localisées ou délocalisées.\n",
    "\n",
    "**2.** Vérifiez graphiquement vos réponses à l'aide de la fonction `show_mol()` de `rdkit_madeSimpler`, sachant que leurs codes SMILES sont : \n",
    "- 1: `C=CC=C`\n",
    "- 2 : `C/C=C/C`\n",
    "- 3 : `C=CCC=C`\n",
    "- 4 : `C1C=CC=C1`\n",
    "- 5 : `C1CC=CC1`\n",
    "- 6 : `C1C(C=CC1=C)=C`\n",
    "- 7 : `C1CCC=CC1`\n",
    "- 8 : `C1=CC=CC=C1`\n",
    "\n",
    "Indiquer le numéro du composé dans la légende de chaque schéma.\n",
    "\n",
    "**3.** Affichez les états d'hybridation des composés 3 et 6.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "640685a9-0cb5-4efe-b417-549dbe059176",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# entrez votre code dans cette cellule \"Python\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q2\n",
    "\n",
    "#Q3\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "dadf3ab1-ee27-4285-8595-ed6734eb23f5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"solFr\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Vous voulez une solution possible à cet exercice ? Décommentez la commande `# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/...` ci-dessous (*il faut exécuter deux fois le contenu de la cellule : la première fois pour charger le contenu du fichier python et la deuxième pour exécuter le code python qui a été charge*) \n",
    "\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "380b24da-1f26-44d6-a758-2451207e835a",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %load ./SolutionsToExercises/CTM/rdkit_piLocDeloc.py"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2951c475-b956-4666-b4da-84890ae2354e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Wanna know more about python?\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"intro\">\n",
    "\n",
    "- [\"Python in the Physical Chemistry Lab (PPCL)\" in a nutshell (pyPhysChem)/Eng](./PPCL.ipynb). Écrit dans un contexte physico-chimique et pour un apprentissage progressif, et un peu superficiel. Des tas de notions ne sont pas abordées, mais c'est un bon point de départ pour survoler le sujet\n",
    "- Le tutoriel python de référence :\n",
    "    - [en Français](https://docs.python.org/fr/3/tutorial/)\n",
    "    - [in English](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html)\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2855956b-abbf-4d22-a9f5-ca87559bd04a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Fin... provisoire"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "d8a65063-d6e4-4da5-b5f3-8c809f9545aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Ceci est une version 0 (release 20241001 )\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Ceci est une version 0 (release\",__version__,\")\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "8320ad0b-06ee-4903-bca4-2aa28e0b5985",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/markdown": [
       "**End at:** Tuesday 01 October 2024, 22:25:34  \n",
       "**Duration:** 00:00:43 977ms"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/markdown": [
       "<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img width=\"800px\" src=\"./config/svg/logoEnd.svg\" style=\"margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto\"/></p>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "vID.end(cwd0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6305ecf5-d785-4012-8bb2-74ac91218794",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
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   "language": "python",
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