Logidze

Logidze provides tools for logging DB records changes when using PostgreSQL. Just like audited and paper_trail do (but faster).

Logidze allows you to create a DB-level log (using triggers) and gives you an API to browse this log. The log is stored with the record itself in JSONB column. No additional tables required.

🤔 How is Logidze pronounced?

Other requirements:

Ruby ~> 2.7
Rails >= 6.0 (for Rails 4.2 use version <=0.12.0, for Rails 5.x use version <= 1.2.3)
PostgreSQL >= 10.0
Sequel >= 5.0 (optional)

Links

Logidze 1.0: Active Record, Postgres, Rails, and time travel
Logidze: for all those tired of versioning data

Installation

Add Logidze to your application's Gemfile:

gem "logidze", "~> 1.1"

Install required DB extensions and create trigger function:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:install

This creates a migration for adding trigger function and enabling the hstore extension.

Run migrations:

bundle exec rails db:migrate

NOTE: Logidze uses DB functions and triggers, hence you need to use SQL format for a schema dump:

# application.rb
config.active_record.schema_format = :sql

Using with schema.rb

Logidze seamlessly integrates with fx gem to make it possible to continue using schema.rb for the database schema dump.

Add fx gem to your Gemfile and run the same Logidze generators: rails g logidze:install or rails g logidze:model.

If for some reason Logidze couldn't detect the presence of Fx in your bundle, you can enforce it by passing --fx option to generators.

On the other hand, if you have fx gem but don't want Logidze to use it—pass --no-fx option.

Configuring models

Run the following migration to enable changes tracking for an Active Record model and adding a log_data::jsonb column to the table:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post
bundle exec rails db:migrate

This also adds has_logidze line to your model, which adds methods for working with logs.

By default, Logidze tries to infer the path to the model file from the model name and may fail, for example, if you have unconventional project structure. In that case, you should specify the path explicitly:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --path "app/models/custom/post.rb"

Backfill data

To backfill table data (i.e., create initial snapshots) add backfill option to the generator:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --backfill

Now your migration should contain and UPDATE ... statement to populate the log_data column with the current state.

Otherwise a full snapshot will be created the first time the record is updated.

You can create a snapshot manually by performing the following query:

UPDATE <my_table> as t
SET log_data = logidze_snapshot(to_jsonb(t))

Or by using the following methods:

Model.create_logidze_snapshot

# specify the timestamp column to use for the initial version (by default the current time is used)
Model.create_logidze_snapshot(timestamp: :created_at)

# filter columns
Model.create_logidze_snapshot(only: %w[name])
Model.create_logidze_snapshot(except: %w[password])

# or call a similar method (but with !) on a record

my_model = Model.find(params[:id])
my_model.create_logidze_snapshot!(timestamp: :created_at)

A snapshot is only created if log_data is null.

Log size limits

You can provide the limit option to generate to limit the size of the log (by default it's unlimited):

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --limit=10

Tracking only selected columns

You can log only particular columns changes. There are mutually exclusive except and only options for this:

# track all columns, except `created_at` and `active`
bundle exec  rails generate logidze:model Post --except=created_at,active
# track only `title` and `body` columns
bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --only=title,body

Logs timestamps

By default, Logidze tries to get a timestamp for a version from record's updated_at field whenever appropriate. If your model does not have that column, Logidze will gracefully fall back to statement_timestamp().

To change the column name or disable this feature completely, you can use the timestamp_column option:

# will try to get the timestamp value from `time` column
bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --timestamp_column time
# will always set version timestamp to `statement_timestamp()`
bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --timestamp_column nil # "null" and "false" will also work

Undoing a Generated Invocation

If you would like to re-do your rails generate anew, as with other generators you can use rails destroy to revert it, which will delete the migration file and undo the injection of has_logidze into the model file:

bundle exec rails destroy logidze:model Post

IMPORTANT: If you use non-UTC time zone for Active Record (config.active_record.default_timezone), you MUST always infer log timestamps from a timestamp column (e.g., when back-filling data); otherwise, you may end up with inconsistent logs (#199). In general, we recommend using UTC as the database time unless there is a very strong reason not to.

Using with partitioned tables

Logidze supports partitioned tables for PostgreSQL 13+ without any additional configuration. For PostgreSQL 11/12, you should use after triggers. To do that, provide the --after-trigger option to the migration:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --after-trigger

NOTE: Record changes are written as a full snapshot if the partition has changed during the update.

IMPORTANT: Using Logidze for partitioned tables in PostgreSQL 10 is not supported.

Sequel support

All mentioned generators also optionally support Sequel.

NOTE: ActiveRecord and ActiveSupport are required to be installed because that's where the generators come from.

To use generators with Sequel, you should add --sequel flag to generators' invocations:

# Install Logidze through Sequel migrations
bundle exec rails generate logidze:install --sequel

# Add a Logidze trigger to a Sequel model's table
bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --sequel

# Run migrations with Sequel
sequel -m db/migrations postgres://localhost/logidze_development

All options should be supported including adding a custom plugin :logidze line to models for model API support.

However, Sequel does not support dumping triggers and functions to a schema dump (and Active Record-specific fx gem). You have to switch to SQL format through database tools if you want to replicate Logidze in a development environment.

Usage

Basic API

Your model now has log_data column, which stores changes log.

To retrieve record version at a given time use #at or #at! methods:

post = Post.find(27)

# Show current version
post.log_version #=> 3

# Show log size (number of versions)
post.log_size #=> 3

# Get copy of a record at a given time
post.at(time: 2.days.ago)

# or revert the record itself to the previous state (without committing to DB)
post.at!(time: "2018-04-15 12:00:00")

# If no version found
post.at(time: "1945-05-09 09:00:00") #=> nil

You can also get revision by version number:

post.at(version: 2)

NOTE: If log_data is nil, #at(time:) returns self and #at(version:) returns nil. You can opt-in to return nil for time-based #at as well by setting Logidze.return_self_if_log_data_is_empty = false.

It is also possible to get version for relations:

Post.where(active: true).at(time: 1.month.ago)

You can also get diff from specified time:

post.diff_from(time: 1.hour.ago)
#=> { "id" => 27, "changes" => { "title" => { "old" => "Logidze sucks!", "new" => "Logidze rulz!" } } }

# the same for relations
Post.where(created_at: Time.zone.today.all_day).diff_from(time: 1.hour.ago)

NOTE: If log_data is nil, #diff_from returns an empty Hash as "changes".

Also, it is possible to retrieve list of model's versions:

post.versions # => Enumerator

# you can use Enumerator's #take to return all
post.versions.take

# or you take a few or call any Enumerable method
post.versions.take(2)
post.versions.find do
  _1.title == "old title"
end

# we can also add options
post.versions(reverse: true) # from older to newer
post.versions(include_self: true) # returns self as the first one (default) or the last one record (if reverse: true)

There are also #undo! and #redo! options (and more general #switch_to!):

# Revert record to the previous state (and stores this state in DB)
post.undo!

# You can now user redo! to revert back
post.redo!

# More generally you can revert record to arbitrary version
post.switch_to!(2)

You can initiate reloading of log_data from the DB:

post.reload_log_data # => returns the latest log data value

Typically, if you update record after #undo! or #switch_to! you lose all "future" versions and #redo! is no longer possible. However, you can provide an append: true option to #undo! or #switch_to!, which will create a new version with old data. Caveat: when switching to a newer version, append will have no effect.

post = Post.create!(title: "first post") # v1
post.update!(title: "new title") # v2
post.undo!(append: true) # v3 (with same attributes as v1)

Note that redo! will not work after undo!(append: true) because the latter will create a new version instead of rolling back to an old one. Alternatively, you can configure Logidze always to default to append: true.

Logidze.append_on_undo = true

Basic API in Sequel

The whole model API is also supported by Sequel including model database modifications and dataset scopes:

class Post < Sequel::Model
  plugin :logidze
end

post = Post.with_pk!(27)

post.log_data #=> Logidze::History
post.log_version #=> 3
post.log_size #=> 3

post.at(version: 2) #=> a copy of Post at version 2
post.at!(time: 2.days.ago) #=> in-memory modified Post in state like 2 days ago

post.switch_to!(2) #=> database modified Post at version 2
post.reload_log_data #=> database reloaded `log_data`

Post.where(active: true).at(time: 1.month.ago) #=> Sequel::Dataset with versions in state like 1 month ago

Track meta information

You can store any meta information you want inside your version (it could be IP address, user agent, etc.). To add it you should wrap your code with a block:

Logidze.with_meta({ip: request.ip}) do
  post.save!
end

NOTE: You should pass metadata as a Hash; passing keyword arguments doesn't work in Ruby 3.0+.

Meta expects a hash to be passed so you won't need to encode and decode JSON manually.

By default .with_meta wraps the block into a DB transaction. That could lead to an unexpected behavior, especially, when using .with_meta within an around_action. To avoid wrapping the block into a DB transaction use transactional: false option.

Logidze.with_meta({ip: request.ip}, transactional: false) do
  post.save!
end

Important: If you use connection pooling (e.g., PgBouncer), using .with_meta without a transaction may lead to unexpected results (since meta is set for a connection). Without a transaction, we cannot guarantee that the same connection will be used for queries (including metadata cleanup).

Important: In Rails, after_commit callbacks are executed after transaction is committed, and, thus, after with_meta block is executed—the meta wouldn't be added to changes captured in the after_commit phase. One particular scenario is having associations with touch: true (touch updates are executed after commit).

Track responsibility

A special application of meta information is storing the author of the change, which is called Responsible ID. There is more likely that you would like to store the current_user.id that way.

To provide responsible_id you should wrap your code in a block:

Logidze.with_responsible(user.id) do
  post.save!
end

And then to retrieve responsible_id:

post.log_data.responsible_id

Logidze does not require responsible_id to be SomeModel ID. It can be anything. Thus Logidze does not provide methods for retrieving the corresponding object. However, you can easily write it yourself:

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_logidze

  def whodunnit
    id = log_data.responsible_id
    User.find(id) if id.present?
  end
end

And in your controller:

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  around_action :use_logidze_responsible, only: %i[create update]

  def use_logidze_responsible(&block)
    Logidze.with_responsible(current_user&.id, &block)
  end
end

By default .with_responsible wraps the block into a DB transaction. That could lead to an unexpected behavior, especially, when using .with_responsible within an around_action. To avoid wrapping the block into a DB transaction use transactional: false option.

Logidze.with_responsible(user.id, transactional: false) do
  post.save!
end

Disable logging temporary

If you want to make update without logging (e.g., mass update), you can turn it off the following way:

Logidze.without_logging { Post.update_all(seen: true) }

# or

Post.without_logging { Post.update_all(seen: true) }

Reset log

Reset the history for a record (or records):

# for a single record
record.reset_log_data

# for relation
User.where(active: true).reset_log_data

Full snapshots

You can instruct Logidze to create a full snapshot instead of a diff for a particular log entry.

It could be useful in combination with .without_logging: first, you perform multiple updates without logging, then you want to create a log entry with the current state. To do that, you should use the Logidze.with_full_snapshot method:

record = Model.find(params[:id])

Logidze.without_logging do
  # perform multiple write operations with record
end

Logidze.with_full_snapshot do
  record.touch
end

Sequel connection adapter

By default, Logidze uses a default connection adapter (Active Record) for top-level manipulations. For example, it would use it for Logidze.with_responsible, Logidze.without_logging, etc.

You can manually change the current connection adapter during method calls:

Logidze[:sequel].with_responsible(user.id) do
  post.save
end

Logidze[:active_record].without_logging { Post.update(seen: true) }

The Sequel connection adapter provides all top-level Logidze methods including all options.

If you use Sequel exclusively without ActiveRecord, you may want to change the Logidze default connection adapter:

# config/initializers/logidze.rb
Logidze.default_connection_adapter = :sequel

# or

# config/application.rb
config.logidze.default_connection_adapter = :sequel

By the way, a class level alias without_logging always chooses the right connection adapter as there is no ambiguity:

Post.without_logging { Post.update(seen: true) } # automagically choose the right connection adapter

Associations versioning

Logidze also supports associations versioning. This feature is disabled by default (due to the number of edge cases). You can learn more in the wiki.

Dealing with large logs

By default, Active Record or Sequel selects all the table columns when no explicit select statement specified.

That could slow down queries execution if you have field values which exceed the size of the data block (typically 8KB). PostgreSQL turns on its TOAST mechanism), which requires reading from multiple physical locations for fetching the row's data.

If you do not use compaction (generate logidze:model ... --limit N) for log_data, you're likely to face this problem.

Logidze provides a way to avoid loading log_data by default (and load it on demand):

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  # Add `ignore_log_data` option to macros
  has_logidze ignore_log_data: true
end

class Post < Sequel::Model
  # Add `ignore_log_data` option to macros
  plugin :logidze, ignore_log_data: true
end

If you want Logidze to behave this way by default, configure the global option:

# config/initializers/logidze.rb
Logidze.ignore_log_data_by_default = true

# or

# config/application.rb
config.logidze.ignore_log_data_by_default = true

However, you can override it by explicitly passing ignore_log_data: false to the ignore_log_data. You can also enforce loading log_data in-place by using the .with_log_data scope, e.g. User.all.with_log_data loads all the users with log_data included.

The chart below shows the difference in PG query time before and after turning ignore_log_data on. (Special thanks to @aderyabin for sharing it.)

If you try to call #log_data on the model loaded in such way, you'll get nil. If you want to fetch log data (e.g., during the console debugging)–use user.reload_log_data, which forces loading this column from the DB.

It should be in mind that this feature is implemented in Sequel with lazy_attributes, insert_returning_select plugins. It allows to keep Sequel's default behavior while automatically setting the RETURNING clause with explicit selects.

Handling records deletion

Unlike, for example, PaperTrail, Logidze is designed to only track changes. If the record has been deleted, everything is lost.

If you want to keep changes history after records deletion as well, consider using specialized tools for soft-delete, such as, Discard or Paranoia.

Handling PG exceptions

By default, Logidze raises an exception which causes the entire transaction to fail. To change this behavior, it's now possible to override logidze_capture_exception(error_data jsonb) function.

For example, you may want to raise a warning instead of an exception and complete the transaction without updating log_data.

Related issues: #193

Upgrading

We try to make an upgrade process as simple as possible. For now, the only required action is to create and run a migration:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:install --update

This updates core logdize_logger DB function. No need to update tables or triggers.

NOTE: When using fx, you can omit the --update flag. The migration containing only the updated functions would be created.

If you want to update Logidze settings for the model, run migration with --update flag:

bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --update --only=title,body,rating

You can also use the --name option to specify the migration name to avoid duplicate migration names:

$ bundle exec rails generate logidze:model Post --update --only=title,body,rating --name add_only_filter_to_posts_log_data

    create db/migrate/20202309142344_add_only_filter_to_posts_log_data.rb

Pending upgrade check [Experimental]

Logidze can check for a pending upgrade. Use Logidze.on_pending_upgrade = :warn to be notified by warning, or Logidze.on_pending_upgrade = :raise if you want Logidze to raise an error.

Upgrading from 0.x to 1.0 (edge)

Schema and migrations

Most SQL function definitions have changed without backward compatibility. Perform the following steps to upgrade:

Re-install Logidze: bundle exec rails generate logidze:install --update.
Re-install Logidze triggers for all models: bundle exec rails generate logidze:model <model> --update.

NOTE: If you had previously specified whitelist/blacklist attributes, you will need to include the --only/--except option as appropriate. You can easily copy these column lists from the previous logidze migration for the model.
Remove the include Logidze::Migration line from the old migration files (if any)—this module has been removed.

Rewrite legacy logidze migrations to not use the #current_setting(name) and #current_setting_missing_supported? methods, or copy them from the latest 0.x release.

API changes

The deprecated time positional argument has been removed from #at and #diff_from methods. Now you need to use keyword arguments, i.e., model.at(some_tome) -> model.at(time: some_time).

Log format

The log_data column has the following format:

{
  "v": 2, // current record version,
  "h": // list of changes
    [
      {
        "v": 1,  // change number
        "ts": 1460805759352, // change timestamp in milliseconds
        "c": {
            "attr": "new value",  // updated fields with new values
            "attr2": "new value"
            },
        "r": 42, // Resposibility ID (if provided), not in use since 0.7.0
        "m": {
          "_r": 42 // Resposibility ID (if provided), in use since 0.7.0
          // any other meta information provided, please see Track meta information section for the details
        }
      }
    ]
}

If you specify the limit in the trigger definition, then log size will not exceed the specified size. When a new change occurs, and there is no more room for it, the two oldest changes will be merged.

Troubleshooting

`log_data` is nil when using Rails fixtures

Rails fixtures are populated with triggers disabled. Thus, log_data is null initially for all records. You can use #create_logidze_snapshot manually to build initial snapshots.

How to make this work with Apartment 🤔

First, read Apartment docs on installing PostgreSQL extensions. You need to use the described approach to install Hstore (and drop the migration provided by Logidze during installation).

Secondly, set config.use_sql = true in the Apartment configuration.

Finally, when using fx along with schema.rb, you might face a problem with duplicate trigger definitions (for different schemas). Here is a patch to fix this: dump_triggers.rake.

Related issues: #50.

`PG::UntranslatableCharacter: ERROR`

That could happen when your row data contain null bytes. You should sanitize the data before writing to the database. From the PostgreSQL docs: jsonb type also rejects \u0000 (because that cannot be represented in PostgreSQL's text type).

Related issues: #155.

`pg_restore` fails to restore a dump

First, when restoring data dumps you should consider using --disable-triggers option (unless you have a strong reason to invoke the triggers).

When restoring data dumps for a particular PostgreSQL schema (e.g., when using Apartment), you may encounter the issue with non-existent Logidze functions. That happens because pg_dump adds SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false);, and, thus, breaks our existing triggers/functions, because they live either in "public" or in a tenant's namespace (see this thread).

`PG::NumericValueOutOfRange: ERROR: value overflows numeric format`

Due to the usage of hstore_to_jsonb_loose under the hood, there could be a situation when you have a string representing a number in the scientific notation (e.g., "557236406134e62000323100"). Postgres would try to convert it to a number (a pretty big one, for sure) and fail with the exception.

Related issues: #69.

Development

This project requires a PostgreSQL instance running with the following setup:

# For testing
createdb -h postgres -U postgres logidze_test

# For benchmarks
createdb -h postgres -U postgres logidze_bench
createdb -h postgres -U postgres logidze_perf_bench
psql -d logidze_bench -c 'CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS hstore;'

This project is compatible with Reusable Docker environment setup.

Contributing

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/palkan/logidze.

License

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.

Files

README.md

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