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[Moved] Enable governance for Nomination Pool members #2680

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@Ank4n Ank4n commented Dec 11, 2023

closes #408 and #454.

Update [April 1, 2024]

This PR has been broken down into three different PRs targeting individual pallets that are affected. Please refer to the following:

  1. Allow privileged virtual bond in Staking pallet #3889.
  2. Introduces: Delegated Staking Pallet #3904.
  3. Refactor Nomination Pool to support multiple staking strategies #3905.

Problem

When a staker directly stakes on pallet-staking, their funds are locked in their account and stakers can use their locked funds for participating in governance. For delegators in Nomination Pool, their funds are transferred to a pool account (pallet sub account) instead. This means they lose access to their locked funds and cannot use it for governance.

We could fix this if NominationPool instead held funds in the user accounts itself and somehow conveyed to Staking Pallet that the pool account represents the locked amount of all its delegators.

How NP works currently:
  1. transfer tokens from delegator to pool account, and
  2. stake from pool account as a direct nominator. Tokens are locked in the pool account.

image

How we want it to work:
  1. delegate fund from delegator to pool account with tokens locked in delegator account itself.
  2. stake from pool account as if all delegated funds to pool account are its own.

image

This is what we try to achieve with pallet-delegated-staking. It is a wrapper implementation on top of staking-pallet that adds a new primitive of Delegation to staking.

Other design goals and challenges

  • Both nomination pool and staking are already big codebases and we want to minimise changes to each of this pallet to avoid adding regression.
  • Delegation based staking is configurable and runtimes can choose to enable or disable it.
  • Avoid greedy slashing of delegators of a Delegatee account to keep slashing event bounded.

Changes

Delegatee Account

We introduce a new primitive for staking, where an account can receive delegation from multiple delegator accounts. We call the account that accepts delegations as Delegatee. Their staking balance is made up of multiple child delegator accounts and for staking purposes their actual balance is ignored. Importantly, the balance is held in individual delegator accounts and not actually moved to the delegatee account.

image

Staking pallet

Accepts a new type DelegateeSupport to support the above Delegatee accounts.

Delegated Staking Pallet

Implements DelegateeSupport and DelegatedStakingInterface.

DelegatedStakingInterface is an extension of StakingInterface that also supports delegation of accounts.

image

Nomination Pool

Nomination Pool now supports two staking strategies: TransferStake or DelegatedStake. It accepts a new config type StakingStrategy which replaces the earlier Staking.

If we set type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::TransferStake<Runtime, Staking>, changes in the PR would be no-op and the pool should work exactly as before.

image

Migration of accounts

There are migration extrinsics exposed by pallet-delegated-staking to convert a Nominator into a Delegatee and a way for old Pool members to migrate their funds and be locked in their own accounts.

Note: The migration code is not integrated yet in NominationPool.

Following are the steps of how a nomination pool would migrate to DelegateStake strategy.

  1. Initial state of pool account

image

  1. Migrate pool account into a delegatee account

For this step, we create a proxy_delegator account that is a keyless account derived using the actual pool account by pallet-delegated-staking. All funds are moved to this account and delegated to pool account. Pool account is now a delegatee.

image

  1. Delegator migrates their fund as DelegateStake

Step 1 and 2 needs to be done in a single migration. This step can be done async, one delegator at a time permissionlessly. Each nominator can migrate their funds from proxy delegator to their own account.

image

  1. Once all funds are migrated
    When all delegators to a pool have migrated their funds, proxy_delegator account is dusted.

image

Integration tests

There are integration tests of NP, Staking and DelegatedStaking (pallet-delegated-staking::tests::pool_integration::*) to ensure that the new pallet works as expected. It could also be a good starting point to look at to understand how the new code will work.

Current status

There are still minor issues and probably some more refactors that I will be doing in the coming days. The code though is functionally complete and would be great to get some reviews already 🙏 .

TODO

  • Benchmarks.
  • More unit tests.
  • E2E migration tests.
  • Migration code in NominationPools

@Ank4n Ank4n closed this Apr 1, 2024
@Ank4n Ank4n changed the title [NPoS] Enabling governance with funds delegated to Nomination Pool https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3905 Apr 1, 2024
@Ank4n Ank4n reopened this Apr 1, 2024
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The CI pipeline was cancelled due to failure one of the required jobs.
Job name: cargo-clippy
Logs: https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/mirrors/polkadot-sdk/-/jobs/5714498

@Ank4n Ank4n changed the title https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3905 Enable governance for Nomination Pool members Apr 1, 2024
@Ank4n Ank4n changed the title Enable governance for Nomination Pool members [Deprecated] Enable governance for Nomination Pool members Apr 9, 2024
@Ank4n Ank4n changed the title [Deprecated] Enable governance for Nomination Pool members [Moved] Enable governance for Nomination Pool members May 6, 2024
github-merge-queue bot pushed a commit that referenced this pull request May 22, 2024
Third and final PR in the set, closes
#454.

Original PR: #2680

## Precursors:
- #3889.
- #3904.

## Follow up issues/improvements
- #4404

Overall changes are documented here (lot more visual 😍):
https://hackmd.io/@ak0n/454-np-governance

## Summary of various roles 🤯
### Pallet Staking
**Nominator**: An account that directly stakes on `pallet-staking` and
nominates a set of validators.
**Stakers**: Common term for nominators and validators.
Virtual Stakers: Same as stakers, but they are keyless accounts and
their locks are managed by a pallet external to `pallet-staking`.

### Pallet Delegated Staking
**Agent**: An account that receives delegation from other accounts
(delegators) and stakes on their behalf. They are also Virtual Stakers
in `pallet-staking` where `pallet-delegated-staking` manages its locks.
**Delegator**: An account that delegates some funds to an agent.

### Pallet Nomination Pools
**Pool account**: Keyless account of a pool where funds are pooled.
Members pledge their funds towards the pools. These are going to become
`Agent` accounts in `pallet-delegated-staking`.
**Pool Members**: They are individual members of the pool who
contributed funds to it. They are also `Delegator` in
`pallet-delegated-staking`.

## Changes
### Multiple Stake strategies

**TransferStake**: The current nomination pool logic can be considered a
staking strategy where delegators transfer funds to pool and stake. In
this scenario, funds are locked in pool account, and users lose the
control of their funds.

**DelegateStake**: With this PR, we introduce a new staking strategy
where individual delegators delegate fund to pool. `Delegate` implies
funds are locked in delegator account itself. Important thing to note
is, pool does not have funds of its own, but it has authorization from
its members to use these funds for staking.

We extract out all the interaction of pool with staking interface into a
new trait `StakeStrategy`. This is the logic that varies between the
above two staking strategies. We use the trait `StakeStrategy` to
implement above two strategies: `TransferStake` and `DelegateStake`.

### NominationPool
Consumes an implementation of `StakeStrategy` instead of
`StakingInterface`. I have renamed it from `Staking` to `StakeAdapter`
to clarify the difference from the earlier used trait.

To enable delegation based staking in pool, Nomination pool can be
configured as:
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::DelegateStake<Self, DelegatedStaking>;
```

Note that with the following configuration, the changes in the PR are
no-op.
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::TransferStake<Self, Staking>;
```

## Deployment roadmap
Plan to enable this only in Westend. In production runtimes, we can keep
pool to use `TransferStake` which will be no functional change.

Once we have a full audit, we can enable this in Kusama followed by
Polkadot.

## TODO
- [x] Runtime level (Westend) migration for existing nomination pools.
- [x] Permissionless call/ pallet::tasks for claiming delegator funds.
- [x] Add/update benches.
- [x] Migration tests.
- [x] Storage flag to mark `DelegateStake` migration and integrity
checks to not allow `TransferStake` for migrated runtimes.

---------

Signed-off-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: divdeploy <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: hongkuang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gemini132 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alessandro Siniscalchi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Serban Iorga <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: s0me0ne-unkn0wn <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sam Johnson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Niklas Adolfsson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dastan <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Clara van Staden <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ron <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vincent Geddes <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Michal Kucharczyk <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dino Pačandi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Eres <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alin Dima <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gupnik <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vladimir Istyufeev <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Lulu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Juan Girini <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dónal Murray <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kutsal Kaan Bilgin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ermal Kaleci <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: divdeploy <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sergej Sakac <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Squirrel <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: HongKuang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tsvetomir Dimitrov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Aaro Altonen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Markin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Léa Narzis <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: PG Herveou <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: jimwfs <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: jimwfs <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: polka.dom <[email protected]>
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can be closed?

hitchhooker pushed a commit to ibp-network/polkadot-sdk that referenced this pull request Jun 5, 2024
…tytech#3905)

Third and final PR in the set, closes
paritytech#454.

Original PR: paritytech#2680

## Precursors:
- paritytech#3889.
- paritytech#3904.

## Follow up issues/improvements
- paritytech#4404

Overall changes are documented here (lot more visual 😍):
https://hackmd.io/@ak0n/454-np-governance

## Summary of various roles 🤯
### Pallet Staking
**Nominator**: An account that directly stakes on `pallet-staking` and
nominates a set of validators.
**Stakers**: Common term for nominators and validators.
Virtual Stakers: Same as stakers, but they are keyless accounts and
their locks are managed by a pallet external to `pallet-staking`.

### Pallet Delegated Staking
**Agent**: An account that receives delegation from other accounts
(delegators) and stakes on their behalf. They are also Virtual Stakers
in `pallet-staking` where `pallet-delegated-staking` manages its locks.
**Delegator**: An account that delegates some funds to an agent.

### Pallet Nomination Pools
**Pool account**: Keyless account of a pool where funds are pooled.
Members pledge their funds towards the pools. These are going to become
`Agent` accounts in `pallet-delegated-staking`.
**Pool Members**: They are individual members of the pool who
contributed funds to it. They are also `Delegator` in
`pallet-delegated-staking`.

## Changes
### Multiple Stake strategies

**TransferStake**: The current nomination pool logic can be considered a
staking strategy where delegators transfer funds to pool and stake. In
this scenario, funds are locked in pool account, and users lose the
control of their funds.

**DelegateStake**: With this PR, we introduce a new staking strategy
where individual delegators delegate fund to pool. `Delegate` implies
funds are locked in delegator account itself. Important thing to note
is, pool does not have funds of its own, but it has authorization from
its members to use these funds for staking.

We extract out all the interaction of pool with staking interface into a
new trait `StakeStrategy`. This is the logic that varies between the
above two staking strategies. We use the trait `StakeStrategy` to
implement above two strategies: `TransferStake` and `DelegateStake`.

### NominationPool
Consumes an implementation of `StakeStrategy` instead of
`StakingInterface`. I have renamed it from `Staking` to `StakeAdapter`
to clarify the difference from the earlier used trait.

To enable delegation based staking in pool, Nomination pool can be
configured as:
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::DelegateStake<Self, DelegatedStaking>;
```

Note that with the following configuration, the changes in the PR are
no-op.
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::TransferStake<Self, Staking>;
```

## Deployment roadmap
Plan to enable this only in Westend. In production runtimes, we can keep
pool to use `TransferStake` which will be no functional change.

Once we have a full audit, we can enable this in Kusama followed by
Polkadot.

## TODO
- [x] Runtime level (Westend) migration for existing nomination pools.
- [x] Permissionless call/ pallet::tasks for claiming delegator funds.
- [x] Add/update benches.
- [x] Migration tests.
- [x] Storage flag to mark `DelegateStake` migration and integrity
checks to not allow `TransferStake` for migrated runtimes.

---------

Signed-off-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: divdeploy <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: hongkuang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gemini132 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alessandro Siniscalchi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Serban Iorga <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: s0me0ne-unkn0wn <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sam Johnson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Niklas Adolfsson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dastan <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Clara van Staden <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ron <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vincent Geddes <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Michal Kucharczyk <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dino Pačandi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Eres <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alin Dima <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gupnik <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vladimir Istyufeev <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Lulu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Juan Girini <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dónal Murray <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kutsal Kaan Bilgin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ermal Kaleci <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: divdeploy <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sergej Sakac <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Squirrel <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: HongKuang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tsvetomir Dimitrov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Aaro Altonen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Markin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Léa Narzis <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: PG Herveou <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: jimwfs <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: jimwfs <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: polka.dom <[email protected]>
@Ank4n Ank4n closed this Jun 21, 2024
@Polkadot-Forum
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This pull request has been mentioned on Polkadot Forum. There might be relevant details there:

https://forum.polkadot.network/t/proposal-for-adjusting-polkadots-inflation-system-reducing-issuance-and-complexity/9157/19

TarekkMA pushed a commit to moonbeam-foundation/polkadot-sdk that referenced this pull request Aug 2, 2024
…tytech#3905)

Third and final PR in the set, closes
paritytech#454.

Original PR: paritytech#2680

## Precursors:
- paritytech#3889.
- paritytech#3904.

## Follow up issues/improvements
- paritytech#4404

Overall changes are documented here (lot more visual 😍):
https://hackmd.io/@ak0n/454-np-governance

## Summary of various roles 🤯
### Pallet Staking
**Nominator**: An account that directly stakes on `pallet-staking` and
nominates a set of validators.
**Stakers**: Common term for nominators and validators.
Virtual Stakers: Same as stakers, but they are keyless accounts and
their locks are managed by a pallet external to `pallet-staking`.

### Pallet Delegated Staking
**Agent**: An account that receives delegation from other accounts
(delegators) and stakes on their behalf. They are also Virtual Stakers
in `pallet-staking` where `pallet-delegated-staking` manages its locks.
**Delegator**: An account that delegates some funds to an agent.

### Pallet Nomination Pools
**Pool account**: Keyless account of a pool where funds are pooled.
Members pledge their funds towards the pools. These are going to become
`Agent` accounts in `pallet-delegated-staking`.
**Pool Members**: They are individual members of the pool who
contributed funds to it. They are also `Delegator` in
`pallet-delegated-staking`.

## Changes
### Multiple Stake strategies

**TransferStake**: The current nomination pool logic can be considered a
staking strategy where delegators transfer funds to pool and stake. In
this scenario, funds are locked in pool account, and users lose the
control of their funds.

**DelegateStake**: With this PR, we introduce a new staking strategy
where individual delegators delegate fund to pool. `Delegate` implies
funds are locked in delegator account itself. Important thing to note
is, pool does not have funds of its own, but it has authorization from
its members to use these funds for staking.

We extract out all the interaction of pool with staking interface into a
new trait `StakeStrategy`. This is the logic that varies between the
above two staking strategies. We use the trait `StakeStrategy` to
implement above two strategies: `TransferStake` and `DelegateStake`.

### NominationPool
Consumes an implementation of `StakeStrategy` instead of
`StakingInterface`. I have renamed it from `Staking` to `StakeAdapter`
to clarify the difference from the earlier used trait.

To enable delegation based staking in pool, Nomination pool can be
configured as:
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::DelegateStake<Self, DelegatedStaking>;
```

Note that with the following configuration, the changes in the PR are
no-op.
```
type StakeAdapter = pallet_nomination_pools::adapter::TransferStake<Self, Staking>;
```

## Deployment roadmap
Plan to enable this only in Westend. In production runtimes, we can keep
pool to use `TransferStake` which will be no functional change.

Once we have a full audit, we can enable this in Kusama followed by
Polkadot.

## TODO
- [x] Runtime level (Westend) migration for existing nomination pools.
- [x] Permissionless call/ pallet::tasks for claiming delegator funds.
- [x] Add/update benches.
- [x] Migration tests.
- [x] Storage flag to mark `DelegateStake` migration and integrity
checks to not allow `TransferStake` for migrated runtimes.

---------

Signed-off-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: divdeploy <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: hongkuang <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gemini132 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Matteo Muraca <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alessandro Siniscalchi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Serban Iorga <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: s0me0ne-unkn0wn <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sam Johnson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Niklas Adolfsson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dastan <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Clara van Staden <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ron <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vincent Geddes <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Michal Kucharczyk <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dino Pačandi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Eres <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alin Dima <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gupnik <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vladimir Istyufeev <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Lulu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Juan Girini <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dónal Murray <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
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[NPoS] Staking: Users can delegate their fund to a target which can nominate on their behalf.
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