Lesson4_Python_For_Data_Science_Strings.ipynb

{
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  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "name": "Lesson4-Python For Data Science-Strings.ipynb",
      "version": "0.3.2",
      "provenance": [],
      "collapsed_sections": [],
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "display_name": "Python 3",
      "language": "python",
      "name": "python3"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/paiml/python_for_datascience/blob/master/Lesson4_Python_For_Data_Science_Strings.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "cTNA1xgJSTZl"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "# Lesson 4 Strings"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "c_Id55m6Jsbu",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Pragmatic AI Labs\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "e5p96AqpSDZa",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "![alt text](https://paiml.com/images/logo_with_slogan_white_background.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "This notebook was produced by [Pragmatic AI Labs](https://paiml.com/).  You can continue learning about these topics by:\n",
        "\n",
        "*   Buying a copy of [Pragmatic AI: An Introduction to Cloud-Based Machine Learning](http://www.informit.com/store/pragmatic-ai-an-introduction-to-cloud-based-machine-9780134863917)\n",
        "*   Reading an online copy of [Pragmatic AI:Pragmatic AI: An Introduction to Cloud-Based Machine Learning](https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/pragmatic-ai-an/9780134863924/)\n",
        "*  Watching video [Essential Machine Learning and AI with Python and Jupyter Notebook-Video-SafariOnline](https://www.safaribooksonline.com/videos/essential-machine-learning/9780135261118) on Safari Books Online.\n",
        "* Watching video [AWS Certified Machine Learning-Speciality](https://learning.oreilly.com/videos/aws-certified-machine/9780135556597)\n",
        "* Purchasing video [Essential Machine Learning and AI with Python and Jupyter Notebook- Purchase Video](http://www.informit.com/store/essential-machine-learning-and-ai-with-python-and-jupyter-9780135261095)\n",
        "*   Viewing more content at [noahgift.com](https://noahgift.com/)\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pBTeTbnRKG_k",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "GbAj3ReBSbc6"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## 4.1 Use string methods\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "Gby8qdr8Tqkh"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### String Quoting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "D6asCVcEwTaV",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Single quotes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1lgW3xygwZG7",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "9454a4be-5203-46e8-b457-7136571f76f0",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'Here is a string'"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Here is a string'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 52
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mG-QrYoOKmyh",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Double quotes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OFKfbG4_wd0k",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "14ac0f9c-1ee8-4657-e028-f97c2ae6fc65",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "\"Here is a string\" == 'Here is a string'"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 53
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "YYUhAN5NTuu3"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Triple Strings"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "spMcAUfWTxB7",
        "outputId": "2518b205-fdcc-4db3-dd84-630b00165403",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 85
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "a_very_large_phrase = \"\"\"\n",
        "Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, \n",
        "a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects.\n",
        "\"\"\"\n",
        "\n",
        "print(a_very_large_phrase)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n",
            "Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, \n",
            "a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects.\n",
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "XAMwuppiVn22"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Raw Strings"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "txx8Ps8hVqf5",
        "outputId": "65ca268a-5181-463e-d41f-c5f86f26a007",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 51
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "jon_jones = '...wrote on twitter he is the greatest \"heavyw8e! \\nfighter of all time'\n",
        "print(jon_jones)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "...wrote on twitter he is the greatest \"heavyw8e! \n",
            "fighter of all time\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eKuBaGBex7M9",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "6a6722a0-6693-459f-ecd8-262232c6bc76",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "jon_jones = r'...wrote on twitter he is the greatest \"heavyw8e! \\nfighter of all time'\n",
        "print(jon_jones)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "...wrote on twitter he is the greatest \"heavyw8e! \\nfighter of all time\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "7JN8KRAruJdb"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Case Manipulation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "1ZnmUYK8fI9V",
        "outputId": "aff21c20-23e3-4e32-d66f-82ddb28250d1",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain = \"Patrick Tayluer\"\n",
        "\n",
        "captain"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Patrick Tayluer'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 57
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zpgza2QByRP1",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "468e3f71-87c5-41dc-d312-a704bff2713f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain.capitalize()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Patrick tayluer'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 58
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "sPgdoiu-tWrp",
        "outputId": "f1763b08-f21e-4e94-aa61-186dc7a36b32",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
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      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain.lower()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'patrick tayluer'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 59
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "-K13_7fmtxjw",
        "outputId": "e3569755-809f-4979-d4a5-af40b821f7b4",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain.upper()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'PATRICK TAYLUER'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 60
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "6jlry9S4tcEj",
        "outputId": "3c9d4cf5-470d-425a-d7b5-0c6583fda388",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain.swapcase()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'pATRICK tAYLUER'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 61
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "IoCZQxuutvYA",
        "outputId": "c9a0ac3a-9260-4986-8a97-d7fc5a387e01",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "captain = 'patrick tayluer'\n",
        "captain.title()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Patrick Tayluer'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 62
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "8CjgNkacldql"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Interrogation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "TjQozbkOlnmI",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river = 'Mississippi'\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "AgbQmY7KCWJN",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "470f7c59-828b-4111-c00a-80be613422cb",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "len(river)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "11"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 64
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "QFOItL32CTzZ",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "63e4217c-08f0-4b24-b0f2-b80aa37f5c52",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.count('s')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "4"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 65
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "JiicVyEgmEZK",
        "outputId": "281e2797-1349-4f69-9db8-f8d6cc50f9ec",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.index('pp')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "8"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 66
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "H3RK0w0NmZwg",
        "outputId": "078f9c14-25f8-4c51-b45f-aaebf46e9a7f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 164
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.index('r')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "ValueError",
          "evalue": "ignored",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-67-fcd85454de2b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mriver\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindex\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'r'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: substring not found"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "YFW7wFi5mzRw",
        "outputId": "7aa1d8d2-13f3-40a7-9467-823630d316a8",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.find('r')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "-1"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 68
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "qk70XczYm1x4",
        "outputId": "1a2cedc1-096d-46c1-dafc-fc0c74618994",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.startswith('M')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 69
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "BOh9jjnwm7GQ",
        "outputId": "1f31ca0a-23d6-416b-ac08-07f8ae2ea29f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "river.endswith('i')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 70
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "fJ-HzGr_NmAn",
        "outputId": "d4c16da5-ffc4-4f77-d4f8-5af0207d7050",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'sip' in river"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 71
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "NHcQp9irnPdB"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Content Type"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "UJcGL9BgnSzJ",
        "outputId": "8b6ec7c0-f236-45f6-ed87-41067483fa31",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'abc123'.isalpha()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 73
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "lEEfmohingDN",
        "outputId": "86982e7b-ab38-47e8-f350-df46689a16f9",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'abc123'.isalnum()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 74
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "YUhkecIbnmGd",
        "outputId": "46a41050-4d51-4f33-d0fa-eda38417fc5c",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'lowercase'.islower()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 75
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "C0CduPhknrUs",
        "outputId": "4e7d9886-0b2f-4f5b-829b-d28c8ad48f08",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'lowercase'.isupper()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 76
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "EFS9jh8IntrM",
        "outputId": "8ec24fab-a286-4152-a1b2-6882b1458498",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'The Good Ship'.istitle()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 77
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "GxHy9RU_UEgA",
        "outputId": "b49d0ed6-49a7-4f29-c092-a30990662aa2",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'The bad seed'.istitle()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 78
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "X1AJ18VJoD6J"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "More information: [String Methods](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "ITOkUfVNSoHC"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## 4.2 Format strings\n",
        "F-strings where introduced in Python 3.6. They prefixed by either a 'F' or 'f' before the beginning quotation mark. Values can be inserted into F-strings at runtime using replacement fields which are deliminated by curly braces."
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8s8hh-Z6Cp_K",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Insert variable into replacement field"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "LZDftZDKT0eI",
        "outputId": "9b120b76-dd90-445f-a63e-25511a0db0e3",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "strings_count = 5\n",
        "frets_count = 24\n",
        "f\"Noam Pikelny's banjo has {strings_count} strings and {frets_count} frets\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "\"Noam Pikelny's banjo has 5 strings and 24 frets\""
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 79
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1TE5TEr8Cu6j",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Insert expression into replacement field"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "Vp4gLnKIUn8d",
        "outputId": "080de539-5f0d-4312-c698-516300166403",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "a = 12\n",
        "b = 32\n",
        "f\"{a} times {b} equals {a*b}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'12 times 32 equals 384'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 80
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "D5Nwsc3uDGEA",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Index list in string replacement fields"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "0SINPS8VUGES",
        "outputId": "caae1706-29dd-4ab6-ac45-e77d63204abf",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "players = [\"Tony Trischka\", \"Bill Evans\", \"Alan Munde\"]\n",
        "f\"Performances will be held by {players[1]}, {players[0]}, and {players[2]}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Performances will be held by Bill Evans, Tony Trischka, and Alan Munde'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 81
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "_dLRgBigEWxy",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Conversion flags\n",
        "A conversion flag can be specified to convert the type of the value before formatting. The three available flags are 's', 'r' and 'a'."
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LEaUFbNPG3q3",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Using str conversion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "XMkyQGaOGF43",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "0ccadcd7-e709-4a68-a6fd-fc6b2d5e0cab",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "nuts = [1,2,3,4,5]\n",
        "f\"Calling str() on a the list {nuts} produces {nuts!s}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Calling str() on a the list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] produces [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 82
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7yKhXIB9HHAG",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Using repr conversiont"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "3KHOPzFpUiYt",
        "outputId": "4b01bf79-ddf5-455e-ff99-f270143d0422",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "nut = 'pistacio'\n",
        "f\"Calling repr on the string {nut} results in {nut!r}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "\"Calling repr on the string pistacio results in 'pistacio'\""
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 83
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "QGL3jaPRHLL6",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Using ascii conversion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "h8HvErGWVaRm",
        "outputId": "5e5e3bc8-c733-4ad6-8f77-2457aac0f5a2",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "check = \"√\"\n",
        "f\"The ascii version of {check} is {check!a}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "\"The ascii version of √ is '\\\\u221a'\""
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 84
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pppmK_qKIzMf",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Padding a number"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "L9OiDcEVI2Ck",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "29f065bb-59a7-41dc-da18-c55de26add65",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "lucky_num = 13\n",
        "f\"To pad the number {lucky_num} to 5 places:{lucky_num:5d}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'To pad the number 13 to 5 places:   13'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 85
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vj9FpG5DH2hr",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Setting padding value at runtime"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "RPuBc-tZVhRN",
        "outputId": "a7430ca0-10ee-44cb-e80a-10e429a96939",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "luckey_num = 13\n",
        "padding = 5\n",
        "f\"To pad the number {lucky_num} to {padding} places:{lucky_num:{padding}d}\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'To pad the number 13 to 5 places:   13'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 86
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "kwXBDbXRLHhK"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "More information: [Format String Syntax](https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#format-string-syntax)\n",
        "\n",
        "Other String Formatting: \n",
        "  [String Format Method](https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#custom-string-formatting)\n",
        "  \n",
        "  [Old Style String Formatting](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#old-string-formatting)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "7d0IbqU8Sslw"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## 4.3 Manipulate strings "
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "dglY8AFpUSyO"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Concatenation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "LQCXMZpyN22h",
        "outputId": "5db6201a-67ac-4728-cd4a-b3d68e6f75e8",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "\"Bob\" + \"beroo\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Bobberoo'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 87
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "mxjlBRMEN_zB",
        "outputId": "d0f146f8-e038-4088-affc-48a126ca961a",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "\"AB\" * 8"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'ABABABABABABABAB'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 88
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "7V3tlaGeumsn"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Remove Whitespace"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "S7s2L8NRTyYK",
        "outputId": "452bfb50-67a5-46a7-989b-736ba7c74313",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ship = \" The Yankee Clipper \"\n",
        "ship"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "' The Yankee Clipper '"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 89
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "PM4r28sTT86o",
        "outputId": "b639f416-5256-4ce8-cfbc-153f0e898443",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ship.strip()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'The Yankee Clipper'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 91
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "wKtcldcRUCoo",
        "outputId": "c7f73af2-c7bf-4457-df1a-5e8a2b413efb",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ship.lstrip()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'The Yankee Clipper '"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 92
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "ILdKPDCGT_Tw",
        "outputId": "2d87f1dc-75e2-4957-d7aa-c59ab0967598",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ship.rstrip()"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "' The Yankee Clipper'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 93
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "eEkEIy1iZDBP",
        "outputId": "c6954cca-3090-494c-fbc3-c5820c86c07c",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ship.rstrip(\"per \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "' The Yankee Cli'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 94
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7rwU5mm9Aoju",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Add padding"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "Z_RBTJMDdCJY",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "port = \"Boston\""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dYFeX5XTBLtx",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "f94312c4-9c2f-4047-b5f0-b193f29ca58a",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "port.center(12, '*')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'***Boston***'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 96
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "UIvvLZxNdysE",
        "outputId": "80b9af6a-0ff1-4cce-84c3-4cbaf351d052",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "port.ljust(12, '*')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Boston******'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 97
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "mjcsTvfXd4eL",
        "outputId": "23f067c1-fec5-4a7e-d5a6-c9884a56873a",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "port.rjust(12, '*')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'******Boston'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 98
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "pSr3PaxHd6hd",
        "outputId": "56f21f11-a183-4140-c312-e56cd0b4d22d",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 85
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "for port_city in ['Liverpool', 'Boston', 'New York', 'Philadelphia']:\n",
        "  print(port_city.rjust(12))"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "   Liverpool\n",
            "      Boston\n",
            "    New York\n",
            "Philadelphia\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "9GoV_hGxfXQn",
        "outputId": "6a57402c-0bfb-49fd-c398-ee4dc9174033",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'-5'.zfill(4)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'-005'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 100
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "E8ShVcW0oa7h",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Replace"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "b3ovfxR0eSHg",
        "outputId": "7ca615a7-acdc-4a54-b182-a76f50292c2f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "\"FILADELFIA\".replace(\"F\", \"PH\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'PHILADELPHIA'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 101
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "rlkG5_YmfxII"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Spitting and Joining"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "BELRTH31fVWn",
        "outputId": "de9d54b6-dd27-47a8-9b91-13f71d0f814e",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "words_string = \"Here,Are,Some,Words\"\n",
        "words_string"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Here,Are,Some,Words'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 102
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jSIUiLHuBnoF",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Split on comma"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "azqJSUvbjT3L",
        "outputId": "603c1993-4c10-4297-af57-926b73e0a8cf",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "words = words_string.split(',')\n",
        "words"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['Here', 'Are', 'Some', 'Words']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 103
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "D2-yh4ZCB6DC",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Joining"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "B26tHfU9jWID",
        "outputId": "4fba1170-e5b1-45d5-d588-9280d60fb167",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "':'.join(words)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Here:Are:Some:Words'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 104
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9pGK5ua-Burk",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#### Split on newline"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "6GrBwbwokddj",
        "outputId": "9f94e18b-fe0b-447e-bbba-2d57288d8a69",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "multiline = \"Sometimes we are given\\na multiline document\\nas a single string\"\n",
        "multiline"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Sometimes we are given\\na multiline document\\nas a single string'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 105
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "WJ0MDyfmkyLI",
        "outputId": "f0a90afd-dd19-4195-a52d-c3c3fd7ede8e",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 68
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "for line in multiline.splitlines():\n",
        "  print(line)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Sometimes we are given\n",
            "a multiline document\n",
            "as a single string\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "lSGwfbgjUnGX"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Slicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "jWDDLCi7OEgA",
        "outputId": "0b85997d-1c97-448a-9b62-6dce9e0a16c5",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "collector = \"William Main Doerflinger\"\n",
        "collector[0]"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'W'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 107
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "ENIzTZ5ZO-9p",
        "outputId": "14a7017b-79dd-4b24-f10e-5321dfec02c3",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "collector[-1]"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'r'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 108
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "e-higk4NPBqn",
        "outputId": "637c1ac5-d322-4b0c-e82e-be3585428e96",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "collector[13:18]"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Doerf'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 109
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "kruilXhaPQ81",
        "outputId": "37aae7a5-2e87-4460-9cdb-a2bca712b788",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "collector[-7:]"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'flinger'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 110
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "MdBlKNdUMcQQ"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "More information: [common sequence operations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-common)\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "BQpIi5ZASzd8"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## 4.4 Learn to use unicode\n",
        "There are multiple encoding possible for mapping characters to bytes. Python strings default to UTF-8. Earlier versions of Python used a more limited encoding."
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "fC1n_VfJVT7e"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Encode"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "MbxFwOd1iCcF",
        "outputId": "929ec8fe-73e6-41ab-d7bc-e06aac1a7e5f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "twice_pie = 'ππ'\n",
        "twice_pie"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'ππ'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 111
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "KdKciMP1BV_1",
        "outputId": "659e3a1c-8ba8-444b-d66d-60bbf837b677",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "twice_π = twice_pie\n",
        "twice_π"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'ππ'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 112
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "akJBiL6mBV_1",
        "outputId": "1216ea92-56db-4af7-e86c-2ee2231f4afd",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "pie = \"\\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI}\"\n",
        "pie"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Π'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 113
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "PpTRKo5-BV_2",
        "outputId": "4c41ce73-1b85-4744-b01b-58214956cb15",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ord(pie)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "928"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 114
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "5GycnVteBV_3",
        "outputId": "3d66828a-b1bd-46ff-8360-c4ddc2931d35",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "chr(928)"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Π'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 115
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "zvK_zexPBV_4",
        "outputId": "6cb56544-d129-44bb-ec2a-6c9481101cc4",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "u = chr(40960) + 'abcd' + chr(1972)\n",
        "u.encode('utf-8')\n",
        "u"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'ꀀabcd\\u07b4'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 116
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "c2a2TylyVYOS"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "### Saving File in Unicode "
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "code",
        "id": "MY8ElZT0BV_8",
        "outputId": "76f7ffc5-faae-4d9f-c001-70ef3769568f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        }
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "with open(\"new_file.txt\", \"w\", encoding='utf-8') as opened_file:\n",
        "  opened_file.write(\"Søme Unˆcode text\")\n",
        "  \n",
        "!cat new_file.txt\n",
        "  "
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Søme Unˆcode text"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "mrlk--OrXZDc"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "[Unicode](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "colab_type": "text",
        "id": "leSOwe1iTSkX"
      },
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Notes\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Qsd28lDPBH6t",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}