diff --git a/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Memory.swift b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Memory.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25485352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Memory.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public class Memory {
+    public enum Error: Swift.Error {
+        case pageFault
+        case notWritable
+    }
+
+    private let pageMap: [(address: UInt32, length: UInt32, writable: Bool)]
+    private var chunks: [(address: UInt32, data: Data)]
+
+    public init(pageMap: [(address: UInt32, length: UInt32, writable: Bool)], chunks: [(address: UInt32, data: Data)]) {
+        self.pageMap = pageMap
+        self.chunks = chunks
+    }
+
+    public func read(_ address: UInt32) throws(Memory.Error) -> UInt8 {
+        // TODO: optimize this
+        // check for chunks
+        for chunk in chunks {
+            if chunk.address <= address, address < chunk.address + UInt32(chunk.data.count) {
+                return chunk.data[Int(address - chunk.address)]
+            }
+        }
+        // check for page map
+        for page in pageMap {
+            if page.address <= address, address < page.address + page.length {
+                return 0
+            }
+        }
+        throw Error.pageFault
+    }
+
+    public func write(address: UInt32, value: UInt8) throws(Memory.Error) {
+        // TODO: optimize this
+        // check for chunks
+        for i in 0 ..< chunks.count {
+            var chunk = chunks[i]
+            if chunk.address <= address, address < chunk.address + UInt32(chunk.data.count) {
+                chunk.data[Int(address - chunk.address)] = value
+                chunks[i] = chunk
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        // check for page map
+        for page in pageMap {
+            if page.address <= address, address < page.address + page.length {
+                var newChunk = (address: address, data: Data(repeating: 0, count: Int(page.length)))
+                newChunk.data[Int(address - page.address)] = value
+                chunks.append(newChunk)
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        throw Error.notWritable
+    }
+}
diff --git a/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Program.swift b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/ProgramCode.swift
similarity index 60%
rename from PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Program.swift
rename to PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/ProgramCode.swift
index 092dc8c5..2eacc422 100644
--- a/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/Program.swift
+++ b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/ProgramCode.swift
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import Foundation
 import Utils
 
-public class Program {
+public class ProgramCode {
     public enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case invalidJumpTableEntriesCount
         case invalidJumpTableEncodeSize
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ public class Program {
         public static let maxJumpTableEntriesCount: UInt64 = 0x100000
         public static let maxEncodeSize: UInt8 = 8
         public static let maxCodeLength: UInt64 = 0x400000
+        public static let maxInstructionLength: UInt = 24
     }
 
     public let blob: Data
@@ -61,10 +62,43 @@ public class Program {
 
         bitmask = Slice(base: blob, bounds: codeEndIndex ..< slice.endIndex)
     }
+
+    public static func skipOffset<D>(start: UInt, bitmask: D) -> UInt? where D: Collection, D.Element == UInt8, D.Index == Int, D: ContiguousBytes {
+        let start = start + 1
+        let beginIndex = Int(start / 8)
+        guard beginIndex < bitmask.endIndex else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        var value: UInt32 = 0
+        if (beginIndex + 4) < bitmask.endIndex { // if enough bytes
+            value = bitmask.withUnsafeBytes { $0.loadUnaligned(fromByteOffset: beginIndex, as: UInt32.self) }
+        } else {
+            let byte1 = UInt32(bitmask[beginIndex])
+            let byte2 = UInt32(bitmask[safe: beginIndex + 1] ?? 0)
+            let byte3 = UInt32(bitmask[safe: beginIndex + 2] ?? 0)
+            let byte4 = UInt32(bitmask[safe: beginIndex + 3] ?? 0)
+            value = byte1 | (byte2 << 8) | (byte3 << 16) | (byte4 << 24)
+        }
+
+        let offsetBits = start % 8
+
+        let idx = min(UInt((value >> offsetBits).trailingZeroBitCount), Constants.maxInstructionLength)
+
+        return idx
+    }
+
+    public func skip(start: UInt) -> UInt? {
+        if let val = ProgramCode.skipOffset(start: start, bitmask: bitmask) {
+            val + start + 1
+        } else {
+            nil
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-extension Program: Equatable {
-    public static func == (lhs: Program, rhs: Program) -> Bool {
+extension ProgramCode: Equatable {
+    public static func == (lhs: ProgramCode, rhs: ProgramCode) -> Bool {
         lhs.blob == rhs.blob
     }
 }
diff --git a/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/VMState.swift b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/VMState.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe08ea9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PolkaVM/Sources/PolkaVM/VMState.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public class VMState {
+    public let program: ProgramCode
+
+    public private(set) var instructionCounter: UInt32
+
+    public private(set) var registers: (
+        UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32, UInt32
+    ) // 13 registers
+    public private(set) var gas: UInt64
+    public private(set) var memory: Data
+}
diff --git a/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramCodeTests.swift b/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramCodeTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22d13970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramCodeTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import Foundation
+import Testing
+import Utils
+
+@testable import PolkaVM
+
+struct ProgramTests {
+    @Test func empty() {
+        let blob = Data()
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidJumpTableEntriesCount) { try ProgramCode(blob) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func invalidJumpTableEntriesCount() {
+        let highValue = Data(UInt64(0x1000000).encode(method: .variableWidth))
+        let data = highValue + Data([0, 0])
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidJumpTableEntriesCount) { try ProgramCode(data) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func invalidJumpTableEncodeSize() {
+        let data = Data([1, 0xFF, 0, 0])
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidJumpTableEncodeSize) { try ProgramCode(data) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func invalidCodeLength() {
+        let highValue = Data(UInt64(0x1000000).encode(method: .variableWidth))
+        let data = Data([0, 0]) + highValue
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidCodeLength) { try ProgramCode(data) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func tooMuchData() throws {
+        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0])
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidDataLength) { try ProgramCode(data) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func tooLittleData() throws {
+        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2])
+        #expect(throws: ProgramCode.Error.invalidDataLength) { try ProgramCode(data) }
+    }
+
+    @Test func minimal() throws {
+        let data = Data([0, 0, 0])
+        _ = try ProgramCode(data)
+    }
+
+    @Test func simple() throws {
+        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0])
+        _ = try ProgramCode(data)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: add more Program parsing tests
+
+    @Test(arguments: [
+        (Data(), 0, nil),
+        (Data([0]), 0, 24),
+        (Data([0]), 8, nil),
+        (Data([0b0010_0000]), 0, 4),
+        (Data([0b0010_0000]), 3, 1),
+        (Data([0b0010_0000]), 6, 24),
+        (Data([0b0010_0000]), 7, nil),
+        (Data([0, 0, 0b0010_0000, 0b0000_0010]), 0, 20),
+        (Data([0, 0, 0b0010_0000, 0b0000_0010]), 2, 18),
+        (Data([0, 0, 0b0010_0000, 0b0000_0010]), 10, 10),
+        (Data([0, 0, 0b0010_0000, 0b0000_0010]), 22, 2),
+        (Data([0, 0, 0, 0b0000_0010]), 5, 19),
+    ] as[(Data, UInt, UInt?)])
+    func skip(testCase: (Data, UInt, UInt?)) {
+        #expect(ProgramCode.skipOffset(start: testCase.1, bitmask: testCase.0) == testCase.2)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramTests.swift b/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramTests.swift
deleted file mode 100644
index 350ba90b..00000000
--- a/PolkaVM/Tests/PolkaVMTests/ProgramTests.swift
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-import Testing
-import Utils
-
-@testable import PolkaVM
-
-struct ProgramTests {
-    @Test func empty() {
-        let blob = Data()
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidJumpTableEntriesCount) { try Program(blob) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func invalidJumpTableEntriesCount() {
-        let highValue = Data(UInt64(0x1000000).encode(method: .variableWidth))
-        let data = highValue + Data([0, 0])
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidJumpTableEntriesCount) { try Program(data) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func invalidJumpTableEncodeSize() {
-        let data = Data([1, 0xFF, 0, 0])
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidJumpTableEncodeSize) { try Program(data) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func invalidCodeLength() {
-        let highValue = Data(UInt64(0x1000000).encode(method: .variableWidth))
-        let data = Data([0, 0]) + highValue
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidCodeLength) { try Program(data) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func tooMuchData() throws {
-        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0])
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidDataLength) { try Program(data) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func tooLittleData() throws {
-        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2])
-        #expect(throws: Program.Error.invalidDataLength) { try Program(data) }
-    }
-
-    @Test func minimal() throws {
-        let data = Data([0, 0, 0])
-        _ = try Program(data)
-    }
-
-    @Test func simple() throws {
-        let data = Data([0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0])
-        _ = try Program(data)
-    }
-
-    // TODO: add more tests
-}
diff --git a/Utils/Sources/Utils/Collection+Utils.swift b/Utils/Sources/Utils/Collection+Utils.swift
index cafcbc18..b578fbc4 100644
--- a/Utils/Sources/Utils/Collection+Utils.swift
+++ b/Utils/Sources/Utils/Collection+Utils.swift
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 extension Collection {
-    subscript(safe index: Index) -> Element? {
+    public subscript(safe index: Index) -> Element? {
         indices.contains(index) ? self[index] : nil
     }
 }