title	description	created	updated
Java	Java Programming language cheatsheet contains useful code syntax with examples which is handy while coding.	2020-04-28	2020-04-28

Java is a very popular programming language. Java can be used to develop anything and almost everything like web applications, web servers, application servers, mobile applications and so on.

Basics

Sample Java program

import java.util.Date;

public class HelloWorld {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Date now = new Date();
        System.out.println("Hello World!");
        System.out.println("now: " + now);
    }
}

import - used to import java libraries
class keyword - to declare a class in java.
public keyword - access modifier represents visibility. Public is visible to all.
static keyword - no need to create an object to invoke the static method. There is no need to create an object to invoke the main method and it's invoked by JVM and saves memory.
void - return type of the method and it doesn't return any value.
main - starting point of the program.
String[] args - for command line arguments
System.out.println() - used to print statement.

To Compile a Java program

Go to Command prompt and navigate to the folder where java files are stored.

javac example.java

To Run Java program

java example

Comments

// - single line comment

/* */ - multi line comment

/** * */ - documentation comment

Data types

Two groups of data types

1. Primitive data types

Data type	Description	Range	Size
int	used to store whole numbers	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647	4 bytes
short	used to store whole numbers	-32,768 to 32,767	2 bytes
long	used to store whole numbers	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807	8 bytes
byte	used to store whole numbers	-128 to 127	1 byte
float	used to store fractional numbers	6 to 7 decimal digits	4 bytes
double	used to store fractional numbers	15 decimal digits	8 bytes
boolean	can either store true or false	either true or false	1 bit
char	used to store a single character	one character	2 bytes

Examples

int a = 99999; 
short b = 999; 
long c = 99999999999L;
byte d = 99;
double e = 99.99d;
boolean f = true;
char g = 'A';

2. Non-Primitive data types

Non-primitive data types specifies the complex data values. For example, strings, arrays and classes can be referred as Non-primitive data types.

Variables

data-type variable-name = value;

Naming convention of variables

Case sensitive.
keywords cannot be used as variable names
Must should begin with a lower case letter. For second word should be a capital like this: firstName, pinCode etc.
Cannot contain white spaces like first name.
special characters like $ and _ can be used to begin a variable name.

Types of Variables

Local Variables
Instance Variables
Static Variables

Class Sum {
    int n1 = 10; // value of Instance  Variables are are instance specific.
    static int n2 = 20; //static variable is Common for all the instances of the class.
    void sum(){
        int n3 = 30; //local variable and they are Inside the body of a method.
        int total = n1+n2+n3;
    }
}

Data Conversions

String to Number

int i = Integer.parseInt(str);
double d = Double.parseDouble(str);

Other types to String

String str = String.valueOf(val);

Operators

Operator type	Description
Arithmetic Operator	+ , - , * , / , %
comparision Operator	< , > , <= , >=, != , ==
Bitwise Operator	& , ^ , \|, <<, >>, >>>
Logical Operator	&& , `\|\|`, !
Assignment Operator	= , += , -= , *= , /= , %=
Auto-increment and Auto-decrement Operators	++ , --
Ternary Operator	? :

Arrays

Array is a collection of similar data which is stored in continuous memory addresses.

// one dimensional array
data-type[] array-name; 
    OR
data-type array-name[];

// two dimensional array
data-type[][] array-name;

Example

String[] mobiles = {"iPhone", "Samsung", "OnePlus"};
for (int i = 0; i < mobiles.length; i++) {
  System.out.println(mobiles[i]);
}
mobiles[1] = "Oppo"; // change an array element

Conditional Statements

1. If

if(conditional-expression)
{
    //code
}

2. If-else

if(conditional-expression)
{
    //code
} else {
    //code
}

3. If-else-if ladder

if(conditional-expression-1)
{
    //code
} else if(conditional-expression-2) {
    //code
} else if(conditional-expression-3) {
    //code
}
....
else {
    //code
}

4. Nested-If

if(conditional-expression-1) {    
     //code    
          if(conditional-expression-2) {  
             //code
             if(conditional-expression-3) {
                 //code
             }  
    }    
}

5. Switch

switch(conditional-expression){    
case value1:    
 //code    
 break;  //optional  
case value2:    
 //code    
 break;  //optional  
...    
    
default:     
 //code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;    
}

Loops

1. For

for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
//code  
}

2. While

while(condition){  
//code 
}

3. Do-While

do{  
//code 
}while(condition);

Collections

Collection	Description
Set	Set is a collection of elements which can not contain duplicate values. Set is implemented in HashSets, LinkedHashSets, TreeSet etc
List	List is a ordered collection of elements which can have duplicates. Lists are classified into ArrayList, LinkedList, Vectors
Queue	FIFO approach, while instantiating Queue interface you can either choose LinkedList or PriorityQueue.
Stack	LIFO approach, last in first out structutre, stack is a sub ordinate of vector which helps in performing different functions.
Deque	Deque(Double Ended Queue) is used to add or remove elements from both the ends of the Queue(both head and tail)
Map	Map contains key-values pairs which don't have any duplicates. Map is implemented in HashMap, TreeMap etc.

ArrayList

The ArrayList class is a resizable array, which can be found in the java.util package.

Example

    import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList<String> cars = new ArrayList<String>();
    cars.add("Volvo");
    cars.add("BMW");
    cars.add("Ford");
    cars.add("Mazda");
    System.out.println(cars);
  }
}

HashSet

A HashSet is a collection of items where every item is unique, and it is found in the java.util package:

Example

import java.util.HashSet;

public class Main {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
   HashSet<String> cars = new HashSet<String>();
   cars.add("Volvo");
   cars.add("BMW");
   cars.add("Ford");
   cars.add("BMW");
   cars.add("Mazda");
   System.out.println(cars);
 }
}

HashMap

A HashMap however, store items in "key/value" pairs, and you can access them by an index of another type (e.g. a String).

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
  // Create a HashMap object called capitalCities
  HashMap<String, String> capitalCities = new HashMap<String, String>();

  // Add keys and values (Country, City)
  capitalCities.put("England", "London");
  capitalCities.put("Germany", "Berlin");
  capitalCities.put("Norway", "Oslo");
  capitalCities.put("USA", "Washington DC");
  System.out.println(capitalCities);
}
}

String Methods

Method	Description	Example
char charAt(int index)	returns char value at the specific index	str.charAt(0) //prints o
int compareTo(String str)	to compare two strings lexicographically	Str1.compareTo(Str2) //returns 0 if str1 and str2 are equal
int length()	returns string length	str.length()
static String format(String format, Object... args)	returns a formatted string.	String.format("String is %s",str);
String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)	to return substring from given begin index to end index.	str.substring(0,3) //prints one
String substring(int beginIndex)	to return substring from given begin index	str.substring(3) //prints compiler
boolean contains(CharSequence s)	returns true or false after matching the sequence given in the string	str.contains("compiler") // returns true
static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements)	returns a joined string.	String.join("..","Hello","Happy", "Learning"); //returns Hello..Happy..Learning
boolean equals(Object another)	checks the equality of string with another and returns true if they are equal.	str1.equals(str2);
boolean isEmpty()	to check if the given string is empty.	str.isEmpty() // returns false
String concat(String str)	concatenates the provided string with the another string.	str.concat(" is used to compile code online")
String replace(char old, char new)	replaces all occurrences of the specified char value with new char value.	str.replace('r','t');
String replace(CharSequence old, CharSequence new)	replaces all occurrences of the specific CharSequence with new one.	str.replace('one','Online');
static String equalsIgnoreCase(String another)	compares another string with out considering case.	str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str2)
String[] split(String regex, int limit)	returns a split string matching regex and limit. here limit is optional	str.split("\s")//splits string based on whitespaces
int indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex)	returns the specified substring index starting with given index. here index is optional	str.indexOf("compiler",2);
String toLowerCase()	returns a string in lowercase.	str.toLowercase();
String toUpperCase()	returns a string in uppercase.	str.toUpperCase();
String trim()	removes beginning and trailing spaces of a given string.	str.trim();
boolean endsWith(String chars)	Checks whether a string ends with the specified character(s).	str.endsWith("Hel")

OOPS

1. Class

Class is the blueprint of an object ,class keyword is required to create a class and keywords cannot be used as class names.

class class_name {  
    fields;  
    methods;  
}

2. Object

Object is a basic unit in OOP, and is an instance of the class .

class_name obj_name;

3. Abstraction

Data abstraction is a technique which provides only the required data to be visible or accessible to outside world. abstract keyword is used for classes and methods.

abstract class Mobiles { // abstract class
  public abstract void features();   // abstract method
  public void method-name() {
    //code
  }
}

4. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a mechanism to protect private hidden from other users. It wraps the data and methods as a single bundle. private is the keyword used to declare the variables or methods as private. You can make public set and get methods to access private variables.

5. Polymorphism

Polymorphism gives the meaning many forms, usually it occurs when multiple classes are present and have been inherited.

// compile time polymorphism
class Example {
  static int exampleFunction(int a, int b) {
    return a+b;
  }
  static double exampleFunction(double a, double b) {
    return a+b;
  }
}

class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(Example.exampleFunction(2, 3));
    System.out.println(Example.exampleFunction(2.82, 3.2225));
  }
}

// run time polymorphism
class Parent {
  public void print() {
    System.out.println("Parent");
  }
}

class Child extends Parent {
  public void print() {
    System.out.println("Child");
  }
}

class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {

    Parent p = new Parent();
    p.print();

    p = new Child();
    p.print();
  }
}

6. Inheritance

Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object. The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing class.

class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
  //code
}

Constructor

Constructor is a special type of method. Every class has atleast one constructor. Without Constructor, object from the class cannot be created, that's why constructor is mandatory in every class. Name of the constructor should be the name of the class. Constructor has no return type.

public class AA {   //beg of class
    public void AA() {  //default constructor
    //code
   }
 }

Excpetion Handling

Basically an exception is a runtime error that causes the program to crash if not handled properly.The mechanism of handling it is known as exception handling.

Exception is handled by using try-catch block mechanism:

try-catch-finally block mechanism:

try block: It groups a set of suspicious statements where the probability of exception occurence is higher.
catch block : It includes a set of code which executes when the exception occurs.
finally block(OPTIONAL): It includes a set of statements that are executed no matter whether exception occurs or not.

try {
// statements vulnerable to exception

}
catch(<Exception_Type> e)
{
System.out.println("Exception occured");
}

finally
{

System.out.println("I am always executed");
}

throw vs throws Keyword

throw: Used to mannually create and prompt an exception

throw new IOException()

throws: Used to declare to programmer that this piece of code contains exception vulnerable code.

public void add(int a,int b)throws IOException
{
// statements
}

Multithreading :

Mutithreading is concept of using multiple threads to execute a set of threads to accomplish a task.

Creating a thread:

A thread can be created by using two mechanism:

Thread class:

class threading extends Thread{  
public void run(){  
System.out.println("thread is created and running");  
}  
public static void main(String args[]){  
threading t1=new threading();  
t1.start();  
 }  
}

Runnable interface:

public class Multi2 implements Runnable  
{    
public void run()  
{    
System.out.println("Now the thread is started and running ");    
}    
    
public static void main(String argvs[])  
{   
  
Runnable r1 = new Multi2();
  
  
Thread t1 = new Thread(r1, "My new thread");    
  
  
t1.start();   
  
 
}    
}

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File metadata and controls

Basics

Sample Java program

To Compile a Java program

To Run Java program

Comments

Data types

1. Primitive data types

Examples

2. Non-Primitive data types

Variables

Naming convention of variables

Types of Variables

Data Conversions

Operators

Arrays

Example

Conditional Statements

1. If

2. If-else

3. If-else-if ladder

4. Nested-If

5. Switch

Loops

1. For

2. While

3. Do-While

Collections

ArrayList

Example

HashSet

Example

HashMap

String Methods

OOPS

1. Class

2. Object

3. Abstraction

4. Encapsulation

5. Polymorphism

6. Inheritance

Constructor

Excpetion Handling

try-catch-finally block mechanism:

throw vs throws Keyword

Multithreading :

Creating a thread: